deducing allophonic rules part 1 -...
TRANSCRIPT
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
Deducing Allophonic RulesPart 1
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
Supplementary Readings
The following readings have been posted to the Moodlecourse site:
I Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 3 (pp. 70-77,84-86)
I Language Files: Chapter 3.5 (pp. 127-133)
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
A Review of Where We Are
I The phonology of a language includes rules thataffect individual phones.
I In English, [t]/[p]/[k] are aspirated at the beginning ofonsets.
I Because of such rules, we must distinguish betweenI Phoneme: the sound as represented in memory /X/I Allophone: the sound as actually produced [X]
I [X] is an allophone of /Y/ if [X] is one way thatspeakers pronounce the sound memorized as /Y/
I [th] is an allophone of /t/ in English.I [t] is an allophone of /t/ in English.
I [th] and [t] are allophones of the same phonemein English.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
A Review of Where We Are
I The phonology of a language includes rules thataffect individual phones.
I In English, [t]/[p]/[k] are aspirated at the beginning ofonsets.
I Because of such rules, we must distinguish betweenI Phoneme: the sound as represented in memory /X/I Allophone: the sound as actually produced [X]
I [X] is an allophone of /Y/ if [X] is one way thatspeakers pronounce the sound memorized as /Y/
I [th] is an allophone of /t/ in English.I [t] is an allophone of /t/ in English.
I [th] and [t] are allophones of the same phonemein English.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
A Review of Where We Are
I The phonology of a language includes rules thataffect individual phones.
I In English, [t]/[p]/[k] are aspirated at the beginning ofonsets.
I Because of such rules, we must distinguish betweenI Phoneme: the sound as represented in memory /X/I Allophone: the sound as actually produced [X]
I [X] is an allophone of /Y/ if [X] is one way thatspeakers pronounce the sound memorized as /Y/
I [th] is an allophone of /t/ in English.I [t] is an allophone of /t/ in English.
I [th] and [t] are allophones of the same phonemein English.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
A Review of Where We Are
I The phonology of a language includes rules thataffect individual phones.
I In English, [t]/[p]/[k] are aspirated at the beginning ofonsets.
I Because of such rules, we must distinguish betweenI Phoneme: the sound as represented in memory /X/I Allophone: the sound as actually produced [X]
I [X] is an allophone of /Y/ if [X] is one way thatspeakers pronounce the sound memorized as /Y/
I [th] is an allophone of /t/ in English.I [t] is an allophone of /t/ in English.
I [th] and [t] are allophones of the same phonemein English.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
A Review of Where We AreI Languages differ in whether phones are allophones
of the same (or different) phonemes.
Example (Thai and English):In Thai, [t] and [th] are allophones of different phonemesIn English, [t] and [th] are allophones of the same phoneme
I If there’s a minimal pair for two phones, then they’reallophones of different phonemes.
Example (Thai):[tam] ‘to pound’ [tham] ‘to do’
I If there aren’t minimal pairs for them, then theymight be allophones of the same phoneme.
Example:In English, there are no minimal pairs for [t] and [th]...
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
A Review of Where We AreI Languages differ in whether phones are allophones
of the same (or different) phonemes.
Example (Thai and English):In Thai, [t] and [th] are allophones of different phonemesIn English, [t] and [th] are allophones of the same phoneme
I If there’s a minimal pair for two phones, then they’reallophones of different phonemes.
Example (Thai):[tam] ‘to pound’ [tham] ‘to do’
I If there aren’t minimal pairs for them, then theymight be allophones of the same phoneme.
Example:In English, there are no minimal pairs for [t] and [th]...
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
A Review of Where We AreI Languages differ in whether phones are allophones
of the same (or different) phonemes.
Example (Thai and English):In Thai, [t] and [th] are allophones of different phonemesIn English, [t] and [th] are allophones of the same phoneme
I If there’s a minimal pair for two phones, then they’reallophones of different phonemes.
Example (Thai):[tam] ‘to pound’ [tham] ‘to do’
I If there aren’t minimal pairs for them, then theymight be allophones of the same phoneme.
Example:In English, there are no minimal pairs for [t] and [th]...
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
An Important Point of Logic
Two phones might be in complementary distribution, butstill be allophones of different phonemes.
