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Science 10 [cycling of matter in Living Systems] Semester 1 – 2015/2016

Unit C: BIOLOGY1.1A Window on a New World Early Microscopes and Microscopists

_____________ and Zacharias Janssen, Dutch lens-makers, invented the ___________________

microscope in 1595.

Compound microscopes use more than ________ lens to magnify the object

Robert Hooke, in 1665, used a ____________ lense microscope to view cork cells

Around the same time Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, using only a single lens microscope

was the first to see the movement of single cells that we now know as

_________________.

Skill and Practice: Calculating Magnification

To use a compound microscope to estimate the size of an object you need to be able

to calculate the magnification of certain combinations of lenses

Magnification = (____________________________________________)

(_________________________________)

Skill Practice “Calculating Magnification”

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1.1 Check & Reflect

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1.2 Development of the Cell Theory

Spontaneous Generation

____________________________ is a theory that states that nonliving things can be transformed

into living things.

Proposed by Greek philosopher, ___________________

Implied that fish and frogs came from ___________, and flies came from rotten

________

Scientists accepted this theory for nearly _________ years

At times referred to as "__________________________ _________________________"

Francesco ________, an Italian physician in 1668 set out to prove flies do not come

from meat, by conducting an experiment

Pieces of meat were placed in ____different jars not covered

(______________________________)

Pieces of meat were placed in 4 different jars ________________ (______________________)

Experimental group -> attracted flies -> laid eggs -> maggot -> fed on meat ->

turned to flies

Control group ->no fly attraction -> no flies produced

Redi concluded flies did not come from rotting ______________

But..._______ was claimed to be the active ingredient to the rotting meat to

produce flies

So... Redi used an experimental test, this time covering the container with a very

fine mesh, allowing for ________ flow, but no fly contact

Conclusion... Meat cannot be transformed into ___________.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Boiled broth for a long time -> clear broth -> swan-necked flask -> microbes trapped in

curve of the flask

Conclusion: microbes could not be created from non-living broth

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The Cell Theory

No one scientist developed the cell theory.

Robert Hooke

First described cells in 1665, while looking at a piece of _____________ under a

primitive microscope.

He saw honeycomb shaped structures and described them as _______________.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Observed living blood cells, bacteria, and single-cell ______________________

Robert Brown

1820, described the tiny sphere in the ________________ cell as the nucleus

Theodor Schwann (zoologist) and Mathias Schleiden (botanist)

concluded plant and __________________ tissues are composed of cells

prepared the __________________ of the modern cell theory

The modern Cell Theory states:

All living things are made up of ______________ or more cells and the

materials produced by these cells.

All life functions take place in cells, making them the _______________ unit

of life

All cells are produced from ________________________________ cells through

the process of cell division

Homework: Pg 244 Skill Practice “Calculating Magnification” Section 1.1, 246 1.1 Check & Reflect, #1-7 Section 1.2, pg 252 1.2 Check & Reflect, #1-8 (omit 6)

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1.2 Check & Reflect

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1.3 Developments in Imaging Technology and Staining Techniques

Contrast

Scientist discovered that they could manipulate the __________ source to alter the

contrast between structures in the cell and improve the ____________.

Experiments with ______________ and coloring agents showed that particular stains

could attach to particular parts of the _________, improving the contrast between

internal structures and producing better images

A disadvantage to staining is that it ___________ the cells, making it impossible to view

living cells.

Microscopes

We are going to be looking at 4 types of microscopes:

– ___________________ Microscopes

– ___________________ Microscope

________

___________

– Confocal _______________ Scanning Microscope

– _________________ Tunneling Microscope

Light Microscope

Think of the compound microscope as a good friend

It is relatively inexpensive, reliable, but it has its limitations.

Maximum magnification ~__________

Electron Microscope

The “go to” reliable microscope with lots of power, and just a hint of mystery

Engineered in the ___________. Specimens are illuminated with a beam of electrons

instead of ___________. Makes electron micrograph.

Transmission Microscope

Works like a slide projector. Electrons go through a _________ sample to give the

micrograph

Magnifies _____________________

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Scanning Electron Microscope

Sweeps a beam of electrons over object to get a _____ image.

Magnification of up to ________________

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope

Has very powerful observation abilities

Invented in the ______________

Can study thick specimens, measures ______ slices in order to form a ______ image.

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Very technologically advanced. It seems like it can do ANYTHING.

