d. first aid cpr 4
DESCRIPTION
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THE HEART
WHEN BREATHING AND WHEN BREATHING AND CIRCULATION STOP:CIRCULATION STOP:
0 to 4 minutes – BRAIN DAMAGE NOT LIKELY
4 to 6 minutes – BRAIN DAMAGE LIKELY!
WHEN BREATHING AND WHEN BREATHING AND CIRCULATION STOP:CIRCULATION STOP:
CLINICAL DEATH
6 to 10 minutes – irreversible BRAIN 6 to 10 minutes – irreversible BRAIN
DAMAGE DAMAGE PROBABLEPROBABLE
10 minutes or more – irreversible BRAIN 10 minutes or more – irreversible BRAIN
DAMAGE DAMAGE CERTAINCERTAIN
WHEN THE BRAIN HAS BEEN WHEN THE BRAIN HAS BEEN DEPRIVED OF OXYGENATED BLOOD:DEPRIVED OF OXYGENATED BLOOD:
6
7
Normal Respiration Rates
Adults 12 to 20 breaths/minChildren 15 to 30 breaths/minInfants 25 to 50 breaths/min
BIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL DEATHDEATH
FIRST AID IS:FIRST AID IS:
FIRST AID IS:To alleviate suffering
To prevent further injury
To prolong life
What is FIRST AID?What is FIRST AID?
What is FIRST AID?What is FIRST AID?
It is an immediate care It is an immediate care given to a person who given to a person who have been injured or have been injured or suddenly taken illsuddenly taken ill
It includes self help and home care when medical assistance is delayed or not available
ABC’s of FIRST AIDABC’s of FIRST AID
C – CIRCULATIONC – CIRCULATION
A – AIRWAYA – AIRWAY
B – BREATHINGB – BREATHING
LIFE SUPPORT IS THE GOAL LIFE SUPPORT IS THE GOAL OF CARDIOPULMONARY OF CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATIONRESUSCITATION
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT (BLS)BASIC LIFE SUPPORT (BLS)A – B – C steps now changed to A – B – C steps now changed to
C – A - BC – A - B
C – A – B STEPSC – A – B STEPS
C – CHEST COMPRESSION C – CHEST COMPRESSION A – AIRWAY OPENEDA – AIRWAY OPENED B – BREATHING ASSISTEDB – BREATHING ASSISTED
To ensure open airway and to To ensure open airway and to administer Artificial Respiration if administer Artificial Respiration if neededneeded
To control severe bleedingTo control severe bleeding
To check for injuriesTo check for injuries
OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AIDERAIDER
OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AIDERAIDER
To immobilize the injuredTo immobilize the injured
To arrange for transportationTo arrange for transportation
To avoid subjecting the victim to To avoid subjecting the victim to unnecessary disturbanceunnecessary disturbance
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER:
OBSERVANT Should notice all signs and symptoms
RESOURCEFUL Should make the best use of things at hand
GENTLE Should not cause pain
ABC’s of FIRST AIDA – AIRWAY
Is the victim conscious or unconscious?B – BREATHING
Is the victim breathing?Is it shallow or deep?Does he appear to be choking?Is he cyanotic?
C – CIRCULATIONIs the victim’s heart beating?Assess the pulseIs he severely bleeding?
LIFE SUPPORT IS THE GOAL OF LIFE SUPPORT IS THE GOAL OF CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATIONCARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATIONADVANCED CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT
(ACLS)
D DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS, DEFINITIVE
THERAPYCARDIAC MONITORINGCARDIAC STABILIZATION
CHAIN OF SURVIVALEARLY ACCESS (DIAL 117)EARLY CPR (BASIC LIFE SUPPORT)EARLY DEFIBRILLATIONEARLY TRANSPORT TO HOSPITALEARLY ADVANCE CARE
(ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT)
CALL FOR MEDICAL ASSISTANCE
What happenedNumber of persons injuredExtent of injury and First aid givenTelephone number from where you
are calling
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
SURVEY THE SCENEIS THE SCENE SAFE?
