definitions of terrorism.pptx

7/27/2019 DEFINITIONS OF TERRORISM.pptx

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DEFINITIONS OF

TERRORISM Terrorism has been described as

both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holyduty; a justified reaction to oppression and aninexcusable action. Definition may depend onwhose point of view is being represented.Terrorism has often been an effective tacticfor the weaker side in a conflict. As an

asymmetric form of conflict, terrorism projectscoercive power with many of the advantagesof military force at a fraction of the cost to theterrorist. Terrorism is a means -- a method --to an objective.



Terrorism….“The calculated use of violence or the threat of

violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate

governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are

generally political, religious, or ideological.” (U.S.Department of Defense)

“Terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of force to achieve

a political objective when innocent people are targeted.”

(Walter Laqueur)

“Terrorism is defined here as the recurrent use or threatened

use of politically motivated and clandestinely organized

violence, by a group whose aim is to influence a

psychological target in order to make it behave in a waywhich the group desires.” (C. J. M. Drake)

“The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or

property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian

population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political"



CONTEMPORARY

TERRORISM

Some commentators on terrorismappears to agree that the roots of contemporary terrorism lie in the swell of

student unrest during the 1960’s whenthere was a global trend towardsdissatisfaction with the establishment. Thecampus riots of that the time enabled the

truly minorities to operate with a degree of impunity. The use of violence to make apoint, to prick the social conscience,became increasingly popular. It became an“accepted” form of expressing

dissatisfaction with the status quo.



This new terrorist, as it has been

called has been influenced by a

number of factors:

1. The media

2. Communication

3. Potential for super-violence



ORGANIZATIONAL

COMMITMENT

Levels of Commitment

Typically, different levels of commitment exist

within an organization. One way of display is four

levels of commitment consisting of passive

supporters, active supporters, cadre, and leaders.



Figure 3-2. Typical Levels of

Organization

• Leaders

• Operational Cadre

• Active Supporters

• PassiveSupporters



Leaders

provide direction and policy; approve goals and objectives; and

provide overarching guidance for operations.

Cadres

are the active members of the terrorist organization.

Active Supportersare active in the political, fundraising, and information activities

of the group. Active supporters are fully aware of their relationship to the

terrorist group but do not normally commit violent acts.

Passive Supporters

are typically individuals or groups that are sympathetic to the

announced goals and intentions of an overarching agenda, but are not

committed enough to take an active role in terrorism.



ORGANIZATIONAL

STRUCTURE

Cellular Foundation The cell is the smallest element at the

tactical level of terrorist organization.

Individuals, usually three to ten people,comprise a cell and act as the basic tacticalcomponent for a terrorist organization. Oneof the primary reasons for a cellularconfiguration is security.



Two basic methods define organizational

structure of a terrorist group:

Hierarchical Structure

Hierarchical structure organizations are those that have a well-

defined vertical chain of command, control, and responsibility.

Hierarchical organizations feature greater specialization of functions

in their subordinate cells such as support, operations, intelligence.

Networked Structure

The effectiveness of a networked organization is dependent on

several considerations. The network achieves long-term

organizational effectiveness when cells share a unifying ideology,

common goals or mutual interests. A difficulty for networkorganizations not sharing a unifying ideology is cells can pursue

objectives or take actions that do not meet the goals of the

organization, or are counterproductive. In this instance, the

independence of cells fails to develop synergy between their activities

and limits their contribution to common objectives.



TYPES OF STRUCTURE

Chain Networks Each cell links to the node next in sequence. Communication betweenthe nodes is by passing information along the line.

Hub and Star A variation of the hub is a wheel design where the outer nodes

communicate with one or two other outer cells in addition to the hub. Awheel configuration is a common feature of a financial or economic network.

All-ChannelAll nodes are connected to each other. The network is organizationally

flat indicating there is no hierarchical command structure above it.

Command and control is distributed within the network.A transnational terrorist organization might use chain networks for itsmoney-laundering activities, tied to a wheel network handling financialmatters, tied in turn to an all-channel leadership network to direct the useof the funds into the operational.



THREE GROUPS OF TERRORISTS

NATIONAL TERRORISTS

This is terrorist who operates and aspires to winpolitical power within a single nation.

TRANSNATIONAL TERRORIST

This terrorist who operates across national borders,whose actions and political aspirations may affect individualsof more than one nationality.

INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST

A terrorist who is controlled by, and whose actionsrepresent, the interests of a sovereign state.

.



TERRORIST MOTIVATIONS AND GROUP

CLASSIFICATION

Motivation categories describe terrorist groups in terms of their

goals or objectives.

Motivational Categories

Separatist. Separatist groups reach for a goal of separation from

existing entities through independence, political autonomy, orreligious freedom or domination.

Ethnocentric. Ethnocentric groups see race as the defining characteristic of asociety and a basis of cohesion.

Nationalistic. The loyalty and devotion to a nation and the national

consciousness place one nation’s culture and interests above those of other nationsor groups is the motivating factor behind these groups.

Revolutionary. These groups are dedicated to the overthrow of an establishedorder and replacing governance with a new political or social structure.



IDEOLOGY INFLUENCE

Groups with secular ideologies and nonreligiousgoals will often attempt highly selective anddiscriminate acts of violence to achieve a specificpolitical aim.

For terrorist groups professing secular political,

religious, or social motivations, their targets are oftenhighly symbolic of authority: government offices,banks, national airlines, and multinationalcorporations with direct relation to the establishedorder. Likewise, they may conduct attacks onrepresentative individuals whom they associate witheconomic exploitation, social injustice, or politicalrepression. While extremist religious groups also usemuch of this symbolism, there appears to be a trend toconnect attacks to greater physical devastation andsuffering.



Ideological Categories

Political

Political ideologies are concerned with the structure andorganization of the forms of government and communities.

Right Wing.

These groups are associated with the reactionary orconservative side of the political spectrum, and often are

associated with fascism or neo-Nazism.

Left Wing. These groups are usually associated with revolutionary

socialism or variants of communism such as Maoist or Marxist-Leninist.

Anarchist.Anarchist groups are anti-authority or anti-government,

and strongly support individual liberty and voluntary associationof cooperative groups.



• Religious

Religiously inspired terrorism is on the rise. This is not a new

phenomenon. Religious extremism couches terrorism with

distorted interpretation of theological dogma and can mask

secular objectives as holy writ, infallible guidance, and non-

negotiable responsibility. One commentary states, of terrorist

organizations. Furthermore, religiously-oriented organizations

account for a disproportionately high percentage of attacks andcasualties.

• Social

Often particular social policies or issues will be so contentiousamong individuals or groups that beliefs incite extremist behavior

and terrorism. This form of social terrorism is often referred to as

single issue or special interest terrorism.



Phase of a Terrorist Incident

Pre-incident phaseDuring this phase, the terrorists plan the event, normally

based on their intentions, short-ranger objectives and long-termstrategy and on information and experience. During this phase,secrecy and operations security are of utmost important forsuccess.

• Initiation phase

It is the point of no return. It is the event that marks thebeginning of the operation: it is marked by movement of theobjective, followed by perhaps the detonation of a bomb in anambush or the physical taking of hostages.

• Climax phaseIt may well follow the initiation phases as in a single bomb

incident, or may last for days or weeks as in a live hostagesituation. The climax marks the end of the incident.

• Post-incident phaseIt is as important to the terrorist as the pre-incident phase. It is

the time when the terrorists regroup and engage in self-criticism.



Common Tactics of the Terrorist

The terrorist uses a wide array of tactics and techniques inconducting terror. Tactics are as broad and diverse as the resourcesof the terrorist cell and the imagination of the group leader.

The terrorist will utilize tactics, forces, and weaponsspecifically tailored to a particular mission. Terrorist operations are

individualistic in that each is planned for a specific target andeffect.

A terrorist relies upon prior planning and reconnaissance tocounter and overmatch the target. If changes to the target or unexpected conditions render success unlikely, the terrorist may

cancel the operation and return later or choose a different targetand continue his planning and attack process.



FORMS OF TERRORISM

Threat or Hoax

A terrorist cell can use threats to coerce or precludeactions by a targeted individual or population. Threats andhoaxes can dull the effectiveness of preventive orcountermeasures when a targeted individual or populationloses situational awareness of an actual terrorist target ordisperses finite assets against many possible threats.

Arson

Arson uses fire to damage, sabotage, or destroy property.Arson is most often used for symbolic attacks and economiceffects.