Example: [N] and [h] in EnglishI In English, [N] is never in onsets ([bæN], *[Næb])I In English, [h] is never in codas. ([hæt], *[tæh])I ... So there’s no minimal pairs for [N] and [h] in
English...I ...But they are still allophones of different
phonemes!
...Let’s see why!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
An Important Point of Logic
If [N] and [h] were really allophones of the samephoneme, then...
I There would be some phoneme /X/I There would be a rule R which requires:
I /X/ to be pronounced as [h] in onsetsI /X/ to be pronounced as [N] in codas
I But what’s /X/? (Impossible to say!)I But this rule R looks crazy. (Trust me.)
Conclusion:
I There is no sensible rule that would derive [N] and[h] from the same phoneme /X/.
I And so, linguists conclude that they are allophonesof different phonemes.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
An Important Point of Logic
If [N] and [h] were really allophones of the samephoneme, then...
I There would be some phoneme /X/I There would be a rule R which requires:
I /X/ to be pronounced as [h] in onsetsI /X/ to be pronounced as [N] in codas
I But what’s /X/? (Impossible to say!)I But this rule R looks crazy. (Trust me.)
Conclusion:
I There is no sensible rule that would derive [N] and[h] from the same phoneme /X/.
I And so, linguists conclude that they are allophonesof different phonemes.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
An Important Point of Logic
If [N] and [h] were really allophones of the samephoneme, then...
I There would be some phoneme /X/I There would be a rule R which requires:
I /X/ to be pronounced as [h] in onsetsI /X/ to be pronounced as [N] in codas
I But what’s /X/? (Impossible to say!)I But this rule R looks crazy. (Trust me.)
Conclusion:
I There is no sensible rule that would derive [N] and[h] from the same phoneme /X/.
I And so, linguists conclude that they are allophonesof different phonemes.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
The Centrality of Rules
To really show that [X] and [Y] are allophones of the samephoneme, you have to:
I Say what phoneme they are allophones of.I State the rule that determines whether that
phoneme is pronounced as [X] or [Y].
Illustration: Aspiration in EnglishHow we proved that [t] and [th] are allophones of the samephoneme:
I We discovered the following rule:
I /p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated at the beginning of onsets.
I This rule does two things:
I States the phoneme that [t] / [th] are allophones ofI States when that phoneme is pronounced as [t] / [th]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
The Centrality of Rules
To really show that [X] and [Y] are allophones of the samephoneme, you have to:
I Say what phoneme they are allophones of.I State the rule that determines whether that
phoneme is pronounced as [X] or [Y].
Illustration: Aspiration in EnglishHow we proved that [t] and [th] are allophones of the samephoneme:
I We discovered the following rule:
I /p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated at the beginning of onsets.
I This rule does two things:
I States the phoneme that [t] / [th] are allophones ofI States when that phoneme is pronounced as [t] / [th]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Deducing Allophonic RulesTo show that [X] and [Y] are allophones of differentphonemes, you have to:
I Find a minimal pair for [X] and [Y].
To really show that [X] and [Y] are allophones of the samephoneme, you have to:
I Say what phoneme they are allophones of.I State the rule that determines whether that
phoneme is pronounced as [X] or [Y].
Burning Question:How, exactly, do we go about looking for these rules?
I The whole process can be broken down intomanageable sub-tasks...
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Deducing Allophonic RulesTo show that [X] and [Y] are allophones of differentphonemes, you have to:
I Find a minimal pair for [X] and [Y].
To really show that [X] and [Y] are allophones of the samephoneme, you have to:
I Say what phoneme they are allophones of.I State the rule that determines whether that
phoneme is pronounced as [X] or [Y].
Burning Question:How, exactly, do we go about looking for these rules?
I The whole process can be broken down intomanageable sub-tasks...
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
How to Solve ‘Phonology Problems’
The General Task:Determine whether [X] and [Y] are allophones of thesame phoneme.
The Procedure:
I 1. First Main Sub-Task:Determine if there are minimal pairs for [X] and [Y].
I If there are, STOP!I [X] and [Y] are allophones of different phonemes.
I If there aren’t, move on to Second Main Sub-Task.
