decline of ethnic buddhism in brazil

8/14/2019 Decline of Ethnic Buddhism in Brazil

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Ep t t tt t - Bu tt

pt t t Jp t Bu, -

tt t xpt t. A t

bvt, t t v vv t vt ttt t. T

t pt u pb t tv , t

u t But ttut, t t ut, t t v

t vu.

keywords: Jp t t Bu pvt tt utut

Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 35/1: 3959 2008 Nz Ittut R Cutu

F Usarski

Te Last Missionary to Leave the empleShould urn Of the Light

S R t D

Jp It Bu Bz

39

Frank Usarski is Proessor o Science o Religion at the Pontifcal Catholic University, SoPaulo, Brazil.


2/21

Unlike Wt ut u G, Bu tu t t tt tu tu t t u t ptt ptt Tv Bu (Usarski 1989), t t Bu

Bz tt t t v t t Jp (t u )

t pt St 1908. F t, Jp t

Bu, t xuv (Nakamaki 2002) but pt t

A Bu, tu t b t xp Bu t- t Ct ut t . Mv, t t b

t 1960 t tt St Z tp Buj, t t S Pu,

b t t p u -Jp p

tt t pt zazen (Rocha 2006, 78). T ttut t t ptu pp the b u t Bzb v Bu, Cu Suz Mu, Mj

C (Usarski 2006). F, t vut t u Jp

t Bz Bu , ut t t t

ppt Pu L N But tp t tbut t u But tt Bz, p tt t

Bz b put tt t ut ( figre 1).

Problematization

H u Bu v t tp, b pt

pub t Bz upp b t

Bz , ut tt, tv put, t-

t Jp Bu uu tu p u-tut tu t t . T ptt v

b t pub 19 Ju 2001 b t -

z Isto tt Dt t Bu pp Bz t tt t pvu pt but t t vtb v Bu.

According to the article, the urgent issue, at least among representatives of

1. A quote rom the headline o the main article Alm do templo - O budismo atrai mais adep-tos no Brasil e seus seguidores assumem prticas engajadas in the weekly magazine Isto , 1 Octo-ber 2003.

2. o quote just our examples: O Brasil dos Budas (Te Brazil o the Buddhas), Isto , March1997; Onda Zen (Te Success o Zen), Elle, June 1998; O Budismo conquista o Brasil (Buddhismconquers Brazil), Corpo & Mente, October 2000; A ascenso do budismo no Brasil (Te Rise oBuddhism in Brazil), poca, June 2003.


3/21

sarski: immigran ddhism in rail | 1

trat Jp But ttut, t t p t -

t v t v , tt, -

p, but t ut t ut u t

t t tp.

W t v b t b up b t v-t, t Isto pt t tu t ttt t

tt Jp But ut, but t t ut

p t ubjt. O xp pt vu-

t t ut tut Jp Bu t ttt

t Comunidade Budista Nichirenshu S Pu, , 1995,

pz tt T , bt t ut t Jp -

ut, t tt Bu pp, tt

u t ut t u t (Federao das SeiasBdisas do Brasil 1995, 2). A 200 J Su t

S Pu tt

W t t u pt, t tt t t

t t v tt t pp But

tp. T t tt tv t Bz

t t t t tt t t. T t t

xt t tt t t t , t t

t But t t t tp tu t Jp. Itu b vt t tu t t b v t pt.

(Gonales 200)

Ot 5%S 2%

Eu 3%

Tv 2%

N 3%

C/Pu L(C) %

S 2%

Z 10%

Vj 16%

figre 1. Ppt But ttut Bz(Shoi 200, 3)


4/21

2 | Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 35/1 (2008)

A p , t ut t t t -

u pv b t Bz Ittut Gp Sttt (IBGE)

p vt. Nt, t t t t

Bu, t IBGE tu ut b tpt t ut. T t u

pt t t . I t u qut t

pp v-tt pt t b t t t t,

u t ubu u t . A t tt

t But t ub-t t ub tt pt-

u t . Hv, t bvu buu -

t pt, t, pt .

