deck inspections

8/21/2019 Deck Inspections

1/41

Inspecting a Deck, Illustrated by Nick Gromicko, Founder, International Association of Certified Home Inspectors (InterNACHI)

Graphics by InterNACHI's isaira !e"a

#ore than $ million decks are built and replaced each year in North America% InterNACHI

estimates that of the & million eistin" decks, only &* are completely safe%

+ecause decks appear to be simple to build, many people do not realie that

decks are, in fact, structures that need to

be desi"ned to ade-uately resist certain

stresses% ike any other house or buildin",a deck must be desi"ned to support the

.ei"ht of people, sno. loads, andob/ects% A deck must be able to resist

lateral and uplift loads that can act on the

deck as a result of .ind or seismic

acti0ity% 1eck stairs must be safe andhandrails "raspable% And, finally, deck

rails should be safe for children by ha0in"

proper infill spacin"%

A deck failure is any failure of a deck that could lead to in/ury, includin" rail failure, or total deck

collapse% 2here is no international system that tracks deck failures, and each is treated as an isolatede0ent, rather than a systemic problem% !ery fe. municipalities perform in0esti"ations into the cause

of the failure, and the media are "enerally more concerned .ith in/uries rather than on the causes of

collapses% 3ail failure occurs much more fre-uently than total deck collapses4 ho.e0er, because rail

failures are less dramatic than total collapses and normally don't result in death, in/uries from railfailures are rarely reported%

Here are some interestin" facts about deck failure5

• #ore decks collapse in the summer than durin" the rest of the year combined%

• Almost e0ery deck collapse occurred .hile the decks .ere occupied or under a hea0y sno.

load%

• 2here is no correlation bet.een deck failure and .hether the deck .as built .ith or .ithout a

buildin" permit%

• 2here is no correlation bet.een deck failure and .hether the deck .as built by a homeo.ner

or a professional contractor%

• 2here is a sli"ht correlation bet.een deck failure and the a"e of the deck%

• About 6* of deck collapses occurred as a result of the separation of the house and the deck

led"er board, allo.in" the deck to s.in" a.ay from the house% It is 0ery rare for deck floor

/oists to break mid7span%

• #any more in/uries are the result of rail failure, rather than complete deck collapse%


2/41

• 1eck stairs are notorious for lackin" "raspable handrails%

• #any do7it7yourself homeo.ners, and e0en contractors, don't belie0e that rail infill spacin"

codes apply to decks%

2his document does not address specific buildin" codes, balconies, lumber species, "rade marks,

decks made of plastics or composites, mold, or .ood7destroyin" insects%

2his document focuses on sin"le7le0el residential and commercial .ood decks% 3ecommendationsfound .ithin this document eceed the re-uirements of both InterNACHI's Residential Standards of

Practice and the International Standards of Practice for Inspecting Commercial Properties.

A proper deck inspection relies hea0ily on the professional /ud"ments of the inspector% 2his

document .ill help impro0e the accuracy of those /ud"ments%

Required Deck Inspection Tools:

• flashli"ht4

• measurin" tape4

• ladder4

• le0el4

• plumb bob4

• probin" tool4 and

• hammer%

Optional Inspection Tools:

• moisture meter4

• ma"net4 and

• calculator%

1eck oads5

A deck inspection should pro"ress in much the same order as deck construction% Inspectors should

start at the bottom% If a deck is deemed unsafe from underneath, the inspector should not .alk outonto the deck to inspect deckin", handrails, etc% 2he inspector should stop and report the safety

issues%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts an e0enly distributed deck load% +uildin" codes re-uire decks to be

desi"ned to carry a uniformly distributed load o0er the entire deck% If e0enly distributed, half of the

load is carried by the deck7to7house connection, and the other half is carried by the posts%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a typical deck load distribution% 8eople tend to "ather near the railin"s of a

deck, and so more load is likely carried by the posts%


3/41

Hot tubs filled .ith .ater and people are hea0y and can .ei"h a couple of tons% #ost decks are

desi"ned for loads of & to 9 pounds per s-uare foot% Hot tubs re-uire framin" that can support

