16

Ting Vit thi LM de Rhodes - vi suy ngh v Php Ging Tm Ngy (phn 9)

Nguyn Cung Thng

Phn ny bn v cun "Php Ging Tm Ngy - Php ging tm ngy cho k mun chu php ra ti, m vo o thnh c Cha tri". Cc tng quan ghi nhn trong bi cho thy LM Alexandre de Rhodes s dng nhiu ti liu dng Tn hon thnh cun sch gio l ny. Ngoi ra, Php Ging Tm Ngy cn phn nh khuynh hng truyn o ca cc gio s dng Tn m LM de Rhodes c hun luyn rt k cng trc khi sang ng thi hnh nhim v ca hi thnh. Khuynh hng truyn gio dng Tn c khc vi cc ch o kh khan v hu nh mt chiu t To Thnh La-M nh "Dottrina Cristiana Breve" ca LM Roberto Bellarmino vo cng giai on. Cc ch vit tt trong phn ny l PGTN (cun Php Ging Tm Ngy), CG (Cng Gio), PG (Pht Gio), NCT (Nguyn Cung Thng), CT (c Cha Tri), CGS (c Cha Gi-Su), LM (Linh Mc), HV (Hn Vit), TVGT (Thuyt Vn Gii T/khong 100 SCN), NT (Ngc Thin/543), V (ng Vn/751), NKVT (Ng Kinh Vn T/776), LKTG (Long Kham Th Gim/997), QV (Qung Vn/1008), TV (Tp Vn/1037/1067), TNAV (Trung Nguyn m Vn/1234), CV (Chnh Vn/1375), TVi (T V/1615), VB (Vn B/1100/1154), VH (Vn Hi/1297), LT (Loi Thin/1039/1066), CTT (Chnh T Thng/1670), TViB (T V B/1666), TTTH (T Thanh Thin Hi), NQATV (i Nam Quc m T V), Bn Bo Co vn tt v ting An Nam hay ng Kinh (vit tt l BBC) v t in Annam-Lusitan-Latinh (thng gi l Vit-B-La, vit tt l VBL) c th tra t in ny trn mng, nh trang ny chng hn http://books.google.fr/books?id=uGhkAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. Trang/ct/t ca VBL c trch li t bn La Tinh bn c tin tra cu thm.Hi vng bn c thy thch th v tm hiu su xa hn v nhng vn ghi li trong bi vit nh ny. Trc khi i vo u phn ny, chng ta hy nghe chnh tc gi/LM de Rhodes trnh by vi suy ngh v sch gio l ca ng:"Cc ch tng rt hi lng v thy ti lm cho h nhn bit s ho hp gia Tn gio v L tr v nht l h khen ngi Thp iu ca Cha ... Phng php ti em trnh by vi h l: trc ht ti bn v linh hn bt t v s sng i sau, ri t ti lm chng c c Thng , s quan phng ca ngi, v dn dn ti a h ti nhng mu nhim kh hn ... Kinh nghim cho hay rng li trnh by gio l cho ngi ngoi Kit gio nh vy rt b ch. Phng php , ti gii thch trong sch Gio l (Php ging tm ngy) m ti lm tm ngy, trong ti c gng cp n ht cc chn l cn bn phi dy cho ngi ngoi Kit gio" - trch t trang XXIV-XXV "Php ging tm ngy" T sch i Kt (sd, 1993).