T ut t v uu tptt t IBGE

t tt t tt p t u v t

-t tv t t pt tt t

vu but tv tt. T b t , t b

ut tt t A bu t t

tt Bz . F t-pt pt v,

t t t t / qut u b t pt qut

t ut ub-t t t. Atu t tu tt t

t vt pt t u t Bz

t ttzt v (Sasaki 2006, 100), ubt

, t pb putt b t t u

pu, v pv. T t b p ttt u t: T Jp ut t t Bz .

T t ut t pv ut [] [] tut

(Aeedo 199, 7). At M, pp t Bz

xpt tt ut, v p tt tp utu pj-

u tt b t utu, pp, t-

t t tv t Lu-Bz utu

upp t b t tt Bz utu (Maeyama 1983, 167).

I t bvt qut, t t t ut t pbt

tt t Jp t tz t ttxptt / pt t t Bz t utu

t ju t pt t IBGE qut p-

ppt t t t / t t b u tt

b t Bz t. T p tu vu b t

t x pt. Hv, t jt t ubt

pt ttu t p tt t tv

tt t -pt Npp-Bz. Rt t u

tt t t t Npp pt / p vut t

Bz pt t upp .Ep t pv t pt t bv t. Du t bt

pt t tuu Jp t ut 1973, -


5/21


pt b t It C K t 1950 ,

t ub Bz t A bu -

tt v t . A qu t , t tt

tt ut t 1.5 Bz A , t t

(but 1.28 ) Jp t t t (sda 2000,3). Fu pv b t IBGE tt, bt 1980 2000, t

Jp t pt bt 0.7 pt 0.8 pt t

tt Bz pput (Belro, sgahara and kona 2006). Hv,

t pt vu pp t t tv

t p t t vu (figre 2).

Su up, t b tt t t vb Bu-

ut t t t t . Ft, B-

z But t utt t t tv b

t t A bu, t t -

Jp t. Nt, t t u pp-

t bt t tt qut (Jp, C, K), t

ub But t t v

Jp Bu ptu, t tpt p-

t ttt t t txt.

S, t u t tt, u b pp

t pbt tt t ppt Bz But Jp -

pp t ttt u ub t t tt But -

. Wt t , t t t t

bt ub- Bz Bu.

Te Statistical Evolution of Buddhism of Yellow Color in Brazil

I 2000 but 0.1 pt t Bz pput pt t ub

Bu t IBGE qut. Tt qut t vu v -

figre 2. Pput Bz t (%)(Ittut B G Ettt IBGE)

Wt B Y Mutt Iu

190 63.7 1.6 0.59 21.21 -

1950 61.66 10.96 0.63 26.5 -

1960 61.03 8.71 0.69 29.50 -

1980 5.23 5.92 0.56 38.85 -

1991 51.56 5.00 0.3 2.5 0.20

2000 53.7 6.21 0.5 38.5 0.3


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| Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 35/1 (2008)

p t t ub t u t u t Avtt (0.73

pt) Jv Wt (0.6 pt). A p t t t

u t t p tt Bu tt (figre 3). T ppt tu, p tv

tt bt t Bu t Bu vt (Nmrich

1996) t t ut t tv t But -

bt 1991 (236,05 But) 2000 (21,873 But).

T t t tt ub Bz But t -

tt t u xt t Bz , but

t tt u t ut t pbt tt b u-

b Npp-Bz u t tu t tv

2000 pp u t ub N-Y-But.T tv t ub b v -

t vut t t But v t t t

. Cp t t 19,633 But t 1970,

t ub - But pp t 81,35

2000. Tt 68,288 vu A pp t

t tv t t t t. Cp-

t t 1950 152,572 But ut p bt t

t t tt vt t Bu Bz t t ttt

t C K t t t utpv tt t

Bu p tuut t

t ttt tu. Hv, t bt 1950 1970

(2,939) tv uptt t pb t t -

t 59,692 vu tt u bt 1970 1991.

