December 11, 2009

Reading Ch. 15 & 16 Final Exam date: TU, Dec. 15

• Material covered: Ch. 13, 14, 15, 16 + movie

Firefighters rescue boy with tongue stuck to post

BOISE, Idaho — It’s become an annual winter tale: A young boy gets his tongue stuck to a metal pole, perhaps as the result of a dare. This year, the scene straight out of the movie “A Christmas Story” unfolded Tuesday morning in Boise with a boy of about 10. Boise firefighters used a glass of warm water to free the unidentified boy from the metal fence pole, according to the Idaho Statesman newspaper. Fire Capt. Bill Tinsley says the boy’s tongue was bleeding a little, but he was OK and allowed to continue walking to school. Rescue workers responded after a woman driving by saw the boy and called police dispatchers. Last year, the unlucky boy was a 10-year-old from Hammond, Indiana — especially apt, since the 1983 movie is set in a fictional city based on Hammond.

Cenozoic Climate Early greenhouse climate

http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/ecol438/lect07.htmlhttp://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/colloquia/20050121.htm

http://www7430.nrlssc.navy.mil/7432/hydrates/background.htm

Eocene warm peak• Evidence

Oxygen isotopes Leaf features Cold water extinctions

• Cause Methane hydrates

Cenozoic Climate

http://tenmillionyearsofsolitude.blogspot.com/http://web.me.com/uriarte/Earths_Climate/Oligocene.htmlhttp://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G102/102ceno3.htm

Rapid cooling during Eocene• Ocean circulation

Antarctica split from Australia

Cenozoic Climate

http://tenmillionyearsofsolitude.blogspot.com/http://www.fettes.com/shetland/chronology.htmhttp://www.ianschumacher.com/global_warming.htmlhttp://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/ecol438/lect07.html

Pleistocene Ice Ages• Milankovitch cycles

Effects of Glaciation Continental drainage Isostasy Sea level changes

• Land bridges*

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10h.htmlhttp://www.geology110.com/files/lecture13/html/web_data/file29.htmhttp://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/levin/0471697435/chap_tut/chaps/chapter15-05.html

Marine environment• Gone: ammonites, rudistids• New: sand dollars, nummulitids• New: mammal predators

http://www.westsussexgeology.co.uk/geologygroups.htmlhttp://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/ASTR380/evolution09.htmlhttp://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/levin/0471697435/chap_tut/chaps/chapter16-01.html

Cenozoic Life (Age of Mammals)

Adaptive Radiation Took <15 My! Warm climate early

• Tree/forestLemur-like primatesRodent-like animals

• GroundUngulates (hoofed)Flightless birds

http://www.avph.com.br/diatryma.htmhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/443.shtmlhttp://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect13eosimias.htmlhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/588461/6907/Phenacodus-restoration-painting-by-Charles-R-Knight-1898

Diatryma

Gomphos

Eosimias

Phenacodus

Mid-Cenozoic(Oligocene, Miocene)

Change of forests to grasses Changes in mammals

• Hoofs prevalent• Longer legs• Larger eyes• Teeth changes

http://www.k12.de.us/warner/grasslands.htmlhttp://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/ecol438/lect07.htmlhttp://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/biodiversity/karen/page_15.htmhttp://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304/evolution/evol.proc.html

Eocene elephant

http://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/evolution/equidae/eocene.html

Eocene

Oligocene

Mammals: late Cenozoic(Pliocene, Pleistocene)

Lots of large mammals• Adaptation to cold?

Less surface area:volume

Pleistocene extinction• Affected large mammals in

certain regions

http://www.rocksandminerals.com/fossil/mammoth.htm

Late Pleistocene Extinction

Rapid climate change• Temperatures rising

http://www.atlantisquest.com/Geotable.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/stoneage/megafauna.htmlhttp://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/lp_extinction.html

Human ‘overkill’• Human hunting

Evolution of Primates and Humans

Primate features (60 mya)• Larger brain• Fewer specialized teeth• Vision and grasping

Prosimians

Anthropoids Primate groups• Prosimians (“before ape”)

Oldest lineage Nocturnal (night vision) Abundant in Eocene (37-58 mya)

• Anthropoids Old World monkeys New World monkeys Hominoids (human ancestors)

– Chimps, orangatans, gorillas

Evolution of Humans Homonids

• Earliest fossil ~7mya Ardipithecus ramidus

• Australopithecines Features of hominids

• Brain size• Bipedalism• Reduced canine teeth, tool

use Origin of Homo sapiens

• Out of Africa• Multiregional

T.D. White et al. (2009) Science 326:64