I 2. Second Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] fromthe same phoneme.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Vowel Length in KikuyuI In Kikuyu, some vowels are ‘long’ (in duration) and others
are ‘short’ (in duration).I In IPA, [V:] = the vowel V is ‘long’
Vowel Length in Kikuyu[kera] ‘cross over’ [ke:ra] ‘realize’[Daka] ‘beautiful’ [Da:ka] ‘play’[kua] ‘die’ [ku:a] ‘carry’[Dura] ‘spit’ [Du:ra] ‘stay’[kOra] ‘find’ [kO:ra] ‘little frog’
Question:In Kikuyu, are the long vowels and short vowelsallophones of the same phoneme?
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Vowel Length in KikuyuI In Kikuyu, some vowels are ‘long’ (in duration) and others
are ‘short’ (in duration).I In IPA, [V:] = the vowel V is ‘long’
Vowel Length in Kikuyu[kera] ‘cross over’ [ke:ra] ‘realize’[Daka] ‘beautiful’ [Da:ka] ‘play’[kua] ‘die’ [ku:a] ‘carry’[Dura] ‘spit’ [Du:ra] ‘stay’[kOra] ‘find’ [kO:ra] ‘little frog’
First Main Sub-Task:Are there minimal pairs for the long vowels and the shortvowels?
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Vowel Length in KikuyuI In Kikuyu, some vowels are ‘long’ (in duration) and others
are ‘short’ (in duration).I In IPA, [V:] = the vowel V is ‘long’
Vowel Length in Kikuyu[kera] ‘cross over’ [ke:ra] ‘realize’[Daka] ‘beautiful’ [Da:ka] ‘play’[kua] ‘die’ [ku:a] ‘carry’[Dura] ‘spit’ [Du:ra] ‘stay’[kOra] ‘find’ [kO:ra] ‘little frog’
Result:There are! So we stop.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Vowel Length in KikuyuI In Kikuyu, some vowels are ‘long’ (in duration) and others
are ‘short’ (in duration).I In IPA, [V:] = the vowel V is ‘long’
Vowel Length in Kikuyu[kera] ‘cross over’ [ke:ra] ‘realize’[Daka] ‘beautiful’ [Da:ka] ‘play’[kua] ‘die’ [ku:a] ‘carry’[Dura] ‘spit’ [Du:ra] ‘stay’[kOra] ‘find’ [kO:ra] ‘little frog’
Conclusion:In Kikuyu, long vowels and short vowels are allophones ofdifferent phonemes.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Vowel Length in English
In English, too, some vowels are ‘long’ and others are ‘short’.
Vowel Length in English‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
Question:In English, are the long vowels and short vowels allophones ofthe same phoneme?
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Vowel Length in English
In English, too, some vowels are ‘long’ and others are ‘short’.
Vowel Length in English‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
First Main Sub-Task:Are there minimal pairs for the long vowels and the shortvowels?
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Vowel Length in English
In English, too, some vowels are ‘long’ and others are ‘short’.
Vowel Length in English‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
Result:
I There aren’t any minimal pairs for short and long vowels.
I So, on to Second Main Sub-Task...
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Vowel Length in English
In English, too, some vowels are ‘long’ and others are ‘short’.
Vowel Length in English‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
Second Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving the long and short vowelsfrom the same phoneme.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Breaking Down Second Main Sub-Task
Question:But, now how do we find out if there is such a rule?
Answer:We will break down this sub-task into (four) smallersub-steps.
Vocabulary:The environment of a phone [X] in some word W =The phones that immediately precede and follow [X] in W.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Breaking Down Second Main Sub-Task
Question:But, now how do we find out if there is such a rule?
Answer:We will break down this sub-task into (four) smallersub-steps.
Vocabulary:The environment of a phone [X] in some word W =The phones that immediately precede and follow [X] in W.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Breaking Down Second Main Sub-Task
The Logic of Our Search:We want to figure out which is true (if any):
1. There’s a rule that turns long vowels into short vowels insome environment.
2. There’s a rule that turns short vowels into long vowels insome environment.
Some Reasoning:I If (1) were true, then...
I there’d be an environment where only short vowelsshow up (no long vowels).
I If (2) were true, then...I there’d be an environment where only long vowels
show up (no short vowels).
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Breaking Down Second Main Sub-Task
The Logic of Our Search:We want to figure out which is true (if any):
1. There’s a rule that turns long vowels into short vowels insome environment.
2. There’s a rule that turns short vowels into long vowels insome environment.
Some Reasoning:I If (1) were true, then...
I there’d be an environment where only short vowelsshow up (no long vowels).