1. Ti sao li l Php Ging Tm Ngy?

Nn nhc li l LM de Rhodes c nh l sang Nht Bn truyn gio (1619), nhng Nht Bn li cm o nghim ngt vo thi k ny nn ng phi lu li Goa cho n nm 1622. n cui thng 12 nm 1624 LM de Rhodes mi cp bn Nng bt u hc ting Vit. Mt cch gii thch ngun gc ca PGTN l LM de Rhodes da vo cc ti liu dng Tn trc son ra PGTN, nh cun Catechismus Japonensis (Php Ging cho Nht Bn, vit tt l PGNB - khong nm 1586) ca LM Alessandro Valignano v nht l cun Thin Cha Tht Ngha (vit tt l TCTN - khong nm 1603) ca LM Matteo Ricci. Trong qu trnh hun luyn th phong LM dng Tn, c bit l c gi sang Nht Bn truyn gio, LM de Rhodes c th phi tham kho v hc hi t cc ti liu nh PGNB v TCTN. Cun TCTN rt ph thng v c nhiu bn lu hnh TH, VN, Nht v Hn quc. Ngoi ra, trong cc hot ng truyn o sau ny An Nam th LM de Rhodes thng em theo cun TCTN ca LM Matteo Ricci trao cho cc ngi bit ch Nho c thm khi c dp. Da vo phng php l lun t nhin ("phi l") ca LM Matteo Ricci, m LM de Rhodes nhc li nhiu ln:"Tri (bli) l nh chng bit g, th th chng phi l (ml) u ... C phi l th phi lm, chng phi th ch" PGTN trang 14, 17 ...v.v... C hai ti liu trn (PGNB v TCTN) u c cu trc 8 chng (PGNB gi l conference) vi phng php lun v cch trnh by kh ging nhau: t ngha ca cuc sng v ng To Ho, linh hn bt dit so vi th xc, tam gio v cc s v l, cuc i CGS v mi iu rn. C hai ti liu u ph nhn thuyt lun hi ca PG, khi nim V ca o Lo v KHNG ca PG v THI CC ca trng phi Tn Nho Gia (Neo-Confucianism). PGTN cng c 8 chng (LM de Rhodes ghi l 8 ngy) cng c mt b cc 8 phn (8 ngy) vi ni dung tng t tuy th t c hi khc, ng nhin l c mt s chi tit trch t Kinh Thnh - cc vn c bn n trong PGNB v TCTN s ghi trong ngoc (V) hay (R) hay vit tt ca cc tn tc gi Valignano v Ricci:

Ngy th nht bn v s mong c c sng lu ("hng sng") linh hn th bt dit so vi th xc (V) (R), ngun gc tri t v con ngi, dn n mt ng To Ho hay CT trn thin ng so vi a ngc ("m ph") (R).

Ngy th hai bn v Tam Gio, ph nhn cc o th Bt (ngu tng, k c c Pht Thch Ca) v khi nim m dng/thi cc so vi mt CT l "ci r u mi s" (PGTN trang 43) (V) (R), hay "Thin a vn hu chi chn cha" PGTN trang 29.

Ngy th ba bn v c Th C (CT) (V) (R) lm nn mi loi (PGTN trang 72) v cu chuyn ng Adam v b Eva (t tin loi ngi) trong "vn vui v".

Ngy th bn bn v ti t tng (t thi Adam v Eva n tri cm hay "tri cht" PGTN trang 91) (V), chuyn ng Noe ng tu v cc i con chu v sau v ngn ng loi ngi. i su hn vo chi tit ca Tam Gio v ph nhn cc "o vy" ny. Chi tit v ngun gc PG TH - xem thm mc 2 bn di.

Ngy th nm bn v khi nim Ba Ngi ng nht th v cu chuyn v ng thnh Augustinus cho thy khi nim ny rt thm su ("ta suy chng n" PGTN trang 142). Sau ghi li cu chuyn c M "ng thn" v khi CGS ra i cu th.

Ngy th su bn v cuc i CGS, con CT, lm cc php mu nhim cu gip thin h.

Ngy th by bn v chuyn Juda phn cha, CGS b ng anh trn cy thp t cng vi hai tn trm. Sau khi cht, xung "limbo" (Lm-B HV) v CGS sng li (V) (R), CGS sau ln tri v cc Thnh Thin Thn hin xung.

Ngy th tm bn v ngy tn th v s phn xt chung (R) cho thng hay pht con ngi i i. Phi tin vo Gio Hi CG vi c gio hong ("ng thnh Papa" PGTN trang 312) coi sc t Roma. Ngi CG phi lun tun theo mi iu rn cng php Ra Ti (V). Phn cui bn v cc im chnh trong Kinh Tin Knh, da nhiu vo sch gio l Roma ca cng ng Trent (The Catechism of The Council of Trent, 1566).

