Day 19 April 3 Exam 3 Review

Starting with Chapter 8Prep-U

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• When a sudden change in the environment, such as a flood or fire, reduces the size of a population, the survivors’ collective gene pool will be only a limited representation of what was present before the disaster. This phenomenon is called:

a)the founder effect.b)the genetic load.c)the Hardy-Weinberg effect.d)the mutation effect.e)the bottleneck effect.

Question 1:(see full question)When a sudden change in the environment, such as a flood or fire, reduces the size of a population, the survivors’ collective gene pool will be only a limited representation of what was present before the disaster. This phenomenon is called:

You selected:the bottleneck effect.CorrectSee Chapter Section:8.8: Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequencies in a population.

• Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of genetic change in populations?

a)mutationb)genetic driftc)biogeographyd)natural selectione)migration

Question 2:(see full question)Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of genetic change in populations?

You selected:biogeographyCorrectSee Chapter Section:8.10: When three simple conditions are satisfied, evolution by natural selection is occurring.

• Radioactive isotopes emit high-energy particles that can damage DNA. These substances are known as:

a)ions.b)free radicals.c)DNAses.d)operons.e)mutagens.

Question 3:(see full question)Radioactive isotopes emit high-energy particles that can damage DNA. These substances are known as:

You selected:mutagens.CorrectSee Chapter Section:8.7: Mutation—a direct change in the DNA of an individual—is the ultimate source of all genetic variation.

• Which of the following proposed methods is most likely to give rise to a large population of smaller-than-average dogs after 20 generations?

a)1) Start with a large population of dogs of varying sizes. 2) When selecting the dogs to breed in order to generate a new generation, choose dogs in the lowest 20%, with respect to body size. 3) Repeat this for multiple generations.b)1) Start with a large population of dogs of varying sizes. 2) When selecting the dogs to breed in order to generate a new generation, select random pairs of dogs. 3) Repeat this for multiple generations.c)1) Start with the two smallest dogs that you can obtain. 2) Have them produce as many litters as possible. 3) Repeat this for multiple generations.d)1) Start with a large population of dogs of varying sizes. 2) When selecting the dogs to breed in order to generate a new generation, choose the smallest two dogs, with respect to body size, and have them produce as many litters as possible. 3) Repeat this for multiple generations.e)None of the proposals above will give rise to a large population of smaller-than-average dogs. Natural selection can only occur in the wild.

Question 4:(see full question)Which of the following proposed methods is most likely to give rise to a large population of smaller-than-average dogs after 20 generations?

You selected:1) Start with a large population of dogs of varying sizes. 2) When selecting the dogs to breed in order to generate a new generation, choose the smallest two dogs, with respect to body size, and have them produce as many litters as possible. 3) Repeat this for multiple generations.IncorrectCorrect response:1) Start with a large population of dogs of varying sizes. 2) When selecting the dogs to breed in order to generate a new generation, choose dogs in the lowest 20%, with respect to body size. 3) Repeat this for multiple generations.See Chapter Section:8.1: We can see evolution occurring right before our eyes.

• Under the right conditions, which type of selection is most likely to lead to the formation of new species?

a)frequency-independentb)directionalc)stabilizingd)frequency-dependente)disruptive

Question 5:(see full question)Under the right conditions, which type of selection is most likely to lead to the formation of new species?

You selected:disruptiveCorrectSee Chapter Section:8.15: Natural selection can change the traits in a population in several ways.

• All of the following are types of natural selection EXCEPT:

a)military selection.b)stabilizing selection.c)disruptive selection.d)directional selection.e)artificial selection.

Question 6:(see full question)All of the following are types of natural selection EXCEPT:You selected:military selection

CorrectSee Chapter Section:8.15: Natural selection can change the traits in a population in several ways.

• Disruptive selection occurs when:

a)low-ranking, “sneaker” males disrupt the mating between a dominant female and a male.b)directional selection is impossible due to a depletion of genetic variation. c)individuals with extreme values of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with intermediate values of the trait.d)individuals with one extreme value of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with the other extreme value of the trait.e)there is selection against the intermediate population.

Question 7:(see full question)Disruptive selection occurs when:

You selected:individuals with extreme values of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with intermediate values of the trait.CorrectSee Chapter Section:8.15: Natural selection can change the traits in a population in several ways.

• Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with evolution by natural selection?

a)Natural selection can lead to speciation.b)Natural selection can prevent speciation from occurring.c)Individuals change during their lifespans to fit their environment better, and these changes can be inherited by their offspring.d)Natural selection can reduce genetic variation in a population.e)Individuals in a population exhibit variation, some of which can be inherited by their offspring.

Question 8:(see full question)Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with evolution by natural selection?

You selected:Individuals change during their lifespans to fit their environment better, and these changes can be inherited by their offspring.CorrectSee Chapter Section:8.10: When three simple conditions are satisfied, evolution by natural selection is occurring.

• In the 1790s, Georges Cuvier found the fossil remains of mastodons. This conflicted with the prevailing world view in Europe because:

a)it meant that fossils of long-dead individuals existed.b)it meant that individuals from species currently found on earth were not completely decomposed after death.c)it meant that all of the continents must have been linked together at one time.d)it meant that Irish elk had descended from much larger ancestors, which could only be true if evolutionary change was possible.e)it meant that extinction must occur, since nothing resembling mastodons existed on earth at that time.