Developed in the __________, can obtain an image of atoms on an object’s surface. Can

produce images of DNA. Uses an electron probe to make a _______ image

Homework: Read Section 1.3 and complete pg 262 1.3 Check & Reflect, #1-6

1.3 Check & Reflect

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2.1 The Cell as and Efficient, Open System

Cells carry on all of the life processes including:

Intake of ___________________________

Movement

___________________________

Response to stimuli

___________________________of gases

Waste removal

Reproduction

Cell Membrane

Protective ___________________________

Allows transport of materials into and out of the cell

Composed of ___________________________layer of lipid (fat) molecules and embedded

proteins

Connects the cell to the ___________________________environment

Semi-permeable ___________________________

Regulates the entry of molecules into and out of the cell

Nucleus

Contains DNA, the genetic material of the cell

Directs cellular ___________________________

Surrounded by the nuclear ___________________________, which has pores to allow the

transport of materials

Cytoplasm

__________-like substance inside the cell membrane

Contains nutrients required by the cell to carry on the life process

___________________________are suspended in the cytoplasm

Allows for the movement of organelles and molecules within the cell, referred to as

___________________________streaming

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Cell Wall – plants, bacteria and fungi

___________________________frame around the cell that provides strength and support.

Chloroplasts – plants

Contain ___________________________that produces a green color, they are the sites of

photosynthesis

Photosynthesis uses energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into

sugars for the plant’s use and ___________________________

Vacuoles and Vesicles

Membrane bound structures that serve to store ___________________________, products of

secretion and fats

In plants, the central ___________________________stores water for the cell

In plant cells, when fluids enter, the central vacuole swells, increasing the turgor

pressure causing the cell to become ___________________________.

___________________________transport substances through the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Series of interconnected small _________________that branch from the nuclear envelope.

Materials can be transported through these tubes

Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ___________________________attached to it and is

associated with protein synthesis

______________________endoplasmic reticulum is associated with fat and oil production

Ribosomes

May be attached to the ___________________________reticulum or free in the cytoplasm

Sites where ___________________________are assembled into proteins in the process of

protein synthesis

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Lysosomes

Membrane bound sacs in the cell where ___________________________occurs

Defend against invading ___________________________

___________________________damaged cell organelles

Control digestion of certain ___________________________during development

Golgi Apparatus

Flat, disc shaped sacs involved in ___________________________

Receives substances from the endoplasmic ___________________________and packages

them for transport out of the cell

Mitochondria

___________________________structures

Convert chemical energy in sugars into energy the cell can use, cellular respiration

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Chemical Composition of Cell Structures

Major elements making up the structure of plant and animal cells are carbon,

___________________________, oxygen and ___________________________

They are organized into four major organic compounds: _______________________(fats

and oils), ___________________________ (sugars, starches and cellulose), protein (muscle

fibre) and nucleic acids (DNA).

Similarities: Plant and Animal

Both have cell membrane and an internal network of fibres, the

___________________________, made of lipids and proteins

Both have genetic material (DNA) made up of sugars, nitrogen bases and _____________

Differences: Plant and Animal

Animal cells have ___________________________, involved in cell division

Plant cells have cell ___________________________

Plant cells contain ___________________________, used for photosynthesis

Plant cells have a large central vacuole, animal cells have small vacuoles and vesicles

Homework: Pg. 12, 13 worksheets: due the next day.

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Unit C—Cycling of Matter in Living Systems Unit Support

Plant and Animal Cells: Give a title to each diagram and complete the labels for each.

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Unit C—Cycling of Matter in Living Systems Unit Support

Cell Structures and Their FunctionsCell Structure Function

Cell membrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Cell Wall

Chloroplasts

Vacuoles and Vesicles

Lysosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

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2.2 The Role of the Cell Membrane in Transport

The cell membrane is the organelle responsible for transport of

into and out of the . The substances that enter and leave the cell

may be , or in some . These

substances in a physical sense are , and behave according to

.

The Particle Model of Matter1. All matter is made of but the particles in different substances may be

different in .

2. The particles of matter are constantly ; particles move least in

and most in . Adding or taking away energy will affect the

.

3. The particles of matter are or are

.

4. Particles have space between them that are smallest in , except for ice, and greatest in

. The spaces may be occupied by the particles of

.

DiffusionDiffusion is the natural movement of particles from an area of

to an area of . Since the particles are in constant motion they move

until they are distributed throughout the room, resulting in a state of

.

Adding energy and increasing molecular movement (i.e. heat and stirring) can increase the

.

Diffusion can also occur in cells.

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Concentration Gradient


The cell membrane is considered to be because it allows certain particles to

pass through it, but . This is called a

membrane. Generally the passage of materials through the material is determined by:

The of the molecules

The of the molecules

The of the molecules in lipids (must be soluble)

The Concentration Gradient In general, particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Therefore

Carbon Dioxide diffuses of the cell, an area of high concentration to an area of

low concentration.