Li c mt cch gii thch khc v ta PGTN theo cc tc gi Trn Duy Nhin v Roland Jacques: " trong Cu c, mt ngi mun xc nh mnh theo Thin Cha th phi chu ct b (ct da qui u) vo ngy th tm. Sau ny, khi mt ngi mun gia nhp Cng Gio th phi chu b tch Thanh Ty (cng cn gi l php Ra Ti). V th m Alexandre xp nhng bi ging trong vng 8 ngy cho mt d tng nhn php Ra Ti. iu ny c ng cho thy r ngay ta cun sch mnh: Php ging tm ngy. Cho k mun chu php ra ti, m vo o thnh c Cha tri.

2. Cu chuyn v o Pht truyn sang ng

Mt cu chuyn rt ng ch , v giai on PG u tin nhp vo Trung Hoa, c ghi trong PGTN trang 109-110:"li c vua i minh i xa, tn l Hn minh , coi thy iu y trong sch ng khng ... chc y vua Hn minh th chn trong i thn mt ngi nht, i s bn nc y ... cho n bn i ty dng, cha c na phn ng: song le v chu nhiu khn kh dc ng y, m nhc, th toan chng i xa na, li tm nc thin trc y, c o no chng, m am v cho vua i minh, khi y bn thin trc cuc (quc) c cho n o Thc (Thch, o Pht - NCT), nhng di bl (tr) vy, n th mng (mng), m ly (ly) o y (y) am v cho vua n; cng ni di vua rng 'bi i ty dng ly o y m v'. Vua th tin mli (li) s, m chng c xt g, nhng chu ly o y, m tc th c o bt, v lm cha trin th vy: chc y dn (dn) di dt th theo vua, m chu ly o gian, th bt cng vua". Hai thp nin sau, Samuel Baron cng ghi li cu chuyn s thn nh ng Hn thay v sang i Ty Dng ( thnh kinh CG v) li lc qua Thin Trc (n - cng v mt nhc v khng mun i xa na NCT) v thnh cc b kinh PG v TH - xem hnh chp trang 706 bn di t bi vit "A Description of the kingdom of Tonqueen" ng li bi John Walhoe, London (1732). Tc gi Baron cn nhn xt thm l nu em kinh CG v th cc nc Chu by gi khng n ni v thn v m tn d oan nh th ( nm ra i ca vit bi ny l 1683 ghi trong trang 681). Hnh th nh bn di chp li trang 76 t "Sch S Sang chp cc vic" ca LM Philiph Bnh (1822), tc gi cng ghi li cu chuyn s thn vua Hn Minh thay v qua Ty phng thnh kinh CT (kinh CG) th li ngng gia ng. y l nc Thin Trc (n ) v li ly kinh PG em v cho vua, vua c tin v t o Pht (o Thch Ca) bt u pht trin TH v Nht Bn ...v.v.... C th tng hin din mt ti liu no m LM de Rhodes, Samuel Baron v LM Philliph Bnh bit qua, cng nn nhc l trang u bi vit (trang 656), Baron c nhc n cc LM dng Tn Martin (Martini, ting ) v Alexandre de Rhodes: ng cng cho l cc ti liu t cc v ny th ng tin hn l bi vit ca Jean Baptiste Taverniere (1680). Cc tc gi ny u tng l LM dng Tn hay dng rt nhiu ti liu li t dng Tn: nh LM Philiph Bnh, trong "Sch s sang ghi chp cc vic" ng ghi r ngy cht ca LM Alexandre de Rhodes v LM Maiorica, s sch Nm ca LM Maiorica son, 42 quyn kinh PG em v TH vo thi Hn Minh , th vin ca dng Tn vi th mc theo tn tc gi ...v.v

Trang 706 cun "A Description of the kingdom of Tonqueen" ca Samuel Baron (in li nm 1732)