F t tpt pttv tt Jp u

ttut, t tut t tp v t tt

xp b t t ub But t t t

v. I 200, t Rv t Apu Nb Hj Apu, t Stt P, t: I t u qut

vt t t tp t t tv t

b But t , u b . L t pt t vt

tv t b But. At t tt t tut

qut t t ttp t b Bu t

t tut t Buj tp t t S Pu. A t

utt, tt pp, t t -Jp Bz,

u tt t ttut t.4

3. Message posted in the discussion list [email protected]. Accessed 23 September 2004.4. c. http://www.ipcdigital.com/print_news.asp?descrIdioma=br&codNoticia=7538. Accessed

15 December 2007.


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figre3.NumcvolutonoBud

dhsmnBazl,19702000(IBGE)

Bud

dhi s

tso f

ye

llow

col o

r

Bud

dhis

tsin

Bra

zil

Bu

ddhi s

tso

fn

on-y

ellow

co

lor

197

0

1980

1991

2000

199,4

44

149,6

33

99,62

2

49, 8

11

119,80

2

146

,436

149,6

33

219,4

24

236

,405

214

,873

89,9

71

81,3

45


8/21


Te Decline of Buddhism of Yellow Colorfrom a Socio-Historical and Demographical Perspective

T pt tt Jp pv

t , t bt, - b (Usarski, . 2002).

T u t tt vt u tvt b t Jp-

vt pt t t pt Ct B-z pput, bu t t t t pp

qu tu t t pb. Ou t

1950, ut Jp (Mori 1992) t v

t p ttutzt tt Jp But tp t

ub uu t t ub t, pvu -

tt u z, bu t v pptut.

Hv, t t Bu ub t pt t

t u ut . O t u tp

p tt t pvt tpt utupt. O t t , t p t

-tutu tu t p t

t pubt tutu tt b tv tut t

tt Jp vu.

T p vt b t t 1950, t

Jp But ttut uut Bz.

A t vt tu, t b, t t

Jp tt Bz Ct (Fii Smih 1959, 1). Dt

1958 pt t ptu. At tt t, .5 pt Jp v Bz t t tt t t tt ,

t tt ptu t ub uu,

figre . Ru p Jp t pt (1958) (Maeyama 1973, 28)

Bz (%) Ru txt Ub txt Mtpt txt

Bu Ct Ot

.0 2.8

27.7

50.1

36.5

13.

37.9

50.3

11.8

37.7

8.9

13.


9/21


50.3pt vt t Ct, u t -

p vu 36.5 pt (figre ).

Cpt t t tt, t , t t t btt Jp t t u b t

Jp t ut (figre 5). W t t-t t

t b Jp tv t b But, t pt

pp t t 29.9 pt t t b

Bz, t 19 pt t t t (Maeyama 1973, 28).

T -t qu t ut t tt

Bu t Jp b vt t

v t Nt Cu ut 1950 2000.

I 2000, pt but 15 pt Bz pput vt 1990, 5.13 pt But t 60

12.19 pt u t 20. T t ppt

b p t vu t p u p-

v b t IBGE 1950, t v t t tt t, t

jt (51.52 pt) But u t 20,

t 5 pt t 60 (figre 6).

Figre 6. Bu t up 1950 2000 ( pt).Su: Ittut B G Ettt (IBGE)

30.58

20.9

15.23

12.00

1.003.6

7.2

9.20.2

7.77 9.03

9.06

13.92

18.35

26.78

10.67

1950 2000

>=10 >20, 10, 30, 0, 50, 60, 70

figre 5: But t v tt (%) (Maeyama 1973, 28).

Ft Gt (%) S Gt (%)T Gt (%)

70.6

29.9

19.0


10/21


A t t tt upt tt ut t

v tt ut t t t t b tt t uvv

(Sark 1996, 10) t vut p j u u-t pb ttt -Jp t.

Causes for the Decline of Buddhism of Yellow Color in Brazil

T u pb u t Bu -

Bz z t t v t.

T t v t t tt ut t t

pt Jp But ttut. T v p t pb-

t ttt u t t t t -

ut. Apt p t t vu t t tv. N t , t t v tt t p

t tt t pup .

deficis a he leel of ddhis insiions

Tt v t xpt ut tt u -

t vp vuu but ptv p t t up-

p pv b pt u ttut (Finke 1997). S t , Bu Jp Bu ptu t

v tb pt Bz, p bu t jt t ttu-t tt t ut-t t ut t ut, tt ,

S Pu, R J, P, R G Su (figre 7), tt ,

t tt tt v b p b Jp -

t t t.Atu p bt t t p t

ptt pqut u u t, upp

t p p t p up t ptt.