I If (2) were true, then...I there’d be an environment where only long vowels
show up (no short vowels).
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Breaking Down Second Main Sub-Task
The Logic of Our Search:We want to figure out which is true (if any):
1. There’s a rule that turns long vowels into short vowels insome environment.
2. There’s a rule that turns short vowels into long vowels insome environment.
Some Reasoning:I If (1) were true, then...
I there’d be an environment where only short vowelsshow up (no long vowels).
I If (2) were true, then...I there’d be an environment where only long vowels
show up (no short vowels).
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Breaking Down Second Main Sub-Task
Summary:We now want to figure out which is true (if any):
1. There’s an environment where you only find short vowels.I If so, then there’s a rule turning long vowels into
short ones there.2. There’s an environment where you only find long vowels.
I If so, then there’s a rule turning short vowels intolong ones there.
There are four steps to figuring out which of these is true.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the Environments
Step 1:Determine the environments of the two phones.
I Write up four lists:1. The phones that precede a long vowel.2. The phones that follow a long vowel3. The phones that precede a short vowel4. The phones that follow a short vowel
Notation: ‘#’ = the edge of a word
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.
I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô]
# [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] #
[l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l]
[th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th]
[s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.
I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d]
[b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b]
[D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D]
[v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowel
I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô]
# [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] #
[l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l]
[th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th]
[s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowel
I [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t]
[p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p]
[T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T]
[f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f]
#
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsStep 1:Determine the environments of the long and short vowels.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 2:For each environment, look for similarities between thesounds.
I Write up four lists:1. Similarities between phones preceding a long vowel2. Similarities between phones following a long vowel3. Similarities between phones preceding a short vowel4. Similarities between phones following a short vowel
Note: No phones share anything in common with ‘#’
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesStep 2:For each environment, look for any commonalities between thesounds in question.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
Nothing in commonI The phones that follow a long vowel.
I [d] [b] [D] [v] All are voiced!I The phones that precede a short vowel
I [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in commonI The phones that follow a short vowel
I [t] [p] [T] [f] # Nothing in common
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesStep 2:For each environment, look for any commonalities between thesounds in question.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v] All are voiced!
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] # Nothing in common
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesStep 2:For each environment, look for any commonalities between thesounds in question.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v]
All are voiced!I The phones that precede a short vowel
I [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in commonI The phones that follow a short vowel
I [t] [p] [T] [f] # Nothing in common
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesStep 2:For each environment, look for any commonalities between thesounds in question.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v] All are voiced!
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] # Nothing in common
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesStep 2:For each environment, look for any commonalities between thesounds in question.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v] All are voiced!
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s]
Nothing in commonI The phones that follow a short vowel
I [t] [p] [T] [f] # Nothing in common
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesStep 2:For each environment, look for any commonalities between thesounds in question.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v] All are voiced!
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] # Nothing in common
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesStep 2:For each environment, look for any commonalities between thesounds in question.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v] All are voiced!
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] #
Nothing in common
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesStep 2:For each environment, look for any commonalities between thesounds in question.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v] All are voiced!
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] # Nothing in common
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 3: Look for Unique Environment
Step 3:See if any of the environments are unique to a particularallophone.
I For each allophone [X]...
I Look at environments for [X] where the sounds sharea feature in common.
I Check whether the corresponding environment for[Y] can have that feature.
I If not, then that environment is unique to [X]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 3: Look for Unique EnvironmentStep 3:See if any environments are unique to a particular allophone.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v] All are voiced!
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] # Nothing in common
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 3: Look for Unique EnvironmentStep 3:See if any environments are unique to a particular allophone.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v] All are voiced!
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] # Nothing in common
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 3: Look for Unique EnvironmentStep 3:See if any environments are unique to a particular allophone.
I Look at the environments where the phones share afeature in common.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that precede a long vowel.I [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v] All are voiced!
I The phones that precede a short vowelI [ô] # [l] [th] [s] Nothing in common
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] # Nothing in common
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 3: Look for Unique EnvironmentStep 3:See if any environments are unique to a particular allophone.
I Look at the environments where the phones share afeature in common.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.
I [d] [b] [D] [v] All are voiced!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 3: Look for Unique EnvironmentStep 3:See if any environments are unique to a particular allophone.
I Look at the corresponding environment for the otherphone.
