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Spa$ally  explicit  delinea$on  of  the  social  values  of  the  Kimberley  coastal  and  marine  environment   K IMBERLEY  MARINE  RESEARCH  PROGRAM  

WAMSI  PROJECT  2 .1 .2  –DRS  SUE  MOORE ,   JENNIFER  STR ICKLAND-­‐MUNRO,  HAL INA  KOBRYN  &  DAVE  PALMER

Why  social  values  maVer Understanding  the  values  of  people  associated  with  coast  &  marine  environments  is  essen$al

Without  this  support:

✖ Local  communi$es  oppose  development  &  conserva$on  proposals

✖ No  marine  parks  created/few  resources  for  their  management

Social  values  neglected  in  marine  planning  &  management  (Voyer  et  al.  2012  Marine  Policy)

Whose  values? Whose  values  (cont.)?

  RQ:  What  are  the  values  of  people  associated  with  the  Kimberley  coast?

§ Marine  park  focus

§  In-­‐depth  face-­‐to-­‐face  interviews:  Kimberley,  Perth  &  Darwin  

§  Engage  greatest  possible  range  of  stakeholders

§ Agreement-­‐based  research  with  Tradi$onal  Owners

§ Gather  spa$al  data  for  management  &  decision-­‐making

Research  design Agreement-­‐based  research  with  Tradi$onal  Owners

1.  Introduc$ons,  scoping  &  project  adjustments

2.  Interviews  &  conversa$ons  on  country

3.  Community  feedback

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Sampling  strategy  &  key  interview  ques$ons

§  Purposive,  ‘snowball’  sampling

§  Key  interview  ques$ons

-­‐  What  places  are  important  to  you?

-­‐  How  and  why  are  they  important?

-­‐  Mark  up  to  5  places  on  1:  1,000,000  maps  of  the  coast  

Base  maps  for  interviews

Results  overview

§  167  interviews  (232  people),  with  5  months  in  the  field  (Kimberley)

§  Transcribed  interviews  ‘coded’  to  iden$fy  emergent  values  (previous  value  defini$ons  not  imposed)

§  986  polygons  drawn  by  respondents

§  8  Aboriginal  groups  contributed  to/engaged  in  the  research

167  interviews  in  2013

15  

21  

10  

57  

Perth  -­‐  12  

Darwin  -­‐  3  

49  

Interviews  with:

Aboriginal  Tradi$onal  Owners  &  rangers  (30)

Tourists  (33)

Residents  (Aboriginal  &  non-­‐Aboriginal)  (27)

Tourism  industry  (14)

Commercial  fishing  (3)

Local  government  (3)

Aquaculture  (4) State  government  (inc.  Parks  &  Wildlife)  (11)

Recrea$on  fishing  groups  (4)

Federal  government  (1)

Mining,  oil,  gas  &  energy  (3)

Environmental  NGOs  (7)

Marine  transport,  servicing  &  ports  (5)

Avia$on  (6);  Yach$es  (12);  Other  (4)

e.g.  Rec.  fishing,  physical  landscape  

e.g.  Aboriginal  culture,  aesthe>c,  biodiversity,  economic-­‐  tourism,  therapeu>c,  subsistence  

e.g.  Aboriginal  culture,  aesthe>c,  recrea>on-­‐  other,  spiritual  

e.g.  Rec.  fishing,  recrea>on-­‐  other,  biodiversity,  learning  &  research,  social  interac>on  

e.g.  Rec.  fishing,  biodiversity,  social  

Mapping  &  interpreta$on  example

Example  of  all  value  polygons  for  Dampier  Peninsula  in  raw  form

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Value Defini$on

Direct  use,  non-­‐consump>ve  values

1.  Physical  landscape  (77%) Valued  aspects  of  the  physical  landscape  including  ‘aesthe$cs’,  ‘wilderness’,  ‘remoteness’,  ‘pris$ne’

2.  Aboriginal  culture  (63%) Transmission  of  Aboriginal  wisdom,  knowledge,  tradi$ons,  way  of  life

3.  Therapeu$c  (62%) Places  that  make  people  feel  physically  or  mentally  beVer,  calm  or  recharged

4.  Social  interac$on  &  memories  (56%) Social  values  of  a  place  e.g.  ‘family  $me’,    ‘childhood  memories’

5.  Recrea$on  –  other  (62%) All  other  recrea$on  opportuni$es  e.g.  explora$on

6.  Experien$al  (51%) Personal  experience  of  a  place  e.g.  ‘awe  inspiring’,  ‘adventure’

7.  Learning  &  research  (34%) Ability  to  learn  from  a  par$cular  place

8.  Historical  (19%) Natural  &  human  history  that  maVers  to  individual,  others,  Australia  or  world

9.  Spiritual  (11%)  (doesn’t  include  Aboriginal  culture) Places  that  are  sacred,  religious,  unique,  or  provide  deep  &/or  profound  experiences  of  nature.  