WHAT HAPPENED?HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE INJURED?ARE THERE BYSTANDERS WHO CAN HELP?IDENTIFY YOURSELF
GOLDEN RULES OF EMERGENCY CARECare for the most serious injuries firstAssist the victim with his or her prescribed
medicationsKeep onlookers away from the injured personHandle the victim to a minimumLoosen all tight clothing
GOLDEN RULES OF EMERGENCY CARE
Obtain consent, whenever possibleThink the worstCall or send for helpIdentify yourself to the victimProvide comfort and emotional supportRespect the victim’s modesty and physical
privacy
WHAT NOT TO DOFirst do no harmDo not let the victim see his own injuryDo not leave the victim except to get helpDo not assume that the victim’s obvious
injuries are the only ones
WHAT NOT TO DODo not make unrealistic promisesDo not trust the judgment of a confused
victimDo not require the victim to make a
decision
INTERVIEW THE VICTIM
Introduce yourselfGet permission to give careAsk the victim’s nameAsk what happened
CHECK THE VITAL SIGNS
Determine Respiratory rate and type of breathing
Get the Pulse Rate
Get the Blood pressure
CHECK THE VITAL SIGNSDetermine the radial or carotid pulse
Look at the victim’s face and lips
Record skin appearanceTemperature, moisture, colour
HEAD TO TOE EXAMINATION
HEAD TO TOE EXAMINATIONHEAD
Look and feel for cuts and bruisesEYES
Check and compare pupilsNOSE / EAR / MOUTH
Check for fluid and bloodNECK
Feel for injury
HEAD TO TOE EXAMINATION
COLLAR BONECOLLAR BONE Check and compare shouldersCheck and compare shoulders
CHEST / RIBSCHEST / RIBS Check for injuriesCheck for injuries
ABDOMENABDOMEN Check for tendernessCheck for tenderness
HIP BONEHIP BONE Press slowly, inward and upwardPress slowly, inward and upward
HEAD TO TOE EXAMINATION
LEGSLEGS One at a timeOne at a time
ARMSARMS One at a timeOne at a time
SPINAL COLUMN (BACK)SPINAL COLUMN (BACK) Press gently from cervical region to lumbar Press gently from cervical region to lumbar
regionregion
EMERGENCY RESCUE AND TRANSFER DANGER OF FIRE OR EXPLOSION DANGER OF TOXIC GASES DANGER / HAZARD TO VEHICULAR
TRAFFIC RISK OF DROWNING DANGER OF ELECTROCUTION DANGER OF COLLAPSING WALL
METHODS OF TRANSFER
ONE MAN ASSIST / CARRY / DRAG
TWO MAN ASSIST / CARRY
CARRY USING STRETCHER
POINTERS TO BE OBSERVED DURING TRANSFER
VICTIM’S AIRWAY MUST BE MAINTAINED OPEN
HEMORRHAGE IS CONTROLLED
VICTIM IS SAFELY MAINTAINED IN A CORRECT POSITION
POINTERS TO BE OBSERVED DURING TRANSFER
REGULAR CHECK OF THE VICTIM’S CONDITION IS MADE
SUPPORTING BANDAGES AND DRESSINGS MUST REMAIN EFFECTIVELY APPLIED
CARRIES USING A STRETCHERCARRIES ALONG SIDEHAMMOCK CARRYBLANKET CARRYIMPROVISED STRETCHERCOMMERCIAL STRETCHERAMBULANCE STRETCHER
RESPIRATORY ARREST Occurs when breathing stops but the
heart continues to beat for quite some time
ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
Also known as RESCUE BREATHING
Blowing air into and out of the lungs of a person when his natural breathing has stopped or insufficient
HEIMLICH MANEUVER
CARIOPULMONARY RESCUCITATION
The NEW Chain of SurvivalThe NEW Chain of Survival
• Early access: Early access: immediate recognition and activationimmediate recognition and activation
•Early CPREarly CPR
•Early defibrillationEarly defibrillation
•Early advanced careEarly advanced care
•Integrated post-cardiac arrest careIntegrated post-cardiac arrest care
RESCUE BREATHING
RESCUE BREATHING
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
HAND PLACEMENT IN CPR
HAND PLACEMENT IN CPR
VENTILATION TECHNIQUE USING FACE MASK
THANK YOU!