o0er : pounds per s-uare foot%

Footin"s and 8osts5

3e-uired footin" depths 0ary based on local buildin" codes% 2he depth is normally belo. the frost

line, or :$ inches (.here frost lines are not applicable)%

2he abo0e ima"e depicts the 7-oot Rule. ;n steep properties, the slope of the "round around thefootin" could affect the footin"'s stability% 2he 7-oot Rule states that there should be a least < feet

bet.een the bottom of a footin" and dayli"ht%

8osts in contact .ith soil should be pressure7treated and oriented so the cut end is abo0e "rade%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a free7standin" deck (not attached to the home or buildin")% A footin" neara home must be on undisturbed soil% =ome codes consider soil to be >undisturbed> if it hasn't been

disturbed in more than fi0e years% It may be difficult to find undisturbed soil near the foundation of

a ne. home%


4/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a post base that is not attached to its footin"% 8osts should be connected totheir footin"s so that the posts don't lift or slip off%


5/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a pre7cast concrete pier% 8osts can lift out of pre7cast concrete piers, and

piers can slide% 8osts should be connected to their footin"s so that the posts don't lift or slip off%


6/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a proper post7to7footin" connection% 8osts should be connected to theirfootin"s so that the posts don't lift or slip off their footin"s%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts an ad/ustable post7to7footin" connection% 8osts should be connected totheir footin"s so that the posts don't lift or slip off their footin"s%


7/41

2he abo0e ima"e depicts a la.n sprinkler keepin" a deck post .et% a.n sprinkler systems that

re"ularly keep the deck .et contribute to decay%


8/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a do.nspout contributin" to post decay% 1o.nspouts should not dischar"e

near deck posts%


9/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts the indentation left o0er from the footin" hole, causin" a puddle% 8uddles

contribute to post decay%

?ood can decay and de"rade o0er time .ith eposure to the elements% 1ecay is a problem that

.orsens .ith time% #embers .ithin the deck frame that ha0e decayed may no lon"er be able to

perform the function for .hich they .ere installed% 8aint can hide decay from an inspector and soshould be noted in the report%


10/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a >pick test%> 2he pick test uses an ice pick, a.l or scre.dri0er to penetratethe .ood surface% After penetratin" the .ood, the tool is le0era"ed to pry up a splinter, parallel to

the "rain, a.ay from the surface% 2he appearance and sound of the action is used to detect decay%

2he inspector should first try the pick test in an area .here the .ood is kno.n to be sound todeterimine a >control> for the rest of the inspection% 1ecayed .ood .ill break directly o0er the tool

.ith 0ery fe. splinters, and less or almost no audible noise compared to sound .ood% 2he pick test

cannot detect decay far from the surface of the .ood%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a pick test on a deck post% Althou"h deck inspections are 0isual7onlyinspections, inspectors may .ant to di" do.n around posts and perform pick tests /ust belo. "rade

le0el to look for decay%


11/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a hi"h deck bein" supported .ith &> &> posts% 2all &> &> posts t.istunder load and &> &> posts, e0en .hen treated, decay belo. "rade too -uickly% In all but the lo.est

of decks, deck posts should be at least 9> 9>, and be no hi"her than :$ feet4 :& feet is acceptable if

cross7bracin" is used%

;ften, the bottoms of the strin"er boards for deck stairs ha0e been found to rest on soil, concrete

block or rock, as opposed to restin" on posts installed belo. the frost line% 8osts set on soil aresub/ect to rot due to moisture% 8osts that are set in unsound footin"s may cause mo0ement and make

the deck abo0e unstable%

Girders and +eams5

2he ima"e abo0e depicts the minimum distance of untreated support members from "rade%

@ntreated /oists should be at least : inches a.ay from the "round% Girders should be :$ inchesa.ay from the "round% Ho.e0er, in many situations, eceptions are made .here the ele0ation of the

home does not pro0ide for these minimum distances and the climate is 0ery dry%


12/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a "irder improperly relyin" on the sheer stren"th of la" bolts% Girders

should bear directly on posts%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a "irder properly restin" on a notched post% Girders should bear directly on

posts%


13/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a "irder properly restin" on a post% Girders should bear directly on posts%

