Death (and Resurrection) of Death (and Resurrection) of the Two Party System: the Two Party System:

1815-18281815-1828

Libertyville HSLibertyville HS

Election of 1816Election of 1816 James Monroe (D-R)James Monroe (D-R) Rufus King (F) and Rufus King (F) and

four other candidatesfour other candidates Result was no Result was no

surprisesurprise• DRs had taken issues DRs had taken issues

of BUS, tariff from of BUS, tariff from FedsFeds

• Plus, Feds very Plus, Feds very unpopular due to unpopular due to Hartford ConventionHartford Convention

James Monroe 183 ECVRufus King 34 ECV

James MonroeJames Monroe Virginian plantation Virginian plantation

ownerowner Fought in Rev War Fought in Rev War

(shot at Trenton; (shot at Trenton; holding flag)holding flag)

Served in Congress, Served in Congress, US Senate; diplomat US Senate; diplomat to France; Governor of to France; Governor of VAVA

One of the negotiators One of the negotiators of LA Purchaseof LA Purchase

SoS to Madison, 1811-SoS to Madison, 1811-1814; SoWar 1814-161814; SoWar 1814-16

James Monroe

Monroe asPresident

““Era of Good Feelings”, 1816-1824Era of Good Feelings”, 1816-1824

No partisanship (b/c No partisanship (b/c only one political party only one political party existed)existed)

Society expanding, Society expanding, growing, building (W, growing, building (W, pop, new constr)pop, new constr)

Nationalism strong (W Nationalism strong (W of 1812)of 1812)

Marred by Panic of 1819 Marred by Panic of 1819 & slavery issue& slavery issue

Panic of 1819Panic of 1819 Land Act of 1800

• Remember the NW Ordinance of 1787?

• Divided NW Territory; created Indiana Territory and Ohio T.

• Removed 640 acre minimum purchase price

• Changed to 160 acres at $2.00 per acre, payable over 4 years w/ $80 down

• State banks loaned to money to virtually anyone to buy land

• Many bought, few could afford

Land Act of 1800

Causes of the 1819 PanicCauses of the 1819 Panic 2nd BUS’ conservative

credit policies• Called in loans made to

state banks• State banks failed b/c land

speculators couldn’t repay state bank loans

End of Napoleonic Wars• Agricultural prices dropped

(Europe coming around)• Lower demand for US

manufactured goods as European goods flooded US

• Resulting unemployment

Fixing the Panic

Land Act of 1820• Eliminated purchase of

federal land on credit• 80 acres at $1.25 per

acre, cash only! Down payment $100

• Made western lands MUCH more affordable

Regional differences• North = raise tariffs• South = lower tariffs

SlaverySlavery

Missouri becomes first state west of Mississippi ready for statehood

Issues• Senate balance

between slave, non-slave

• Should Western lands have slavery?

Slave States Free StatesGA IL

SC PA

VA NJ

NC CT

KY MA

TN IN

LA NH

MD NY

MS RI

AL VT

DE OH

List of States, 1820

Slavery in the WestSlavery in the West Tallmadge AmendmentTallmadge Amendment

• NY Rep James TallmadgeNY Rep James Tallmadge• Forbid additional Forbid additional

importation of slaves into importation of slaves into MOMO

• Gradual emancipation, at Gradual emancipation, at age 25age 25

• Began nationwide debate Began nationwide debate & agitation over slavery & agitation over slavery issueissue

• House adopted, but House adopted, but Senate defeated itSenate defeated it

Missouri Compromise, 1820Missouri Compromise, 1820 Henry Clay (remember

him?)• Speaker of the House• Proposed compromise

Missouri = slave state Maine = free state

• Preserved Senate balance

LA Territory division• North of line = free• South of line = slave

Missouri Compromise line

Election of 1820Election of 1820 Monroe ran Monroe ran

unopposedunopposed Monroe wins all ECV Monroe wins all ECV

– except one– except one• GW storyGW story• Truth: NH Elector Truth: NH Elector

didn’t like Monroe’s didn’t like Monroe’s policies (“wasteful policies (“wasteful extravagance”)extravagance”)

Monroe: 221 ECVJohn Q. Adams 1 ECV

Monroe AdministrationMonroe Administration Political Atrophy

• No Federalists = DRs dominate

• Monroe neglected party building at local level

Internal development• Infrastructure

construction (“American System”)

• Westward mobility Foreign affairs

• Gained FL thru Adams-Onis Treaty (1821)

• Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Official WH Portrait

Election of 1824 Two ballots: 1

president, 1 VP 4 Presidential

candidates• Andrew Jackson (TN)• John Quincy Adams

(MA)• Wm. H. Crawford

(SC)• Henry Clay (KY)

1 VP candidate: John C. Calhoun (SC)

Jackson: 153,544 / 99 ECVAdams: 108,740 / 84 ECVCrawford: 46,618 / 41 ECVClay: 47,136 / 37 ECV

SO WHO WON???

Election of 1824Election of 1824 NO ONE!!!

• Voting went along sectional lines• 131 ECV for majority, to win

No ECV majority, so 12th Amendment = House of Reps• Each state gets 1 vote• Vote on top three ECV winners:

Jackson, Adams, Crawford “Corrupt Bargain”

• Clay, House Speaker, hated Jackson

• Clay threw support behind Adams• Adams won on First Ballot in

House• Clay appointed Secretary of State

Jackson

Adams

Clay

Crawford

Fallout from Election of 1824Revival of Two Party System

Democratic Republican Party

Democratic Party

Andrew JacksonMartin Van Buren

National Republican Party(become “Whigs”)

John Quincy AdamsHenry Clay

John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams Son of John Adams (2nd

President) Only President to be

married to foreign born wife, Louisa

Diplomat under GW, Dad, Madison

Sec’y of State under Monroe

Main author of Monroe Doctrine

Louisa Adams

John Q. Adams

President Adams’ AdminPresident Adams’ Admin Wanted to continue the

“American System”• High tariff (supported

internal development)• National Bank• High land prices (= gov’t

revenue)• Roads & canals

Great opposition to Adams in Congress• Narrow victory = no

mandate• Jackson, his supporters

resisted giving Adams any victories; blocked all of American System

Election of 1828Election of 1828 Jackson & Calhoun

vs. Adams & Rush Incumbent VP

switched sides! Jackson wins

handily New coalition of

Democrats• South, West regions• PA, VA (Van Buren)

ResultsJackson: 178 ECV / 642,553Adams: 83 ECV / 500,897