Oxygen diffuses the cell (low concentration) from outside of the cell where the

concentration of oxygen is high.

Concentration Gradients

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Osmosis The cell is an open system, therefore is always interacting and responding to the conditions of the

. If the cell membrane is not permeable to the solute mixed with water, the

water will pass through the cell membrane, leaving the solute molecules outside of the cell. This is the

process of osmosis.

Osmosis is the movement of water through a membrane in response to its

. The membrane is not to the solute. This is another form of

transport.

To predict the direction in which a net movement of water will occur, the solute concentration must be

compared.

Hypertonic ("hyper" means over) - The concentration of the solutes outside is

. Therefore if the cell is put into this solution,

water will .

Isotonic ("iso" means equal) - The concentration of solutes outside the cell is

. Therefore if the cell is put into this solution, there is no

of water molecules, just odd molecules moving in and out of the

cell.

Hypotonic ("hypo" means under) - The concentration of solutes outside is

. Therefore if the cell is put into this solution, water will

the cell.

Facilitated DiffusionThere are two forms of protein mediated transport for those molecules that are soluble in water but not

in lipids, and to cross the cell membrane.

a) Channel proteins create pores or channels through which small

are able to move. These molecules move in response to the

.

b) Carrier proteins have the ability to attach to that are not able to

across the membrane. The carrier protein

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and physically moves the molecules across the

and into the . Once the molecules have been transported, the

returns to its . This process is called a

, which is the movement of substances in

response to the concentration gradient but also requires the presence of the protein

facilitator.

Both forms of protein mediated transport are examples of passive transport, because no added

needed.

Active transport requires energy input to transport molecules. Active transport is necessary when

protein carriers need to carry molecules across the , from areas of

to areas of .

The energy required is produced in the through the process of

and comes from the substances called

. A series of chemical reactions

occurs first in the cytoplasm then in the mitochondrion, to break down and

produce the ATP.

Endocytosis and ExocytosisWhen a molecule need to be taken in by the cell, but are too large to pass across the cell membrane,

event with the help of protein carriers, the process of Endocytosis occurs.

Endocytosis is the process that occurs when a (a small temporary sac) forms around

the particle and the cell membrane pinches off around it so that the vesicle is inside the cell.

When a molecule need secreted by the cell, but are too large to pass across the cell membrane, a vesicle

surrounds the particle, then moves to the and fuses with it. The

vesicle then , releasing its contents into the surrounding area of the cell. This process

of secretion is called exocytosis.

Both exocytosis and endocytosis require energy from ATP for the rearrangement of the cell membrane.

Homework: Worksheet

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3.1 Cells, Tissues, and Systems and 3.2 The Leaf and PhotosynthesisPlant Structure

Plants are ___________________________organisms

Living systems made up of many parts

Groups of cells performing the same function together are called tissues

___________________________contributing to the same function form organs which are

part of a system

The plant has two organ systems: the ___________________________system (everything

above ground) and the ___________________________system (everything below ground)

Plants grow, or increase in size by cell division in the

Shoot apical ___________________________, or

___________________________apical meristem

There are 3 main types of plant tissues:

Dermal tissue: ___________________________

Ground tissue: ___________________________material

Vascular tissue: ___________________________and ___________________________

Dermal Tissue

Dermal tissue or epidermis is the outer layer of cells that covers all

___________________________ (non-woody) plants.

Responsible for the exchange of matter and gases into and out of the plant

In woody plants, the epidermis is replaced by cork and bark, the leaves and stem are

responsible for gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen

Protects the plant from ___________________________

Dermal tissue of the root system is responsible for the uptake of water and

___________________________salts from the soil.

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Ground Tissue

Makes up the ___________________________of the plant, found beneath the epidermis

In the stem they provide ___________________________and support to the plant

In the roots they are involved in food and water storage

In the leaves it is the location where ___________________________occurs

Cells are loosely packed and allow gases to diffuse rapidly through the ground

tissue.

Vascular Tissues

Vascular tissue is responsible for moving materials around the plant. Water from

the roots to the leaves, and ____________________from the leaves to the roots for storage

Xylem Tissue

Moves water and dissolved ___________________________from the roots up the stem to the

leaves where these substances are used in photosynthesis.

Thick walled tubes of various diameters

Phloem Tissue

Transports ___________________________and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to

other parts of the plant

Formed from individual long sieve tube cells, which have perforated end walls

Specialization in Plant Cells

Cells that become part of the root system and are responsible for the

___________________________of water and minerals from the soil, produce tiny hair-like

projections called root hairs

Root hairs increase the surface area for absorption

Dermal cells of the shoot system produce ___________________________to protect the cells

from water loss

___________________________epidermal surface of leaves develops specific cells, called

guard cells

Guard cells form tiny pores called ___________________________for gas exchange

Guard cells contain ___________________________

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Photosynthesis

Leaves perform ___________________________in plants, and this process supports all life

on earth.