I t , v ttut u tt Jp Bu, t

u t j tutu tt: t, t t-t t tp tvt t vu; , ,

t tt tt , ut pt p-

tu, tt u b pb ttt u, t ut-

but t t Jp txt. Bt pt

b Hp Hj t , b Jp, b t t

Bz, p: T Jp utt t tp t -pb ttt t u t t t u N, t

u t t pbt t Bz. Tt t

t Jp-p t qut t tp. A t pp .

5. Quote rom an email message sent by Kyoya Imai on 11 September 2007.


11/21


T t pt t bv t pz t p t

Bz t tv tp . T pt b

u t t pt t -xt t

ptb t tt tp, tt ,

p up vt But vv. T tt -

tv t t utu t Bu Bz, t b t - Bz N Su utt: G,

Jp t t pt t t Bu pp

Jp . But I t t tt t . T Sb,

b, Cv. T t Jp. T pp t t,

but v t pt t t t (Federao das Seias Bdisas

do Brasil 1995, 2).

A ut pb xt , u t t u -

p, ut tut t u utt, tut

u u. O t xp t Hp Hj b, u but t-v ttut. Hv, t qut t

t S Pu u t, , xp, t tt -

ut t t t tt t t F Stt P

t j t pt p v , t t-

u tp tvt, p t vt u utt

t t t b pp tt.

figre 7. Gp tbut But ttut Bz (Shoi 200, 35)

6. In Bernardo do Campo, lvares Machado, Adamantina, Andradina, Caelndia, Dracena,

Flrida Paulista, Guararapes, Itu, Junqueirpolis, Luclia, Mirandpolis, Osvaldo Cruz, Pacaembu,Piedade, Pilar do Sul, Pereira Barreto, Pompia, So Jos dos Campos, rememb, upi Paulista, andVotuporanga.

7. In Curitiba, Mandaguari, and Paranava.

P 10%

R G Su 5%

M G %

Dtt F 3%

Out 16%S Pu 51%

R J 11%


12/21


T tutu t t tt tt -

, ptu, ut pt. T b -

t qu t t ut u t

Bu tu t Bz, t t Jp t

t v tt t t t ut u b tp. I

t t tttu, ut t 1950 t jt Jp But

qut z tv. T ut-

putv t t t t xt xp,

but t xp t t t t tt tpt t-

tt -Ct t pt Ct,

Ptuu-p t. I ubqut t t -

pt t u, t ut. T p tu t

tu ut tt, t b t ttt:

T tt pt t Bz tt u b

... -t tt t b u txt t t P-

tuu. It t t ut t t t t u, bu

Jp t t . T t u-

t Jp , t t t t t

t u t t.... I, t pt, t qu,

t u b t put t t tvt t t t t

t Jp t t Bz v t .(Gonales 1995, 9)

Problems of Maintaining raditional Religiosity Within the Ethnic Community

T t t b t t t up t u-

u ut t tt : t t t t

utu t but t t ut t; t

tt t t ptt t t t.

Du t t t, t utvt tt Jp-

vu v t t t t -b t xp t t tt t t Bz

, but tt t up -

tv tt bt t xt t-Jp tt

(Sadniky 2001).

A W W II, t tt

t t t pptut x t.

S-p bt p t t pptut tbut

bt t t xbt ut ptt v t

Jp u, t t xp t b t tv. Bt t t pubt tutu tt

tt t t t tv utu t,


13/21


u Bu tt pt t t u

t t t (Maeyama 1983b, 206).

T tv pt t u t t t t tt -

u t b t xp, pv, ttt utu,

tut t pt p t u

v. S t , b t put u

t tt t Ptuu, tpt t u t

Jp u Bz ut t pt u ttt t t

t .W t p b bvu u t 1950, p tu

pv p t t 190, t pt

figre 8. Mt u 190 (pt)(Ittut B G Ettt 1951, 879)

1

2

3

1

2

2

2

1

3

33

1

up M L PtPut

97.7 88 8.2 8.2

72.0 9.6 5. 32.