Question 9:(see full question)In the 1790s, Georges Cuvier found the fossil remains of mastodons. This conflicted with the prevailing world view in Europe because:

You selected:it meant that extinction must occur, since nothing resembling mastodons existed on earth at that time.CorrectSee Chapter Section:8.2: Before Darwin, most people believed that all species had been created separately and were unchanging.

• In a particular population, over the course of several dozen generations, an adenine was replaced by a guanine at a particular non-coding locus in the DNA base sequence. The evolutionary mechanism responsible for this change was:

a)genetic drift.b)bottlenecks.c)mutation.d)migration.e)directional selection.

Question 10:(see full question)In a particular population, over the course of several dozen generations, an adenine was replaced by a guanine at a particular non-coding locus in the DNA base sequence. The evolutionary mechanism responsible for this change was:You selected:mutation.CorrectSee Chapter Section:8.7: Mutation—a direct change in the DNA of an individual—is the ultimate source of all genetic variation.

Chapter 9

• The energy that a parent puts into the growth, feeding, and care of offspring is called:

a)total reproductive output.b)reproductive success.c)the mating system.d)reciprocal altruism.e)reproductive investment.

Question 2:(see full question)The energy that a parent puts into the growth, feeding, and care of offspring is called:

You selected:reproductive investment.CorrectSee Chapter Section:9.10: There are big differences in how much males and females must invest in reproduction.

• __________ selection is the type of natural selection that acts on characteristics that determine reproductive success.

a)Sexualb)Polyploidc)Lamarckiand)Conspicuouse)Hormonal

Question 3:(see full question)__________ selection is the type of natural selection that acts on characteristics that determine reproductive success.

You selected:SexualCorrect

• Incest avoidance evolved in humans:

a)because breeding among close relatives leads to a higher proportion of offspring with genetic defects and, consequently, reduced fitness.b)because in early human societies, alliances could be achieved by marrying the chief's daughter to the son of the chief of a different tribe.c)because population numbers continued to increase.d)because many bees, wasps, and ants can inflict painful, and even fatal, stings and bites.e)because breeding among close relatives leads to a higher proportion of offspring with increased fitness.

Question 4:(see full question)Incest avoidance evolved in humans:

You selected:because breeding among close relatives leads to a higher proportion of offspring with genetic defects and, consequently, reduced fitness.CorrectSee Chapter Section:9.4: Complex-appearing behaviors don't require complex thought in order to evolve.

• When the sexes of a species differ in size or appearance, it is called:

a)sexual dimorphism.b)sexism.c)the mating system.d)growth disparity.e)polygamy.

• Question 5:(see full question)When the sexes of a species differ in size or appearance, it is called:

• You selected:sexual dimorphism.CorrectSee Chapter Section:9.15: Sexual dimorphism is an indicator of a population's mating behavior.

• In polygynous mating systems:

a)there is usually greater variation in reproductive success among females than among males.b)paternal care is common.c)most individuals mate for life.d)there is usually greater variation in reproductive success among males than among females.e)one female mates with many males.

• Question 6:(see full question)In polygynous mating

• Correct response:there is usually greater variation in reproductive success among males than among females.See Chapter Section:9.14: Monogamy versus polygamy: mating behaviors can vary across human and animal cultures.

• In Belding's ground squirrels, why are females much more likely than males to engage in altruistic behavior by sounding alarm calls?

a)Males forage alone, so their alarm calls are useless.b)Belding's ground squirrels have a sex ratio that is biased toward females.c)Belding's ground squirrels have a sex ratio that is biased toward males.d)Females tend to remain in the area in which they were born, so the females that call are warning their own kin.e)Males have smaller vocal chords, which are unable to make sounds that can be heard from a distance.

• Question 7:(see full question)In Belding's ground squirrels, why are females much more likely than males to engage in altruistic behavior by sounding alarm calls?

• You selected:Females tend to remain in the area in which they were born, so the females that call are warning their own kin.CorrectSee Chapter Section:9.6: Apparent altruism toward relatives can evolve through kin selection.

• Song and bright colors make male birds conspicuous to predators. The large, gaudy tail of the peacock may be a hindrance in activities such as feeding and flight. Yet these features evolved because of:

a)sexual selection.b)sex-differential survivorship.c)kin selection.d)artificial selection.e)reciprocal altruism.

• Question 8:(see full question)Song and bright colors make male birds conspicuous to predators. The large, gaudy tail of the peacock may be a hindrance in activities such as feeding and flight. Yet these features evolved because of:

• You selected: sexual selection. CorrectSee Chapter Section:9.12: Tactics for getting a mate: competition and courtship can help males and females secure reproductive success.

• Polygamy and monogamy are two types of:

a)mating systems.b)kinship systems.c)genomic calculations.d)dominance hierarchies.e)learned behaviors.

• Question 9:(see full question)Polygamy and monogamy are two types of:

• You selected:mating systems.CorrectSee Chapter Section:9.14: Monogamy versus polygamy: mating behaviors can vary across human and animal cultures.

How to study for this exam

• Prep-U• Review Powerpoints• Practice problems• Try reading your notes• Study groups (FOCUS)• Tutoring at Bierce• Write a review sheet