SabotageSabotage is the planned destruction of the enemy’s equipment

or infrastructure. The purpose of sabotage is to inflict bothpsychological and physical damage. This can result from anincident creating a large number of casualties or from a severedisruption of services for the population.



Bombing

Bombs are a favored weapon for terrorists. Bombs are highly

destructive and can be easily tailored to the mission, do not require the

operator to be present, and have a significant physical and psychological

impact. Bombs have a significant historical record, and a particular place inearly anarchist and revolutionary thought, where dynamite was viewed as

the equalizing force between the state and the individual.

Kidnapping

Kidnapping is usually an action taken against a prominent individualfor a specific reason. The terrorist cell conducts detailed planning, especially

regarding movement of the kidnapped individual.

The kidnapped victim is moved to a location controlled by the cell.

The group makes demands and is often willing to hold a victim for a

significant time.

Hostage Taking

Hostage taking is typically an overt seizure of people to gain publicity

for a cause, gain political concessions, political asylum, release of prisoners,

or ransom. Many times the terrorists will take hostages with the intent to

kill them after they believe they have fully exploited the media coverage from

the situation.



Hijack-Seizure

Hijacking involves the forceful commandeering of a conveyance.

Although normally associated with planes, it can also include naval vesselsor other craft. There are many purposes to hijacking, such as hostage

taking activities, obtaining a means of escape, or as a means of suicide.

Raid or Ambush

A raid permits control of the target for the execution of some other

action. The kidnapping or assassination of a target that has a security force

can often require a raid to overcome the defenses. Successful conduct of

these type attacks requires extensive preoperational surveillance and

detailed planning.

An ambush is a surprise attack characterized by violent execution and

speed of action. The intended objective may be to cause mass casualties,assassinate an individual, or disrupt hostile security operations.



Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

Listing a category as weapons of mass destruction

acknowledges a broad range of capabilities that specific terrorist

groups would like to acquire. Once acquired, this capability would allow for catastrophic results through numerous delivery

means. These type weapons include chemical, biological,

radiological, nuclear, and high yield explosives.

Assassination

An assassination is a deliberate action to kill specific

individuals, usually VIPs such as political leaders, notable

citizens, collaborators, particularly effective officials. The

terrorist group assassinates people it cannot intimidate, people

who support their enemy, or people who have some symbolic

significance for the enemy or world community. Terrorist

groups often refer to these killings as punishment or justice as

an attempt to legitimize their actions.

Ai ft Th t



Aircraft ThreatsA man portable air defense system (MANPADS) is a significant

threat in the hands of terrorists. There are a number of surface-

to-air weapons that terrorists can use to attack aircraft. Weapons

can be as simple as a rocket propelled grenade (RPG) normally

used in surface-to-surface combat or as sophisticated as a Stingeror similar Igla air defense missile.

Maritime Threats Terrorist attacks against maritime targets are fairly rare and

constitute only two percent of all international incidents over a 30

year period and entry into the twenty-first century. There is a

history of maritime terrorism and maritime authorities worldwide

are increasingly anxious about terrorist attacks on both ports and

ships.

Suicide TacticsSuicide tactics are particular methods of delivering a bomb or

conducting an assassination. The tactic can be defined as “An act

of terror, employing an explosive or incendiary device that

requires the death of the perpetrator for successful

implementation.”



TERRORIST ORGANIZATION PROFILE:

Abdurajak Janjalani Brigade (AJB) Mother tongue Name: n/a

Aliases: n/a Bases of Operation: Philippines

Date Formed: January 1999

Strength: Group is inactive

Classifications: Other

Financial Sources: Unknown Founding Philosophy:

◦ Named for Abdurajak Janjalani, the fallen founder andleader of the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), the Abdurajak Janjalani Brigade was a short-lived splinter of the ASGentirely comprised of ASG members. The group was led by brothers Anih and Itin Sailani, both commanders in theASG. The exact whereabouts of the Sailani brothers iscurrently unknown, as both managed to escape prison in2002. In its history, the AJB has only been responsible forone terrorist incident, a small armed attack in January 1999 that targeted two villages in Basilan province andresulted in no injuries or casualties.

http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organizations_by_country.asp?id=RP




Current Goals: Since this attack (and several others known

to have been perpetrated by the ASG)

occurred shortly after the death of

Abdurajak Janjalani at the hands of the

Philippine military in December 1998,reprisal was seen to be the main motive. It is

likely that the AJB was created for ASG

members to honor their fallen leader and

not meant to be an organized splinter

faction of Abu Sayyaf. As such, the group is

assumed to have disbanded after the attackand its members reabsorbed into ASG

proper.