Girders supportin" /oist should not be supported by deck led"ers or band /oists%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a butt /oint improperly located .ithin a "irder span% +utt /oints in a "irder

span are "enerally not permitted unless specially en"ineered% +utt /oints typically must be locatedabo0e posts%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts notches in a supportin" beam% Notches must be less than one7-uarter the

depth of the member% ;n the tension and compression faces, the notch depth must be less than one7

sith of the member's depth, and the notch len"th must be less than one7third of the member's depth% Notches are not permitted in the middle third of spans, or on the tension face of members that are

"reater than B½ inches thick%


14/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a le0el bein" used to check for beam sa"% 0en .ith a carpenter's le0el, it

can be difficult to see beam sa" from the front%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts beam sa" bein" eyed7up% ;ften it is easier to detect beam sa" by eye than

.ith a le0el by lookin" alon" the bottom ed"e of the beam%

ed"er Connection5

2he most common cause of deck collapse is .hen a led"ers pulls a.ay from the band /oists of

homes and buildin"s%

2he t.o most common .ays to correctly attach a led"er to a structure are .ith la" scre.s orthrou"h7bolts% 2he installation of throu"h7bolts re-uires access to the back7side of the rim /oist

.hich, in some cases, is not possible .ithout si"nificant remo0al of dry.all .ithin the structure%

#ost buildin" codes state that, .here positi0e connections to the primary buildin" structure cannot be 0erified durin" inspection, decks shall be self7supportin" (free7standin")%

1eterminin" the eact re-uired spacin" for the led"er fasteners is based on many factors, includin"5

• /oist len"th4

• type of fastener4

• diameter of fastener4

• sheathin" thickness4

• use of stacked .ashers4


15/41

• type of .ood species4

• moisture content4

• band /oist inte"rity4 and

• deck loads%%%

%%%and so is beyond the scope of a 0isual inspection% Ho.e0er, the spacin" of led"er fasteners is

primarily determined by the len"th of the /oists%

InterNACHI's led"er fastener spacin" formula pro0ides inspectors .ith a rule7of7thumb5

On-center spacing of ledger fasteners in inches = 100÷ joist length in feet.A deck .ith substantially fe.er led"er fasteners than that recommended by InterNACHI's formula

may be unsafe%

2he ima"e abo0e sho.s the minimum distance of fasteners to the ed"es and ends of a led"er board%

a" scre.s or bolts should be sta""ered 0ertically, placed at least $ inches from the bottom or top,and inches from the ends of the led"er board% =ome codes permit the la" scre.s or bolts to be as

close as $ inches from the ends of the led"er board4 ho.e0er, a0oidin" the 0ery ends of the led"er

boards minimies splittin" from load stress%

2hrou"h7bolts should be a minimum of ½-inch in diameter, and ha0e .ashers at the bolt head and

nut% a" scre.s should also be a minimum of ½-inch in diameter and ha0e .ashers% pansion and

adhesi0e anchors should also ha0e .ashers%

1eck led"ers should be of at least $' ' pressure7treated .ood%

ed"er +oard and +and Doist Contact5


16/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts .ashers bein" used as spacers bet.een the led"er board and band /oist,

.hich is incorrect%

In some cases, the led"er board and band /oist are intentionally kept separated by a stack of .ashers

on the la" scre. or bolts to allo. .ater to run bet.een the t.o boards% In other cases, there is

insulation bet.een the t.o boards% 0en .orse is .hen the sidin" or eterior finish system .as notremo0ed prior to the installation of the led"er board% =ituations like this, .here the led"er board and

band /oist are not in direct contact, si"nificantly reduce the stren"th of the led"er connection to the

structure and are not recommended by InterNACHI, unless the t.o members are sand.ichin"structural sheathin"%


17/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a led"er board and band /oist sand.ichin" the structural sheathin"

