deliverable 6: grounded innovation map. grounded innovation map: contents introduction –relation...

Deliverable 6: Grounded Innovation Map

Grounded Innovation Map: Contents

• Introduction

– Relation to other WP2 deliverables

– Methodology: How was it created?

– Purpose: what’s its status?

– Function: A bridge to design and other artefacts

• Content

– “Things”– “Space”– “People”– “Time”

• Future Directions

– Fieldwork illustrations

– Innovation points– Use & extension of

map• Conclusions

Introduction

D6, D8

D2: Analysis of previous studiesAnalysis of previous studies of the home and relevant literature

D3: Translation to design objectivesConsideration of ethnographic material relative to the fundamental objectives of MIME regarding intimate media

Relation to other WP2 deliverables

Previous Studies

D8: Analysis of MIME studiesAccumulated results of ethnography delivered in a form relevant to other workpackages

D2, D3

Workpackage 2

D6: Grounded Innovation MapInterim results from new MIME field studies which have been analysed and translated to a map for design purposes

New studies for MIME

Understanding the experience of media intimacy in the domestic environment

Summary of research and analysis of

initial concepts

Methodology: How was it created?

Field studies (ethnographic accounts)

Initial Design Concepts

(brainstorming & scenarios)

Technological inspiration(opportunities)

Designer

Ethnographer

Ethnomethodology(ways people order the world)

Need for coherent articulation of domain

issues

Itera

tive p

roce

ss

D6: Grounded Design Map

• Built bottom up from both field study instances and from design/technological concepts

• Reorganised/recategorised top down.

• An articulating mechanism which is continually revised as new material is brought in.

MIME vision

Purpose

• a communication mechanism

– a point of articulation between design and ethnography

– not an artefact of either discipline

• used for:

– a way of finding what’s novel in the research

– made particular through reference to instances in the fieldwork

– a way of presenting the spread (across this domestic/intimate space) of a particular scenario / point instance

designethnography

MAP

Status of the map

• a heuristic

– no truth claim, its verification/validation is in its use

– purpose-specific, adequate to its task

• a moving target

– being continually revised and re-annotated

• It is not intended to be self sufficient. It does not contain everything needed to understand it. Rather, it is:

– mnemonic, a way of remembering details

– articulatory, a way of occasioning particular ethnographic accounts / recollections for debriefing

– organising, a way of providing coherent and interesting cuts on the ethnographic data and building towards a collective (purposeful) understanding of the domestic/intimate space

Inspiring (& grounding) the design

Relation to other methodological artefacts

design dimensions

design guidelines

designers’ questions

designethnography

Understanding the domain

domains, activities

MAP

framing questions

Relation to other methodological artefacts

• Domains, activities

– Ethnography is the study of activities within domains and consequently the choice of which activities and domains has a practical impact.

• Framing questions / Designers questions

– While ethnography does not impose a pre-existing theory and is non-presumptive as to what will be found, neither is it aimless, but rather studies start with framing questions.

– When doing ethnography in a dialogue with design for the purpose of innovation, an effective iterative method is to use designers’ questions to fold back into the ongoing study.

• Design Dimensions

– Through creating and working with the map, dimensions along which groupings are differentiated may be identified. Again the status of these dimensions is as potentially useful for design, rather than universal ontologies or implicit categories of the world. Capturing and articulating these dimensions may have value beyond a particular design exercise and is a stepping stone to design guidelines and innovation.

• Design Guidelines (Deliverable 12)

– Design guidelines attempt to encapsulate a key finding of the domain in a prescriptive form (they are not strictly rules, but do point to areas where to break the guideline should occasion considerable thought and explicit justification).

Examples of framing questions

• What do we know about the nature of domestic life?

• What makes home different from other places?

• Where do you find ‘intimate media’?

• What is ‘intimacy’?

• What do ‘intimate media’ and ‘intimacy’ look like in the real world?

• What kind of phenomena are we talking about designing for?

• Are our presuppositions correct?

Examples of Activities in the domestic domain

• reminiscing

• being together

• decorating

• "rearranging" (e.g. rearranging rooms/furniture when new baby arrives)

• keeping in touch (both with extended members of family and co-residents)

• parenting

• having a lodger

• throwing stuff out

• having a spring clean

• keeping things for later

• having a meal

• collecting

• daily routine

• greetings and departures

Examples of designer’s questions (reframed in ethnographically-studiable terms)

• How do people do ‘making it mine’? and How do they do ‘treating it as yours’?

• How do people do adding and augmenting to what they’ve already got? And How do they do ‘replacing’ what they’ve got?

• How do people orient to certain spaces for the doing of certain activities? And How do people do adapting those spaces for the doing of other things? (and for the purposes of what?)

• What devices do people use in their homes? To what ends and in what circumstances?