21.0 25.0 36.0 5.8

17.0 21.0 30.0 50.3

1. Sp Jpt

2. Ptuu tut

. Jp - b(019 )

3. Jp b (20+)

100

80

60

0

20


14/21


u p b t tt Gt V, u t

v t , pu t p -

, t pbt t pub u u.

Rvt ttt b u IBGE tu p

tt u Jp t t t tt

S Pu. A t u b t, b 190 t ub -

t t t b t tt ,

t t tut ut b u t tt.

Hv, t ppt t t up

98 pt t p Jp t pp ut. I

ppt, t t pt vu b Jp

u Pt Put, tt t ptv

t t t tv pt b t t

t u, but t t tv pt vu

pp b ut p Ptuu ut.

A t t tu, 1988 t t-v pt t Bz

t Jp t u Ptuu t tt-t

pt t u t t. T t

t tut ub uu, t pt Ptuu

p N 66.25 pt 6 pt t p b-t Jp (Caralho 2003, 390). T t p tt t t

t Jp u tt Jp tp.I t t t u t ut t Jp-

t Ptuu t pp u tt ub

Npp-Bz, t t t utu pt t t

b tt , b pt tt

t bt p t up p-

t t t tt t (Caralho 2003, 1).

Ut t 190, tt pt Jp -

t. L t t pt t ut b b Jp

t x pt t N t pt -Jp (Lesser 1999, 10). A W W II t tut u.

Atu t tt t tt pt -

tv v, t u t ttu t ptt

b t pb v t pt -

t, v t t- pptut t t

Jp tt (Caralho 2003, 1). A ut, t t t 1950

t b t 1960 t t tt t Jp-

t 18.36 pt 7.63 pt . A

t t t, t tt t t tt xpt. I 1988 t 9.5 pt Npp-Bz t

t pt -Jp t (Caralho 2003, 3).


15/21


T tv t t t t tt u-

tu pt t t Jp ut bvu. Et t-,

b bt x z, utu pt

t up t t ptv t vt

vu t pt. T tt t t u

, pubt tutu ptt t t

xp u t t

t t tt v. T tut

t t t t t t

u tt pvu upp t b -vt tt

v t t u t zt. I t u tu-

tv, t t u pt t . Hv, t p-

ptv t vv vu, t z ptb u

pt ut u tt t t ptu u u-

t t v up. A x tttu t -

b t , t t, v utputv t t

tt t u ptu pt

t t t. O xp t t, pt p

t t x , t ttt J Su

t S Pu 1999 tv tt u

Npp-Bz t butsudan t t . Nt u ut

t t u pup, t t t t tt pu- t t t pt , t upp -

t tt bt - t pp.

Problems of Maintaining raditional Japanese Religiosity at the Individual Level

I t t , pptt pt Jp-Bz

uu u t pptut b ut

t ttut ut (Adachi 200). I 1985, 13 pt

tut 7 pt ut t t Uvt S Pu Jp-

t (Caralho 2003, 38). A t t t t u, but

18 pt t Bz pput b t t pv

ttu t, t t v t t t u

, t t t t tu, u Bz

R. T pt Bz t t t

t t v (55.36 pt).

T t t pv t : ) t xtt t t

- t-t t v t upt

pt ptt t pt pt (Caralho 2003,

5); b) t tt u Jp t t Bz t

8. Quote rom my interview with Shaku Riman (Mrio Ricardo Gonalves), 10 March 1999.


16/21


pt , t t vtt t

t ut t vu tt b u-

t t t t tt t ptt, t-

t; ) t t t pp vu u

vu, t, ut ptt.

At t bu, t qut pb u t

Bu Bz t t vu v b

t t t . Ft, p t t tt t t -

t, t v p vu utut tv

tt u t t t t t p t

pt tutu t vt pt v b -

u t . T : t -t

t t u xt Bz, t Jp,

u tt t Bu (Chandler 1998). W

tt t tv Jp But t Bz

b t, t u t, tu u t Jp -

t, Bz. Ru t u tt t

pp t IBGE tu xpt But, tu t jt

u , t tt b tz t-ttu.