(correct)%

All throu"h7bolts should ha0e .ashers at the bolt head and nut%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a hold7do.n tension de0ice% 2he !""7 IRC Supplement re-uires hold7

do.n tension de0ices at no less than t.o locations per deck%

Codes in some areas outri"ht forbid attachin" a led"er board to an open7.eb floor truss%


18/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a led"er board attached to a concrete .all% Caulkin" rather than flashin" isused%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a led"er board attached to hollo. masonry% ?hen the led"er is attached

to a hollo. masonry .all, the cell should be "routed%


19/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a led"er board improperly supported brick 0eneer% ed"er boards should

not be supported by stone or brick 0eneer%

ed"er boards should not be attached directly (surface7mounted) to stucco or IF=, either% =tucco

and IF= ha0e to be cut back so that led"er boards can be attached directly to band /oists4 ho.e0er,cut7back stucco and IF= are difficult to flash and .eather7proof%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts both o0er and under led"er board flashin"% 2he led"er board should al.ays be flashed e0en .hen the home or buildin" has a protecti0e roof o0erhan"%

Aluminum flashin" is commonly a0ailable but should not be used% Contact .ith pressure7treated.ood or "al0inied fasteners can lead to rapid corrosion of aluminum%


20/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a deck led"er attached to an o0erhan"% 1ecks should not be attached to

o0erhan"s%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts proper framin" around chimneys or bay .indo.s that are up to 9 feet.ide% Framin" around chimneys or bay .indo.s that are more than 9 feet .ide re-uires additional

posts%


21/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a cantile0ered deck% Doists should be cantile0ered no more than one7

-uarter of the /oist len"th or three times the /oist .idth (nominal depth), .hiche0er is smaller%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a /oist cantile0er in the front of the deck and "irder cantile0ers on bothsides of deck posts% Doists should be cantile0ered no more than one7-uarter the /oist len"th or three

times the /oist .idth (nominal depth), .hiche0er is smaller% Girders can be cantile0ered o0er their

posts no more than on7-uarter the "irder len"th%

2here are three .ays a /oist can be attached to a led"er5


22/41

2he first is by restin" the /oist on a led"er strip% 2he ima"e abo0e depicts a /oist properly restin" ona $> $> led"er strip%

2he second is by notchin" o0er a led"er strip% 2he ima"e abo0e depicts a notched /oist properly

restin" a $> $> led"er strip%

2he third is by han"in" the /oists .ith /oist han"ers% 2he ima"e abo0e depicts /oists properly

attached to a led"er by .ay of metal /oist han"ers%


23/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a /oist cut too short% Doists may rest on $> $> led"ers like the one abo0e

(or in /oist han"ers), but /oists must be cut lon" enou"h to reach the led"er or band /oist that issupportin" them%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts /oists that are not fully restin" in their /oist han"ers% Doists should be fully

restin" in their /oist han"ers%

+racin"5


24/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a deck .ith post7to7/oist dia"onal bracin"% 1ecks "reater than 9 feet abo0e

"rade should ha0e dia"onal bracin" from posts to "irder, and from posts to /oists%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a deck .ith post7to7"irder dia"onal bracin"% 1ecks "reater than 9 feet

abo0e "rade should ha0e dia"onal bracin" from posts to "irder, and from posts to /oists%


25/41

Free7standin" decks (not supported by the home or buildin") should ha0e dia"onal bracin" on allsides%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts underside dia"onal bracin" of a deck% 1ecks "reater than B feet abo0e

"rade that do not ha0e dia"onal deckin" should ha0e dia"onal bracin" across the bottoms of the /oists to keep the deck s-uare% A deck that is not held s-uare could permit the outer posts to lean to

the ri"ht or left, parallel to the led"er board, and thus t.ist the led"er a.ay from the home or

buildin"%

Cracks5

As .ood a"es, it is common for cracks to de0elop% ar"e cracks (lon"er than the depth of themember) or ecessi0e crackin" o0erall can .eaken deck framin"% 2oe7nailed connections are

al.ays at risk for splittin"% =plittin" of lumber near connections should be noted by the inspector%