I See if they can share that feature too.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v] All are voiced!
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] # None are voiced!
Only long vowels can precede voiced Cs!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 3: Look for Unique EnvironmentStep 3:See if any environments are unique to a particular allophone.
I Look at the corresponding environment for the otherphone.
I See if they can share that feature too.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v] All are voiced!
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] # None are voiced!
Only long vowels can precede voiced Cs!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 3: Look for Unique EnvironmentStep 3:See if any environments are unique to a particular allophone.
I Look at the corresponding environment for the otherphone.
I See if they can share that feature too.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
I The phones that follow a long vowel.I [d] [b] [D] [v] All are voiced!
I The phones that follow a short vowelI [t] [p] [T] [f] # None are voiced!
Only long vowels can precede voiced Cs!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one allophone, writethe rule deriving that allophone in that environment.
Remember our logic from earlier:I If there’s an environment where you only find short
vowels...I ...then there’s a rule turning long vowels into short
ones there.I If there’s an environment where you only find long
vowels...I ...then there’s a rule turning short vowels into long
ones there.
Rule of Thumb:If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one allophone, writethe rule deriving that allophone in that environment.
Remember our logic from earlier:I If there’s an environment where you only find short
vowels...I ...then there’s a rule turning long vowels into short
ones there.I If there’s an environment where you only find long
vowels...I ...then there’s a rule turning short vowels into long
ones there.
Rule of Thumb:If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one allophone, writethe rule deriving that allophone in that environment.
Remember our logic from earlier:I If there’s an environment where you only find short
vowels...I ...then there’s a rule turning long vowels into short
ones there.I If there’s an environment where you only find long
vowels...I ...then there’s a rule turning short vowels into long
ones there.
Rule of Thumb:If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 4: Write the RuleStep 4:If there’s an environment unique to one allophone, writethe rule deriving that allophone in that environment.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
Only long vowels can precede voiced Cs!
Rule of Thumb:If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
The Rule:A short vowel is pronounced as a long vowel when preceding avoiced C.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 4: Write the RuleStep 4:If there’s an environment unique to one allophone, writethe rule deriving that allophone in that environment.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
Only long vowels can precede voiced Cs!
Rule of Thumb:If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
The Rule:A short vowel is pronounced as a long vowel when preceding avoiced C.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Step 4: Write the RuleStep 4:If there’s an environment unique to one allophone, writethe rule deriving that allophone in that environment.
‘ride’ [ôa:jd] ‘right’ [ôajt] ‘rye’ [ôaj]‘aid’ [e:jd] ‘ate’ [ejt] ‘bay’ [bej]‘lobe’ [lo:wb] ‘lope’ [lowp] ‘low’ [low]‘teethe’ [thi:D] ‘teeth’ [thiT] ‘tea’ [ti]‘save’ [se:jv] ‘safe’ [sejf] ‘say’ [sej]
Only long vowels can precede voiced Cs!
Rule of Thumb:If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
The Rule:A short vowel is pronounced as a long vowel when preceding avoiced C.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Conclusions
The Question:In English, are the long vowels and short vowelsallophones of the same phoneme?
The Answer:I They are allophones of the same phoneme
(namely, short vowels)I The phonological rule that relates them is the following:
“In English, a short vowel is pronounced as a long vowel whenpreceding a voiced C.”
If all this went by quickly for you, don’t worry. We’ll doseveral more examples together...
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding RulesThe Main Sub-Tasks
Example: Kikuyu V Length
Task 1
Example: English V Length
Task 1
Task 2
Breaking Down Task 2
The Steps
The Notation forRules
Summary
Conclusions
The Question:In English, are the long vowels and short vowelsallophones of the same phoneme?
The Answer:I They are allophones of the same phoneme
(namely, short vowels)I The phonological rule that relates them is the following:
“In English, a short vowel is pronounced as a long vowel whenpreceding a voiced C.”
If all this went by quickly for you, don’t worry. We’ll doseveral more examples together...
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
A Notation for Phonological RulesThere’s a handy notation linguists use to writephonological rules.
First Rule Template: / X / → [ Y ] / A“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when preceding A”.
Second Rule Template: / X / → [ Y ] / A“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when following A”.
Third Rule Template: / X / → [ Y ] / A B“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when following A and preceding B.”