Theo cc ti liu Hn v PG, nh "Hu Hn th Quyn bt thp bt Lit truyn Ty Vc truyn tht thp bt" th Hn Minh (nm 68 SCN) nm mng thy ngi bng vng chi sng, gi l Pht (*bt), nn sai s sang Thin Trc thnh kinh PG v Lc Dng, sau dng cha Bch M v thnh cc cao tng sang TH hnh l. a s cc ti liu v s gia thng trch cu chuyn trn khi vit ngun gc PG TH. Vn cc gio s Dng Tn t ra v ngun gc PG TH cho thy mt cch nhn v din gii khc hn so vi cch hiu truyn thng, cng nh so vi kh nng PG n TH qua ng Giao Ch (Luy Lu) - m rt t ngi TH chp nhn!

Sch S Sang chp cc vic/trang 76

Sch S Sang chp cc vic/trang 473

3. S dng vn ho v ngn ng bn a trong qu trnh truyn o

Kin thng kh k ngu gic l ng nng phc nhn tm l "dy bn kh buc c sng tru, l tht kh phc c lng ngi ta" PGTN trang 11. Trong PGTN, ct ting Vit li c thm phn ch bng HV trong ngoc nh cu ny! VBL ch ghi nhn hai ch HV l (ml) v nhn (nhin) m thi. Theo PGTN th cu trn ly t sch An Nam ra, hm phi hc ch Nho hay Nm mi bit c! Mt nhn xt thm y l cch dng HV nh th cho thy LM de Rhodes nh mt cng s vin no - ngi ny phi rt rnh ch Nho/HV - vit thm vo cu trn, tng thm mc ng tin ca li ging v r hn, hay phc v cho mt thiu s ngi An Nam c hc ("hay ch"/VBL - c hc ch Hn/Nm) vo thi ny. Ngi vit (NCT) rt ngc nhin khi LM de Rhodes li ni cu trn l "C ch trong sch An Nam rng: kin thng kh k ngu gic l ng nng phc nhn tm". Tra cu thm ngun gc cu trn t cc ti liu Hn vn th thy trong tc phm Thin Cha Tht Ngha ca LM Matteo Ricci (Li M u ) c ghi cu ni ny trong cc i thoi (dialogue) gia mt nh nho v mt tn CG. Theo tc phm trch th cu ny l mt ngn ng Ty phng (Ty ngn hu vn: kin thng kh k ngu gic, l ng nng phc nhn tm ""). Nh vy th c th LM de Rhodes nhm chng? Hay sch An Nam m PGTN ghi nhn c th l sch bn TQ em qua tham kho? Ri rc trong PGTN v VBL, ta cng c th nhn ra nh hng cc ti liu Hn vn ca LM Matteo Ricci thi u th k XVII nh c ghi nhn trong bi vit ny. Cu trn cng phn nh phng php dng l l t nhin trong qu trnh ging o ca cc gio s dng Tn: t thi LM b trn Alessandro Valignano cho n LM Matteo Ricci. c bit l dng ngn ng bn a ho nhp vo t tng CG. D nhin l LM de Rhodes tha hng nhiu l lun trong cc ti liu Dng Tn li v t cc LM tin phong n anh. Th d nh trang 49 trong PGTN, LM de Rhodes ghi nhn mt cu ni t i xa An Nam "(sinh k d, t qui d) sng l gi, cht l v" v ch ra s khc bit gia sng lnh v sng d v sau s b phn xt cng bng, hm l nn lu tm n cuc sng hin ti khi cht khng b x pht khn kh (~b xung a ngc hay v qu d).