Chloroplasts are found in the leaves of plants and contain all the

___________________________, which is responsible for photosynthesis.

___________________________is a chemical process that transforms CO2 and H2O into

useable materials such as C6H12O6 and O2.

Balanced Chemical Equation :

Plants can now use this simple sugar to undergo normal life processes. (Energy).

Cellular Respiration

This is the description of the normal activities inside the plant. (Growing, breathing,

waste excretion, etc)

These processes require energy, and that energy comes from the sugars (glucose)

produced during photosynthesis.

The process of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondrion

The plant transforms some of the glucose produced as follows:

Homework: 3.1 Check and Reflect Page 302 #1-3, 5 and 3.2 Check and Reflect Page 308

#1-5, due the next day.

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3.1 Check and Reflect

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3.3 The Leaf and Gas Exchange

Dermal Tissue

The ___________________________on the top and underside of the leaf is clear and very

thin

Guard cells form tiny openings or pores called ___________________________allow gas

exchange to occur

Stomata regulates the movement of gases and open into air chambers that connect

with the cells of the ground tissue

Carbon dioxide and oxygen can enter and leave the leaf by ___________________________at

any time.

Most ___________________________are located on the underside of the leaf

___________________________cells function to allow materials in and out when necessary

Protect the leaves from losing too much water

The process of water leaving the leaf through the stomata is called transpiration

Without guard cells transpiration could dangerously dehydrate a plant

The number of stomata vary depending on environmental conditions: hot, dry

climate = _____________________stomata, high humidity = _______________________stomata

Ground Tissue

Between the upper and lower epidermis are specialized ground tissues called

mesophyll

There are two different types of ___________________________tissues

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Palisade Tissue Cell

Found just below the upper ___________________________

Long, rigid, rectangular cells that are tightly packed together and arranged so that a

large number of cells are exposed to the Sun’s rays.

Responsible for ___________________________

Require ___________________________and produce ___________________________

Spongy Mesophyll Tissue

Located between the ___________________________tissue cells and the lower epidermis

Loosely packed irregularly shaped cells

Increased space allows for gas exchange by ________________________throughout the leaf

Move oxygen towards the stomata or expulsion from the plant and will move carbon

dioxide towards the ___________________________cells

Vascular Tissue

Provides the leaf with the water needed for ___________________________and

photosynthesis and removes the sugars formed

The “ribs” running through the leaf, called veins, contain the vascular tissue of the

leaf.

The xylem and phloem tissues are bunched together like a handful of straws in a

vascular bundle

Xylem transports water necessary for ___________________________and dissolved salts

from the roots to the leaf

Phloem transports the sugar manufactured in ___________________________to the rest of

the plant

The vascular bundles are direct extensions of the vascular bundles of the stem

They branch into finer veins within the spongy ___________________________

Gas Exchange in Plants

All gas exchange occurs by diffusion

Diffusion occurs through air spaces and then across cell membranes

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Homework: 3.3 Check and Reflect p. 314 # 1 – 6


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3.4 Transport in Plants and 3.5 Control Systems

Cohesion and Adhesion

The attraction of one water molecule to another is ___________________________

Cohesion is due to the ___________________________nature of the water molecule

Adhesion is the ability of water molecules to ___________________________other molecules

Adhesion is also due the polarity of water molecules

Tension or Transpiration Pull

The ___________________________of water through the stomata during the process of

transpiration creased a tension or transpiration pull

As each molecule ______________________, it creates a pull on the adjacent water molecules

Combine this with the forces of adhesion and cohesion it draws water up the xylem to

the leaves

The Effect of Tonicity of Plant Cells

___________________________is the concentration of solute particles in a solution

In a ___________________________environment, the plant appears wilted

In a ___________________________environment, water enters by osmosis and the cells

become turgid

Phototropism

“photo” means ___________________________, and “tropism” means ___________________________

Stems exhibit ___________________________phototropism, they grow towards the light

Roots exhibit negative phototropism, they grow ___________________________from the light

Gravitropism

Stems grow against the gravitational force and so show ______________________gravitropism

while roots grow towards the gravitational force and so show _______________gravitropism

Homework

Tropism Concept Map

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3.4 Check and Reflect p. 322 #1-5 and 3.5 Check and Reflect p. 328 # 1-3

Discovering Tropisms: Concept Map

What to DoComplete the concept map below, using the following words and phrases.

gravitropism touch turgor pressure at base of leavesday night stemsroots elongate day and nightphototropism do not elongate


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