I Example: / V / → [ V: ] / Voiced-C“A short V is pronounced as a long V when preceding avoiced C”
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
A Notation for Phonological RulesThere’s a handy notation linguists use to writephonological rules.
First Rule Template: / X / → [ Y ] / A“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when preceding A”.
Second Rule Template: / X / → [ Y ] / A“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when following A”.
Third Rule Template: / X / → [ Y ] / A B“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when following A and preceding B.”
I Example: / V / → [ V: ] / Voiced-C“A short V is pronounced as a long V when preceding avoiced C”
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
A Notation for Phonological RulesThere’s a handy notation linguists use to writephonological rules.
First Rule Template: / X / → [ Y ] / A“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when preceding A”.
Second Rule Template: / X / → [ Y ] / A“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when following A”.
Third Rule Template: / X / → [ Y ] / A B“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when following A and preceding B.”
I Example: / V / → [ V: ] / Voiced-C“A short V is pronounced as a long V when preceding avoiced C”
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
A Notation for Phonological RulesThere’s a handy notation linguists use to writephonological rules.
First Rule Template: / X / → [ Y ] / A“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when preceding A”.
Second Rule Template: / X / → [ Y ] / A“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when following A”.
Third Rule Template: / X / → [ Y ] / A B“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when following A and preceding B.”
I Example: / V / → [ V: ] / Voiced-C“A short V is pronounced as a long V when preceding avoiced C”
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
A Notation for Phonological RulesThere’s a handy notation linguists use to writephonological rules.
First Rule Template: / X / → [ Y ] / A“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when preceding A”.
Second Rule Template: / X / → [ Y ] / A“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when following A”.
Third Rule Template: / X / → [ Y ] / A B“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when following A and preceding B.”
I Example: / V / → [ V: ] / Voiced-C“A short V is pronounced as a long V when preceding avoiced C”
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
SummaryGeneral Question:Are [X] and [Y] allophones of the same phoneme?
I First Main Sub-Task:Determine if there are minimal pairs for [X] and [Y].
I If there are, STOP!I [X] and [Y] are allophones of different phonemes.
I If there aren’t, move on to Second Main Sub-Task.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
SummaryGeneral Question:Are [X] and [Y] allophones of the same phoneme?
I First Main Sub-Task:Determine if there are minimal pairs for [X] and [Y].
I If there are, STOP!I [X] and [Y] are allophones of different phonemes.
I If there aren’t, move on to Second Main Sub-Task.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
SummaryGeneral Question:Are [X] and [Y] allophones of the same phoneme?
I Second Main Subtask:Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from thesame phoneme.
I Step 1:Determine the environments of the two phones.
I Step 2:For each environment, look for similarities between thesounds.
I Step 3:See if any environments are unique to a particularallophone.
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one allophone, writethe rule deriving that allophone in that environment.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
SummaryGeneral Question:Are [X] and [Y] allophones of the same phoneme?
I Second Main Subtask:Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from thesame phoneme.
I Step 1:Determine the environments of the two phones.
I Step 2:For each environment, look for similarities between thesounds.
I Step 3:See if any environments are unique to a particularallophone.
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one allophone, writethe rule deriving that allophone in that environment.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
SummaryGeneral Question:Are [X] and [Y] allophones of the same phoneme?
I Second Main Subtask:Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from thesame phoneme.
I Step 1:Determine the environments of the two phones.
I Step 2:For each environment, look for similarities between thesounds.
I Step 3:See if any environments are unique to a particularallophone.
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one allophone, writethe rule deriving that allophone in that environment.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
SummaryGeneral Question:Are [X] and [Y] allophones of the same phoneme?
I Second Main Subtask:Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from thesame phoneme.
I Step 1:Determine the environments of the two phones.
I Step 2:For each environment, look for similarities between thesounds.
I Step 3:See if any environments are unique to a particularallophone.
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one allophone, writethe rule deriving that allophone in that environment.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 1
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
The Logic ofPhonemic Analysis
The Procedure forFinding Rules
The Notation forRules
Summary
SummaryGeneral Question:Are [X] and [Y] allophones of the same phoneme?
I Second Main Subtask:Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from thesame phoneme.
I Step 1:Determine the environments of the two phones.
I Step 2:For each environment, look for similarities between thesounds.
I Step 3:See if any environments are unique to a particularallophone.
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one allophone, writethe rule deriving that allophone in that environment.