Key Leaders •n/a

Related Groups •Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) -- Founding Group

http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=204







New People's Army (NPA)

Mothertongue Name: n/a

Aliases: n/a

Bases of Operation: Philippines

Date Formed: March 29, 1969

Strength: Approximately 16,000 members

Classifications: Communist/Socialist

Financial Sources: Currently derives funding from

contributions of supporters and extortion

of local businesses and foreign

companies; Procures weapons from raidson police and military; China sponsored

the group from 1969 to 1976





Founding Philosophy: The New People's Army (NPA) was created as the

armed wing of the outlawed political organization, the

Communist Party of the Philippines, Marxist-Leninist

(CPP-ML). From 1969 to 1976, the People's Republic of

China provided material support to the New People's

Army. Following the cessation of China's support, the

NPA went through a five-year period of weakness. By

the early 1980s, NPA had found new funding sources

and was rebuilding. The group remains a significant

threat even today. The NPA tactic is to continue a prolonged armed conflictthat will eventually overthrow the Filipino government

and replace it with a communist/socialist state.

Specifically, NPA employs two primary strategies. First,

the group targets foreign investors and foreign-owned

companies. The NPA aims to entirely drive out foreign

investment with its intimidation tactics. Additionally, theNPA benefits from this tactic monetarily through the

extortion of the foreign businesses. The second NPA

tactic is targeted assassinations of Filipino citizens who

are critical of the New People's Army.



Current Goals: The New People's Army engaged in

several rounds of government peace

talks in the 1990s. The peace talks

did not successfully halt the NPA's

terrorist activities. Today, the group

is considered a significant threat to

the Filipino government.

Key Leaders •Lagman, Felimon

•Sison, Jose Maria

Related Groups •Free Papua Movement (OPM) -- Supported Cause

•Kabataang Makabayan (KM) -- Other Affiliation•Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan (RHB) -- Enemy

http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_member.asp?id=5725

























Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)

Mothertongue Name: سياأبجماعة

Aliases: al-Harakat al-Islamiyah, Bearer of the

Sword

Bases of Operation: Philippines

Date Formed: 1991

Strength: Greater than 200 members

Classifications: Nationalist/Separatist, Religious

Financial Sources: Largely self-financed through ransom and

extortion; Suspected to receive support from

Islamic extremists in the Middle East and

South Asia

Founding Philosophy: The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), or Abu Sayyaf, is a radical





g p y yy p ( ), yy ,

Islamic terrorist group active in the Southern Philippines

and Malaysia. Its stated goal is the creation of an

independent Islamic state encompassing parts of

Southern Thailand, the island of Borneo, the Sulu

rchipelago, and Mindanao, areas where Moro Muslims,a minority ethnic group in the Philippines, make up the

majority of the local population. The ASG is known to

target Filipino and Western Christians in the Southern

Philippines, though the group's influence is thought to

have expanded to the regional level recently.

The ASG was founded in 1991 by radical Moro National

Liberation Front (MNLF) members who objected to the

MNLF's negotiations with the Philippine government.

Due to the ASG's predisposition toward violent tactics,

hich include high-profile bombings, armed attacks,

assassinations, and beheadings, it is seen to be moreradical than its mother group. Abu Sayyaf, which

literally means "father of the sword" in Arabic, sees itself

as the rightful inheritor of the legacy of armed Moro

resistance in the region and the torchbearer in the

struggle for the establishment of an Islamic state in

Southeast Asia.



Abu Sayyaf is largely self-financed through extortion

rackets and kidnapping-for-ransom schemes. Allegedly,

the ASG also receives a small level of logistical and

material support from other extremist groups active in

the region. The ASG provides safe haven for terroristleaders from other groups and has local infrastructure

in place to funnel money to plan and support attacks. It

is also known to have substantial links to Jemaah

Islamiya (JI) and factions of the Moro Islamic Liberation

Front (MILF) that have yet to surrender to Philippine

authorities.

Abu Sayyaf committed itself to Osama bin Laden's war

against the "Jews and Crusaders" in February 1998.