• What do people do to make things go together coherently (i.e. what are the situated logics of assembly?)?

• How do people do orienting to artefacts (as opposed to other people)? And How do people achieve the very artefactal status of those things? (and for the purposes of what?)

• How do people go about configuring things? To what ends? And How is that occasioned?

and more…

things gain an order because of the way in which they are used

by-use

for-display

putting things together to get a collective meaning –

also covers contiguity/proximity

sorting

framing

sedimentation

keeping things sorted for use

things are used and the result is available

for “reading”

Something that comes up in several places: sorting/sedimentation/framing. This is clearly a continuum of different activities. There are two key “dimensions” which are interesting from a design / user arch. perspective

explicit ordering as an attended-to activity

attended-to(explicit/marked) side-effect

Example of design dimensions*

* work in progress towards deliverable 12

Content

Home / Intimate Media

Time

Space

Things

People

Map Overview



Pattern / Order

Selection

ProvenanceOwnership

Lifecycle

Time

Space

Things

Affect

Investment, maintenance

Displaying group

membership

People

Shared / unshared

Map Overview

Order in topological

space (Place)

Ordering methods

(e.g. Proximity)

Map categorisation

• Categories: Map categories are heuristic

– there is no assertion of universality or ontology for these categories

– they are deliberately purpose-specific, in that they are chosen to be useful to design: e.g. inspiration, constructive insight, reminders, correctives

– they should not be seen as an attempt to make a comprehensively exhaustive analysis in terms of mutually exclusive categories.

• Terms: The terms used are intended to be suggestive rather self-explanatory or a definitive sense.

• Levels: Grouping the categories is intended to convey a sense of increasing specificity (as loosely indicated by the colour/style hierarchy)

Things

Lifecycle

sort / collect / arrange

keeping things in

order

make-do

my artefacts in other’s houses

my artefacts when visiting

hand me

down



gifts

building

purchases

borrowing

fun/transient

finding

augment

evolving

accumulative

join, link

Time

SpacePeople

Things

Provenance

OwnershipLifecycle

shared vs personal

obligation

trading

taking objects with you

nicking (stealing)

swapping

keep / throw away

souvenirs

keeping for someone else

keeping things in

order

replacement

keeping

throwing away

filing

Things

lost, stolen, borrowed

visitor’s artefacts

politeness

• Provenance

– Where things come from is of importance to how things are oriented to (sci. intimacy) and what stories and activities are occasioned around them.

– How do things arrive into the home, and how are they integrated into the home?

– How much / how long is their provenance still available to residents of the home?

– How much is provenance of a personal object shared amongst home residents?

• Lifecycle

– Things in the home are not static, but rather their use evolves over time – they are placed in collections, they are used (or used up), they are augmented and changed, they are sorted and kept and (occasionally) cleared out and thrown away..

• Ownership

– Not all items in the home are owned equally by all. People arrive in your house with their own artefacts. A new item in the home may be a genuine new item of this home, or it may only be a visiting item with the politeness paid to guests, and the restricted access allowed to guests.

– Thus it is important to note that any system of organisation has to pay attention to ownership

About Things

Provenance

Ownership

Lifecycle

Things

SpaceHome / Intimate Media

“done in doing”


space (Place)

centre on place

containmentoverload

dedicate, assign

Ordering methods

(e.g. Proximity)

Time

SpacePeople

Things

ad hoc usages

noticeable

unremarkable

continually recreated

tacit

inertia (habit)

“gross semantics of

place” / shared

local understanding

gradient of intimacy

About Space

• Order in topological space (Place)

– The space of the home is not simply Cartesian (physical coordinations), but more topological (e.g. rooms). Within that topology, there is a socially-significant semantics:

• whose space, the purpose of this place, the difference of this place from that place, limitations of access to places (a gradient of intimacy*)

• at the room level and within it there are further local and smaller-scale semantics (e.g. this corner, the shelf with my videos, this box)

• Ordering methods (e.g. Proximity)

– Additionally space in the home is used as both an order and an ordering device

• Arranging things in space is a deeply fundamental method for making sense of and organising the world.

• The order of place can be a backdrop and a resource for action, activities and living. * The term and initial observation comes originally from A Pattern Language

§127, Christopher Alexander et al (1977, New York: Oxford University Press)


space (Place)

Ordering methods

(e.g. Proximity)

Space

People Home / Intimate Media

the work of membership

boundaries, access

obligation

keeping in touch

lost/absent friends

telling stories /

jokes

invitations

symbols

newsletters

catching up

sharing customisations

Time

SpacePeople

Things


Displaying emotion

unmarked

remark-able

finding-out,catching-up

remotely

Displaying group membership

newshouse book

institutional round robin

recipient-designed

performing membership

engaging in intimacy/membership

Shared meaning product of membership

crying

understood / not understood

from the inside / from the outside

(respect for)

privacyus/them

About People

• Shared meaning

– whether meanings are shared or unshared is a critical element of an understanding of intimate media and contribute to “what makes a house a home”.

