defining the enabling environment for hwts using the iad framework
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Defining the Enabling Environment for HWTS using the IAD Framework. Edema Ojomo The Water Institute at UNC October 31, 2012 Water and Health Conference 2012. Outline. Background Objectives Methodology Analysis using IAD Framework Levels of capacity Conclusion. Background. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Defining the Enabling Environment for HWTS
using the IAD FrameworkEdema Ojomo
The Water Institute at UNCOctober 31, 2012
Water and Health Conference 2012
Background Objectives Methodology Analysis using IAD Framework Levels of capacity Conclusion
Outline
Approximately 800 million people lack accessto improved drinking water sources1
An even greater number lack access to “safe”water2,3
Ideal solution? Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS)
an interim solution Relevant to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) HWT practiced for centuries Some research has shown HWT to be efficacious in
reducing microbial contamination and diarrhea Not yet achieved scale
Background
Picture from Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
Better understand how to scale up and sustain HWTS practices Map enabling and obstructing factors to
scaling up and sustaining HWTS practices Define the enabling environment for HWTS
Better understand what countries are “ready” for HWTS Develop an assessment tool to determine the
amenability of countries to HWTS
Objectives
Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework
Interviews, Focus group discussions and E-surveys
Literature Review World Bank Doing Business methodology
Methodology
Frameworks Help to identify different elements and the relationships
among these elements relevant to understanding a problem
Help generate questions that can be easily ignored Help reduce bias toward disproportional weighting of more
readily available data Help reduce bias associated with preconceptions of
researchers
Used the IAD framework to identify actors relevant to scaling up and sustaining HWTS practices
Analysis using IAD Framework
Analysis using IAD Framework
StartFigure 1: Pictorial representation of IAD framework
Actor Identification
Users
Retailers/Wholesalers
Manufacturers
Government
Implementers (e.g. NGOs, PS etc.)
Donors
Figure 2: Actors identified by 300in6 as being needed for making water safe in a scenario of HWTS
How many types of people does it take to make a glass of water safe to drink, in a scenarioof household water treatment, storage and proximity provision?
Actor Identification (cont’d)
Product Purchase
Investment in HWTS
intervention
Policies regarding HWTS practices and products/technologies, including import regulations, standards, etc.
HWTS practice
advocacy
Product developmen
t
Product advocacy/promotion
Product sales
Cost recovery
Figure 3: Actions identified as vital to bringing effective HWTS products to users
The framework sheds some light into the complexity inherent in scaling up HWTS
Numerous actors Significance of each of these actors varies Several factors influence the decisions of
these actors Interaction among actors is complex
Levels of Capacity
Enabling Environment◦ describes the broader system within which
individuals and organizations function and one that facilitates or hampers their existence and performance (UNDP, 2008).
Organizational/Intervention◦ describes the characteristics of the organization
carrying out the intervention and/or the features of the intervention
Individual/Household◦ describes the target population and can either be
an individual, household, or community
Levels of Capacity
Levels of Capacity
ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
(A)
ORGANIZATIONAL/INTERVENTION
(B)
INDIVIDUAL/HOUSEHOLD
(C)
SUPPORT
PROVISION USE
(C) Are affected by
technology price and type provided by (B)
(B) Are affected by demand and behaviors of
(C)
(B) A
re affecte
d by
policies a
nd
regulatio
ns set b
y (A)
(C) Are affected by
policies and subsidies set
by (A)
(A) Are affected by
demand for safe water
by (C)
(A) A
re a
ffected b
y
lobbyin
g don
e by (
B)
Figure 4: Relationship between the three levels relevant to scaling up and sustaining HWTS
Government advocacy for HWTS Presence of policies and/or strategies A “home” for HWTS Partnerships and networks that define certain
stakeholder relationships (e.g. PPP, networks for collaboration)
Certification of HWTS products and technologies Import regulations concerning HWTS
products/technologies
Enabling Environment
Partnerships with other organizations and communities
An effective supply chain and distribution network
Capacity building activities Cost recovery options Awareness raising activities Choice of product/technology Available resources Integration of HWTS into other programs
Organizational/Intervention
Financial ability to adopt HWTS practice Preferences about technology type Cultural belief about water/water treatment Leaders advocating HWTS Understanding of the relevance of HWTS Perception of diarrhea Aspirational products
Individual/Household
Can the technology being promoted by your organization be produced locally?
Do you plan on producing technology locally?
Yes
No
Can the technology be imported into the country? (Take import barriers and regulations into
consideration)
No
Conditions are not amenable for
an HWTS intervention with
the proposed technology
No
Yes
Is there an effective and sustainable supply chain for technology and
consumables after your organization leaves country/community?
Conditions are not amenable for a sustainable
HWTS intervention with
the proposed technology
No
Conditions are amenable for a sustainable
HWTS intervention with
the proposed technology
Yes
Is there skilled labor available for manufacture
(or will this capacity be developed)?
Yes
Yes
Conditions are not amenable for the development of effective/quality
HWTS technology
in country
NoIs there a clear supply chain
for technology and spare parts?
Conditions are not amenable for a sustainable
HWTS intervention
Conditions are amenable for a
sustainable HWTS
intervention
Yes No
Assessment tool that takes all three levels into consideration
Achieving successful scale-up and sustainability is a highly complex process
There is no silver bullet - the answer is intervention specific
However, this study highlighted the following important questions to consider when designing an intervention◦ What actors are relevant to your intervention?◦ What are their roles?◦ How do these actors interact?◦ What are the enabling environment features relevant to your
intervention?◦ What intervention characteristics need to be modified to account
for country/community context?◦ Who is the target population? What characteristics does this
population have and how can these be managed?
Conclusion
THANK YOU
Photo from WHO HWTS Following emergencies and disasters
1 WHO & UNICEF. (2012). Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2012 Update. USA: World Health Organization and UNICEF.2 Bain, R. E., Gundry, S. W., Wright, J. A., Yang, H., Pedley, S., & Bartram, J. K. (2012). Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 228-235.3 Onda, K., LoBuglio, J., & Bartram, J. (2012). Global Access to Safe Water: Accounting for Water Quality and the Resulting Impact on MDG Progress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 880-894.4 UNDP (2008).”UNDP Practice Note: Capacity Development” New York, New York, USA
References