Connectors and Fasteners5

2he inspector should note missin" connectors or fasteners% All la" scre.s and bolts should ha0e

.ashers%


26/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a >hammer test%> 1ependin" on ho. the deck .as built, 0ital connectionsmay ha0e de"raded o0er time due to 0arious factors% Issues such as .obbly railin"s, loose stairs, and

led"ers that appear to be pullin" a.ay from the ad/acent structure are all causes for concern% 2he

ti"htness of fasteners should be checked% If it is not possible to reach both sides of a bolt, it may bestruck .ith a hammer% 2he rin" .ill sound hollo. .ith 0ibration if the fastener is loose% 2he rin"

.ill sound solid if the connection is ti"ht% 2he hammer test is sub/ecti0e, so the inspector should

hammer7test bolts that can be confirmed as ti"ht or loose, and compare the sounds of the rin"s tode0elop a control%

Corrosion of Connectors and Fasteners5

All scre.s, bolts and nails should be hot7dipped "al0anied, stainless steel, silicon brone, copper,

inc7coated or corrosion7resistant% #etal connectors and fasteners can corrode o0er time, especially

if a product .ith insufficient corrosion7resistance .as ori"inally installed% Corrosion of a fasteneraffects both the fastener and the .ood% As the fastener corrodes, it causes the .ood around it to

deteriorate% As the fastener becomes smaller, the 0oid around it becomes lar"er% Inspectors normally

do not remo0e fasteners to check their -uality or sie, but if the inspector remo0es a fastener, sEheshould make sure that remo0al doesn't result in a safety issue% Fasteners remo0ed should be from

areas that ha0e the "reatest eposure to .eather% =ome inspectors carry ne. fasteners to replace onesthey remo0e at the inspection%

8osts and 3ails5

2he ima"e abo0e sho.s a "uardrail supported solely by balusters% Guardrails should be supported

by posts e0ery 9 feet%


27/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a notched7deck "uardrail post attachment% 2his common notched7type of

attachment is permitted by most codes, but could become unsafe, especially as the deck a"es%+ecause of le0era"e, a $7pound force pushin" the deck's "uardrail out.ard causes a :,


28/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a deck "uardrail post properly attached .ith brackets% +ecause of le0era"e,a $7pound force pushin" the deck's "uardrail out.ard causes a :,


29/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a post and balusters properly cut at an"les to shed .ater% 2he end7"rain of

0ertical posts and balusters should be cut at an an"le%

#issin" Guardrails5

1ecks that are "reater than :$ inches abo0e ad/acent areas should ha0e "uardrails around the ed"es%=ome codes re-uire "uardrails only around the ed"es of decks B inches or hi"her%

Improper Guardrail Hei"ht5

#ost residential codes re-uire the top of the "uardrail to be at least B9 inches from the deck surface%

#ost commercial code hei"ht is &$ inches%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts child7unsafe "uardrail infill% Infill should not permit a &7inch sphere to

pass throu"h%


30/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts horiontal balustrades% adder7type "uardrail infill on hi"h decks is prohibited by some local codes because they are easy for children to climb o0er%

1eckin"5

2he ima"e abo0e depicts deck framin" near a chimney or bay .indo.% 2he ends of deckin" boards

near the chimney or bay .indo. can etend unsupported up to 9 inches%


31/41

2he abo0e ima"e depicts deckin" that is laid too ti"ht% 1eckin" should ha0e :E7inch "aps bet.een boards so that puddles don't form%

2he abo0e ima"e depicts deckin" that is properly spaced% 1eckin" should ha0e :E7inch "aps

bet.een boards so that puddles don't form%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts deckin" that isn't sta""ered properly% 1eckin" should be sta""ered so that butt /oints don't land on the same /oist side by side%


32/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts deckin" len"ths% =ome are too short% ach se"ment of deckin" should bear on a minimum of four /oists%

1eckin" should be attached to the floor /oists and rim /oist, especially in hi"h7.ind areas%