Direct  use,  consump>ve  values

10.  Recrea$on  –  camping  (58%) Camping  opportuni$es

11.  Recrea$on  –  fishing  (54%) Fishing  &  other  gathering  of  marine  life

12.  Subsistence  (44%) Places  providing  for  basic  human  needs  such  as  subsistence  food  collec$on  &  fresh  water  provision;  includes  Aboriginal  hun$ng  

13.  Economic  –  tourism  (36%) Rela$ng  to  tourism  ac$vity

14.  Economic  –  commercial  fishing  (24%) Values  derived  from  commercial  fishing,  pearling  or  other  aquaculture

Indirect  use  values

15.  Biodiversity  (80%) Presence  of  a  range  of  plants,  animals  etc  e.g.  ‘wetlands’,  ‘turtles’,  ‘whales’

Non-­‐use  values

16.  Bequest  (7%) Ability  for  future  genera$ons  to  know  landscapes  &  habitats  as  they  are  now

17.  Existence  (4%) Knowing  that  a  par$cular  place  exists,  regardless  of  having  been  to  a  place

Digi>sa>on  of  all  polygons  

Assignment  of  values  to  polygons  

Development  of  a  heat  map  for  each  value  by  coun>ng  overlapping  polygons    

Assign  colours  to  show  counts  

Heat  maps

i.e.  11-­‐20  people  indicated  this  ‘space’  was  valued    

Buccaneer  Archipelago

Montgomery  Reef,  Douboul  Bay,  Rap  Point St  George  Basin,  

Prince  Frederick  Harbour

Mitchell  River,  Port  Warrender  

Faraway  Bay,  King  George  River

Eighty  Mile  Beach

Dampier  Peninsula

Horizontal  Falls Dampier  Peninsula

Roebuck  Bay

Montgomery  Reef,  Rap  Point,  Freshwater  Cove

Sunday  Island

Buccaneer  Archipelago

St  George  Basin

Roebuck  Bay

One  Arm  Point

Cone  Bay

Horizontal  Falls,  WalcoV  Inlet

Kingfisher  Islands,  Montgomery  Reef

St  George  Basin,  Prince  Frederick  Harbour

Admiralty  Gulf Berkeley  River  Mouth

Cambridge  Gulf  (Cape  Dussejour)

Most  widely  held  values

Percentage  of  whole  valued  area  where  10  or  more  respondents  have  iden$fied  that  value  

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Conclusions  &  implica$ons  for  management 1.  Aboriginal  peoples’  values  for  Kimberley  coast  extend  well  beyond  

cultural  values  -­‐>  include  in  all  decision-­‐making  beyond  their  lands  &  waters  &  beyond  cultural  maVers

2.  Physical  landscape  values  dominated  interviews  &  were  pivotal  to  peoples’  experiences  of  Kimberley.  This  value  must  underpin  all  planning  &  decision  making.  Future  tourism  efforts  must  protect  this  coast’s  ‘wildness’  while  also  capitalising  on  it.

3.  Biodiversity  was  widely  &  intensely  valued,  both  on-­‐  and  offshore.  This  valuing  provides  important  base  for  societal  support  for  marine  parks  &  their  nature  conserva$on  role.  

Data  products  &  status

Data  type Poten$al  end  uses Status  of  data  sharing

1.  Descrip$ons  of  values  (e.g.  biodiversity,  recrea$on)

Marine  &  coastal  policy,  planning  &  management

Provided  to  Planning  Branch  of  Parks  &  Wildlife

2.  Digi$sed,  spa$al  shape  files  for  values

As  above,  &  WAMSI  Project  2.2.8  (Modeling  the  Future  of  the  Kimberley)

As  above,  &  to  be  provided  to  Yaruwu  

3.  Execu$ve  summary  &  linked  technical  report

As  above  for  (1) Sent  to  study  respondents  (>150  emailed  out  by  WAMSI)

4.  Map  books  for  Kimberley  communi$es  (inc  TO  groups)

As  above  for  (1) Books  given  to  Broome  Shire,  Dambi,  Yaruwu  and  Bidgi

What  next?   Web-­‐based  survey:  Social  values  &  management  preferences  for  the  Kimberley  coast

  Method:  Public  par$cipa$on  GIS  &  choice  experiment    

  Objec$ve:  To  validate  &  extend  the  findings  from  interview-­‐based  mapping

  Launch  date:  Monday  13  April  2015  (open  to  30  June  2015)

  Web  address:  hVp://www.landscapemap2.org/kimberley  

  Contact:  J.Strickland-­‐Munro@murdoch.edu.au  

Acknowledgments

  The  State  Government  of  Western  Australia  and  WAMSI  partners  for  funding  this  research  

  Other  researchers:  Drs  Amanda  Smith    &  Kim  Friedman,  Parks  and  Wildlife

  232  people  who  took  part  in  the  interviews  in  2013

 Tradi$onal  Owners