• Displaying group membership

– Group membership can have a definitional role for oneself and how you are perceived by others

– The display of group membership for self and others in the home can be a form of intimate media

• Investment/Maintenance

– Relationships with others requires investment / maintenance (Activities such as keeping in touch, or catching up. - telephoning, writing a letter or a newsletter, passing on jokes). These relationships can also have an obligational character

– Some activities can be viewed purely as “engaging in intimacy” rather than something as explicit as catching up

• Displaying emotion

– Emotion has clear relevance to the concept of intimate media, but one should note that the significance of an emotional display is interpreted by people. Counterexample can reveal this (such as parents judging that a child is “just putting it on”)

People


Shared meaning


Displaying emotion


routines

(bounded) episodes

traces/records

day-to-day

for peoplefor objects/rooms

know other’s

coordination and awareness

(calendar)events

birthdays, weddings,

private events

christmas, etc. –public events

constantly recreate (customisations)

looking forward

planning, coordinating

Time

SpacePeople

Things

anticipations / predictions

Pattern / Order

Selection

gatherings

mundane / gross / shared

Time

About Time

• Pattern/Order

– Patterns and orders of time have great significance in the home. Orienting to time can be on the basis of regularity and tacitness.

• Individuals’ routines are complemented by an awareness of others’ routines. Indeed, this is often central to “living together.”

• Awareness of routines are often tacit, while many kinds of episode are on the contrary explicitly attended to and carefully demarcated (e.g. a child leaving the house), within an overall routine.

• One-off (or calendar) events have a different shape again, being neither part of the foreground (episodes) nor background (routine) of daily life, but instead defining themselves against the backdrop of daily life

• Selection

– Another element of time with significance for the home as an intimate media environment is that through selection, some events in the past or future are given more here-and-now relevance. This can be either through:

• Trace/Records: some impacts of the past can be seen through involuntary (traces) and others through more purposeful marks (records) which have lasted to the present.

• Anticipations, predictions and preparations for the future

Time

Pattern / Order

Selection

Future Directions

Fieldwork illustrations

• Ethnographic input has already been a key driver behind the production of the map in total. Here, the exercise is one of illustrating points in the map through specific fieldwork material.– Not every fieldwork observation/instance will have an attached

image or video, however for the purposes of this deliverable, we have chosen a few instances with a photographic record.

• Field work instances are most likely relevant to multiple places on the map (and conversely places on the map might draw on multiple instances). However we’ve tried to give examples which place field work at one location where it is likely to be of impact. – a relevant instance from fieldwork

(brackets indicate site)(Tr) Sorting post-it notes

takes work to make

available

– an ethnographic reference (mnemonic)

make-do



hand me

down


gifts

building

purchases

borrowing

fun/transient

finding

augment

evolving

accumulative

join, link

Things

Provenance

OwnershipLifecycle

shared vs personal

obligation

trading


nicking

swapping

keep / throw away

souvenirs


keeping things in

order

replacement

keeping

throwing away

filing

Instances from Fieldwork: Things



politeness

(Tr) New computer sitting next to couch

(MC) fridge magnets

(WD) Sun-object gift from wife

(Web designer) Gifts of Jam

(MC) letter opener

(MC) Workmen taking calls in MC’s house

(MC) Electrician leaving coat hanger

(WD)jokes for wife

(MC) Fireplace removed from living room

(MC) bookshelf near desk

(Tr)Dictionaries

(MC) Prize of a holiday

(Tr) love poem

(Tr) Arrangements of photos

(MC) replacement loo-seat

(Tr) Sorting post-it notes

(MC) Sorting the post

(Printers) Borrowed Tools, CDs

Sun object

– At least a part of how people orient to things has to do with their provenance, with some things being gifts which it is an obligation to keep -

– a husband toys with an object he has been given by his wife then puts it back on his desk, but how would it be if he were to pick it up and toss it in the bin, or to kiss it fondly

Instances from Fieldwork: Space

“done in doing”


space (Place)

centre on place

containmentoverload

dedicate, assign

Ordering methods

(e.g. Proximity)

Space

ad hoc usages

noticeable

unremarkable


tacit

inertia (habit)


place” / shared

local understanding


(Tr) work video collection in work area, domestic video collection next to VCR (upstairs)

(Tr) knocking down and picking up photo

(Tr) Taking different phone calls in different parts of the house (e.g. music / piano)

(WD) heighboour (accountant) visiting

(?) Queues

Knocking down and picking up photo

– There is a certain stability to the home, and it is not continually redesigned on the grounds of productivity. On the contrary, things can acquire an inertia and a familiar place (a “home”). At the same time, productivity and the ability to function effectively does assert itself through necessity (in the video (available deliverable 2), the translator repeatedly knocks over and reinstates the photo which is in her way before eventually moving it). The distribution of objects through the domestic space is a careful balance of different needs.