S, t Bu t bt t vu u-

. Hv, t tu tt t b tt Ub Ptt (Fry Howe 1975)t ttt p

t pt t t t t xp b t t, t

qut t t ppt t t Pu

L But ut (b t, vt p t t-

tv ptt u tt b) t t pp

vu. T vu p p

, u b pp u t, ut ptt

(Bloom 1998, 6) t b btt v b ptb p-

tu pt t t ptu Jp (Mori 1992, 587).

Conclusion

A t t t ttt t t Bu

Bz v tt t Bu v t tp pt

qut, but t t tt ut b t jut p-

b t qut t , , t tt ut b t v .

It t tt tt Bu, xuv

tt t t u t Jp t , b

t ttt u, t p Bu v t tp ut pb utu t t tt But ut

pt ptt. I vu , u upu


17/21


b t tt vt, t b t

pt (figre 9), u ptt t t qut

pu b t Zuj p M Cuz, S Pu.

A vu ttt pv, utt t tp u

t pu tut, but t t t t vu-

t. S pt pptv, t ut ttu

tt Bu tu qut t, v tt u

tt ptt t p tu utu-

t t t, t t t px u-t u Bu tpt t Jp C.

S ptt t, pvt vb,

xp t t t t ub zt C But

B t tv vvt tt Jp But ut

t zt, t t t tut t t u

Jp t But ut (Gonales 2005, 206207).

It b t tt Jp But utt

Bz tt t ttt t ut But

t tt t Bz, but t bvb t UtStt. W t tv t tut t-t Nt

A Z tp (Asai Williams 1999), S But ttut

figre 9. 2007 C (pt Ju), tbut b tBut Cut St Zu Sut A


18/21


19/21


Asai, S, Du R Williams

1999 Jp A Z p: Cutu tt . I

Williams Qeen, ., 2035. R: Cuz.

Aeedo, Su P.

199 Suzano Estrada Real: Roteiro emocionado da minha cidade . Suz:Ep Jt Et At t.

Belro, Kz I, S Sgahara, R Kona

2006 b B: Ctt ppu jp-

u t 1980 2000. b pt XV

Et N Etu Pu, ABEP, z Cx-

b-MG-B (18 22 Sptb).

Bloom, A1998 S Bu A: A pptv. IPreish anaka,

327.

Caralho, D

2003 Migrants and Identity in Japan and Brazil: Te Nikkeijin. L NY: Rut.

Chandler, Stut

1998 C Bu A. I Preish anaka, 130.

Federao das Seias Bdisas do Brasil1995 Sp C B-Jp Bu. A tbu

Bu p O P B. S Pu: F

St But B.

Finke, R

1997 T qu u ptt: Supp- xpt

u . I Rational Choice Teory and Religion: Summery andAssessment, . L A. Yu, 561. N Y: L: Rut.

Fry, Pt H, G N Howe

1975 Du pt A: Ub Ptt. Debate & Crtica 6Ju: 759.

Fii, Yu, . L Smih

1959 Te Acculturation of the Japanese Immigrants in Brazil, Gv: U-vt F P.

Gonales, R M

1995 C b tb tu txt but. Revista deInstituto Budista de Estudos Missionrios 1: 920.

200 O utu tp but B.Pub p v t - t bt t t v t Nb Hj

tp Atub 23 M.


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2005 A dharma b b Cuz Su: pt v bu B. REVISA USP, 67 (Sptb/Otb):

198207.

Insio Brasileiro de Geografia e Esasica

1951 Pesquisas sobre os diversos grupos de cor nas populaes do Estado de SoPaulo e do Distrito Federal. R J: Sv G Ittut G Ettt.

Lesser, J

1999 Immigrants, Minorities, and Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil. Du &L: Du Uvt P.

Maeyama,

1973 R, pt jp B ub. I

Assimilao e integrao dos japoneses no Brasil, H St M, 2072. Ptp: Vz.

1983 Cutu vu t Bz: A p pt. Latin AmericanStudies 6: 15368.

1983b Jp ut Bz: C t. LatinAmerican Studies 6: 181237.

Mori, K

1992 V jp u t t B jp. I Comisso de Elaborao da Histria dos80 Anos da Imigrao Japonesa no Brasil: Uma epopia moderna. 80 anosda imigrao japonesa no Brasil, 559601. S Pu: Hut: SB Cutu Jp.

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