1eckin" Nail 8ull7;ut5

Inspectors should look for splittin" in deckin" and nail pull7out% Aside from the structural issue,

nails that ha0e pulled out or scre.s that are not dri0en into the deckin" fully can cause in/ury to bare

feet%

=tairs5

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a deck stair strin"er% =tair strin"ers shall be made of $> :$> lumber at aminimum, and no less than inches .ide at any point%


33/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts deck stair strin"ers% =trin"ers should be no more than B9 inches apart%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts led"er strips properly located under stair treads% ?here solid strin"ers are

used, stair treads should be supported .ith led"er strips (as depicted), mortised, or supported .ith

metal brackets%


34/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a set of stairs .ith open risers% #ost deck stairs ha0e open risers and are

not safe for children% 3isers may be open but should not allo. the passa"e of a &7inch diametersphere%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts stair riser hei"ht% 2o minimie trippin", the maimum 0ariation amon"st

riser hei"hts (difference bet.een the tallest and shortest risers) should be no more than BE7inch%

2he bottom step of a stair.ay leadin" up to a deck is typically at a different hei"ht than the rest ofthe steps% 2his can present a trip haard%

=teps .ith open risers can present a trippin" haard if a user catches his foot by steppin" too far intothe tread% 2o miti"ate this haard, the risers can be closed or the treads can be made deeper%

1eck i"htin"5

1ecks rarely ha0e li"ht sources that co0er the entire stair.ays% Any unlit stair.ay is a safety issue%

=tair Handrails5

=tairs .ith four or more risers should ha0e a handrail on at least one side% Accordin" to the

International Standards of Practice for Inspecting Commercial Properties# ramps lon"er than 9 feetshould ha0e handrails on both sides%


35/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts proper stair handrail hei"ht% Handrail hei"ht should be bet.een B& and B

inches measured 0ertically from the sloped plane ad/oinin" the tread nosin"%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a stair handrail that is not "raspable% #any deck handrails improperly

consist of $> 9> lumber or deckin"% Handrails should be "raspable, continuous and smooth%

2he net three ima"es depict "raspable handrails5


36/41


37/41

2he three ima"es directly abo0e depict "raspable handrails% #any deck handrails improperly consistof $> 9> lumber or deckin"% Handrails should be "raspable, continuous and smooth%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts the minimum distance bet.een stair handrail posts% =tair handrails should

ha0e posts at least e0ery feet%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts permitted spacin" at stairs% ar"er spacin" presents a child7safety issue%


38/41

lectrical 3eceptacle5

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a deck .ith an electrical receptacle, but the receptacle does not ha0e a.eatherproof co0er% As of $, the National lectric Code re-uires at least one receptacle outlet on

decks that are $ s-uare foot or lar"er%

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a .eatherproof receptacle co0er% 2he deck receptacle should ha0e a.eatherproof co0er%

1eck ocation5


39/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a deck located abo0e a septic tank access% 1ecks should not be located

.here they mi"ht obstruct septic tank accesses, under"round fuel stora"e tanks, .ell heads, or buried

po.er lines%


40/41

2he ima"e abo0e depicts a deck obstructin" a basement bedroom's emer"ency e"ress .indo.%"ress openin"s under decks and porches are acceptable, pro0ided the escape path is at least B9

inches (6:& mm) in hei"ht, and the path of e"ress is not obstructed by infill or lattice%

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T(is is a )er% *ort(*(ile and important message t(at needs to +e (eard +% as man% people as

possi+le. ,(en *e look at t(e *ork *e all do# consumer safet% and a*areness *ould (a)e to +e t(e

most lasting impression *e can pro)ide. t t(e end of t(e da%# %ou *ant to +elie)e %ou are making adifference. I cannot t(ink of a +etter *a% to do t(is t(an making (omes decks/ safer. T(is is a task

t(at *ill take t(e efforts of man% to reac( all consumers. I +elie)e *e all need to reac( out and

create relations(ips to (elp spread t(e *ord. T(ank %ou for opening t(e door and I (ope *e can all

step t(roug( and make a difference.

0a)e a great da% and I am looking for*ard to *orking *it( %ou all.

S(a*n

=ha.n #iller, 8resident North American 1eck and 3ail Association

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