IMAGE

Instances from Fieldwork: People



boundaries, access

obligation

keeping in touch

lost/absent friends

telling stories /

jokes

invitations

symbols

newsletters

catching up


Time

SpacePeople

Things


Displaying emotion

unmarked

remark-able


remotely


newshouse book


recipient-designed




crying



(respect for)

privacyus/them

(Tr) fiddling with ring

(Tr) “fuck-it” button + boundedness with ethnographer

(Printers) clicking =muslim prayer

(Tr) fiddling with religious? card as contrast to surrounding activity

(Tr) circulating joke to friends

(Tr) receiving invitation to art gallery

(MC) family website

(MC) Chelsea Football Club

(Tr) saying goodbye

(?) Reading together

(?) child crying but “just play acting”

documentary evidences (Garfinkel)

the work of being a member

takes work to make

available

at a glance available

Reading together

– The explicit activity is one of reading, but engaging in the activity together (even just doing the same thing close to each other) implicitly also is an investment and maintenance of the family relationship.

Chelsea Football Club

– The membership of this group (Chelsea supporter) is visually displayed in numerous artefacts and collections of artefacts around the home. Such displays work for oneself and/or others. Here these displays cross multiple media and furthermore membership is “displayed” as a shared topic of conversation on the telephone.


routines

(bounded) episodes

traces/records

day-to-day


know other’s


(calendar)events


private events



looking forward


Time

SpacePeople

Things


Pattern / Order

Selection

gatherings


Instances from Fieldwork: Time

(MC) Carpet replaced by BBC -> occasions a story (cf Souvenirs)

(MC) Preparing lunch

(WD) Preparing lunch

(Tr) Saying goodbye routine

Saying goodbye routine

– Everyday routines can reflect a time-based order to the day, in which intimate occasions such as this are routinely inserted.

Innovation points

• potential connection points for WP3 for the future (To Inform and Inspire Technological development)

– generate features for prototypes

– extend and enrich technological/design concepts through exploring what they would mean in the light of alternative areas of the map

– means to show coverage of existing research

– means to highlight underexplored areas in the map

collages(public and

private)– a design concept or area of potential

technological innovation

make-do



hand me

down


gifts

building

purchases

borrowing

fun/transient

finding

augment

evolving

accumulative

join, link

Things

Provenance

OwnershipLifecycle

shared vs personal

obligation

trading


nicking

swapping

keep / throw away

souvenirs


keeping things in

order

replacement

keeping

throwing away

filing

Things



politeness

adaptive/

empty tool

+ communication channelaccess

to content

collages(public and

private)

adding the physical to

digital systems

resistance, aging, ripples, drag, over-flow, etc

early draft of innovation points

Space

“done in doing”


space (Place)

centre on place

containmentoverload

dedicate, assign

Ordering methods

(e.g. Proximity)

Space

ad hoc usages

noticeable

unremarkable


tacit

inertia (habit)


place” / shared

local understanding


tangible


People


boundaries, access

obligation

keeping in touch

lost/absent friends

telling stories /

jokes

invitations

symbols

newsletters

catching up


People


Displaying emotion

unmarked

remark-able


remotely


newshouse book


recipient-designed




crying



(respect for)

privacyus/them

maps

ambient telepresence



routines

(bounded) episodes

traces/records

day-to-day


know other’s


(calendar)events


private events



looking forward


Time

SpacePeople

Things


Pattern / Order

Selection

gatherings


Time

pattern detection

literal vs

distorted

pattern amplification /

corruption

pixelate, anonymous,

shadows, time-lapse, texture flows, random

etc


Use & extension of map

The map is a basis for dialog between ethnography and design, not a substitute

• Use of map:

– extension of design concepts (lay a concept next to a particular node in the map)

– looking for design concepts which have a wide extension across map

– arrange design concepts against background of map

• Extensions of map

– enlarge and deepen map from ongoing fieldwork and from ongoing dialogue between ethnography and design/technology

– work on recurrent ordering themes and articulate as “design dimensions”

– in working with the map and design dimension extract potential design guidelines for deliverable 12

Conclusions

Conclusions

• This grounded innovation map has been produced as a working method to bridge between ethnography and design. It is an artefact for evolution, as the basis for dialogue with design and informative for technology innovation. It lays out a map for the situation of use of disappearing computer technologies within the domestic environment and lays the basis for designing for a coherent experience.

deliverable 6: grounded innovation map. grounded innovation map: contents introduction –relation...

Documents

design purposesnew studies

grounded design mapbuilt

new mime field studies

fieldworka way

ethnographic data

fundamental objectives

researchmade particular

new material