Later that year, Janjalani was killed by Philippine

security forces and replaced by his younger brother

Khadaffy Janjalani. After the death of the elder Janjalani, the group underwent a period of transition as

Khadaffy Janjalani consolidated his power within the

organization, battling other contenders such as Galib

Andang (aka Commander Robot) and Abu Sabaya for

influence.



Current Goals: The initiation of peace negotiations between

the Philippine government and the MNLF

(and subsequently the MILF) has served to

divide the greater Moro resistance

movement into those who seek a political

resolution and those who use violence to

achieve their objectives. The ASG has been

strengthened by the addition of rogue MNLF

and MILF elements dissatisfied with theirrespective groups' political approaches.

Despite the concurrent efforts of the

Philippine government and US

counterterrorism advisers, the Abu Sayyaf Group remains a very active threat in the

region and one of the main obstacles to

peace in the Southern Philippines.



Key Leaders

•Andang, Ghalib •Igasan, Yasser

• Janjalani, Abdulrajik

• Janjalani, Abubakar Khadaffy

•Sahiron, Radulan

•Sali, Jr., Jainal Antel

Related Groups •Abdurajak Janjalani Brigade (AJB) -- Splinter Group

•al-Qaeda -- Ally

• Jemaah Islamiya (JI) -- Ally (Suspected)

•Laskar Jihad -- Ally

•Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) -- Founding Group




















































Jemaah Islamiya (JI)

Mothertongue Name: n/a

Aliases: Islamic Community, Islamic

Group

Bases of Operation: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,

Singapore

Date Formed: Around 1993

Strength: Greater than 300 members

Classifications: Religious

Financial Sources: Charities; Fundraisers; Domesticand international businesses

operating as fronts for JI; al-

Qaeda

http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organizations_by_country.asp?id=ID

http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organizations_by_country.asp?id=MY


http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organizations_by_country.asp?id=SN

http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organizations_by_country.asp?id=SN


http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organizations_by_country.asp?id=MY

http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organizations_by_country.asp?id=ID



Founding Philosophy: Jemaah Islamiyah, which means

"Islamic Community," was formed

in Johor, Malaysia around 1993.

While Jemaah Islamiyah did notexist as a violently brutal terrorist

entity until 1993, the group's roots

began to take shape years earlier.

In 1973 two Muslim clerics,

Abdullah Sungkar and Abu Bakar

Bashir, formed a pesantren in Solo,

Indonesia called Pondok Ngruki. At

this time, the men were supporters

of Darul Islam, a conservative

Islamic movement. In addition, the

two clerics had formulated the

radical goal of creating an Islamic

state in Indonesia.

In 1978, Sungkar and Bashir were arrested in Indonesia for



, g

subversive activities. Upon their release, the men left

Indonesia for Malaysia and settled in the Indonesian-

expatriate community in Johor. No longer living in

Indonesia, the two men now expanded their radical goals

beyond the original objective of an Islamic state inIndonesia. Sungkar and Bashir now supported the creation

of an Islamic state across Southeast Asia to include

Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, southern Thailand,

and southern Philippines.

Upon the eventual formation of Jemaah Islamiyah (JI)around 1993, the group actively advocated the use of

violence to attain its goals. By the late 1990s, JI was

recruiting and training extremists for the purpose of terrorist

actions in Southeast Asia. Jemaah Islamiyah has shown

the ability and willingness to inflict significant casualties on

innocent civilians (including tourists) and those they believe

to be allied with "Western interests." JI was linked to

several bombings in 2000. The terrorist violence, often

brutal and fatal, continues to this day. On October 12, 2002,

Jemaah Islamiyah inflicted the horrific Bali bombings, killing

over 200 people.



Current Goals: In August 2003, JI leader Hambali

(real name: Riduan bin Isomoddin)was captured. While the arrest

surely damaged the group, JI

remains an active and significant

terrorist threat in Southeast Asia.

The group is suspected of having a

role in a triple-suicide bombing

which struck Bali on October 1st,

2005, killing 20.



Key Leaders •Dujana, Abu

•Sufaat, Yazid •Zarkasih

Related Groups •Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) -- Ally (Suspected)

•al-Qaeda -- Ally

•Komando Jihad (Indonesian) -- Shared Members

•Kumpulan Mujahidin Malaysia (KMM) -- Ally

•Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) -- Ally

(Suspected)

•Mujahideen KOMPAK -- Rival

•Nusantara Islamic Jihad Forces -- Shared Members

































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