"Thin ph a ti, Tri (bli) che t ch" l thnh ng HV , lp lai hai ln trong VBL (mc ph v ti) v PGTN. Thnh ng bn ch ny tng hin din t thi L K - Trung Dung : Thin chi s ph, a chi s ti - hm tri t bao la hay n hu cho con ngi (n vua ban chng hn - NCT) th thm hu v cng, hay ch s vic g rt to tt c nh hng ln rng : "Trong (tla) i minh (VBL khng vit hoa - NCT) c li rng (thin ph a ti) tri (bli) che t ch. Vy th tri l nh, t l nn Cng c k ni rng (thin ph a ti) tri che ta, t ch ta: m sao ta chng ly" PGTN trang 11-12, 14 ; "cng cho nhng n trng, dy tri che t ch, mt tri soi cng mun vt nui nng nh con tht" TCTGHTK trang 15a. LM de Rhodes da vo thnh ng ph thng vo thi ny l lun tip theo l ta phi th phng gc r hay ngi to ra ci nh to ln cho ta , tc l CT, ch khng nn th tri hay t v chng ch l vt cht m khng c l tr (VBL trang 714, PGTN trang 12-15).

4. Ba ng cha (Tam ph)

Thng ph l ng cha trn ht tt c hay Thng (PGTN trang 22). VBL khng ghi cch dng ny, PGTN trang 22 ghi "Th nht l thng ph, tht l thng , m vua Cha An nam t thng trc mt thin h cng i thn". Trung ph l vua cha trong mt nc (PGTN trang 22/23). VBL khng ghi cc cch dng ny, Trung ph ch ng cha di Thng ph nhng trn H ph (Tam ph). Bhaine/Taberd (1772/1773-1838) ghi r cc ngha ca thng phu, trung ph v h ph. LM Matteo Ricci tng bn v Tam Ph thuyt , PGTN ghi l ba ng cha, a ra cc tng ng gia lin h qun-s-ph v thng -vua/cha-cha m/ng b ng vi. PGTN (trang 17) ghi nhn "By gi ta phi hay c ba ng b trn, gi l ba cha, ta phi th ng no, cho nn ng y". PGTN (trang 23-25) gii thch thm chi tit cc lin h trn qua cc tc cng l vo u nm An Nam, c bit nhn t lng knh hai o trung v hiu. Cch dng trn cho thy phn no khuynh hng hi nhp t tng ng trong qu trnh truyn o mt cch hu hiu hn ca cc gio s dng Tn. Mt mc ch na l dn n kh nng hin din ca mt ng cha ton nng v l ci r ca con ngi (thuyt Sng To/Creation Theory). Cu trc ba phn (Trinity, ngha m rng) thng gp trong vn ha truyn thng ng v PG nh tam ti (tri, t v ngi), tam tai, tam cng (vua ti, cha con, v chng), tam tng, tam sinh, tam gii, tam nguyn (tri, t v nc).

5. Tri v Thin Cha (ch ca tri)

LM Matteo Ricci gii thch thin HV l bu tri hay khng gian c th, chng lin h g n nt ngha tru tng ca thn hc hay Thng . LM de Rhodes cng a ra nhn xt tng t: "tri l nh khng chng bit g, chng kh ly t, v t l nn, chng c hn no" PGTN trang 27. D nhin l cc v gio s tin phong ny rt quan tm v s hiu v tri t v thn thnh ca cc nn vn ho bn a c t lu i, ng thi c gng ho nhp lung t tng ny vi gio l CG: "ch ng c ch thin l tri, gii th c hai ch, mt l ch nht, hai l ch i ngha l mt c. Song le ai l mt c, t l c Cha Tri sinh ra tri t mun vt, tht l mt c" PGTN trang 14. Nhn xt ny kh ph hp vi qu trnh hnh thnh ch thin t thi gip ct vn (tng hnh mt ngi ang ng vi ci u to hay mt vng khng gian ln pha trn, thi VBL th gip ct vn cha c khm ph) - trch t trang http://www.zdic.net/z/17/zy/5929.htm

Gip ct vn Kim vn Tiu trin Khi th

LM de Rhodes tha hng nhiu cng trnh dch thut trc , nh cch dng Thin Cha t thi LM dng Tn Michele Ruggieri (1543-1607). VBL trang 762 ghi "thin ch, Cha tri (bli) - cha ca tri, tt hn nn dng thin cha". Ch m cha lm r ngha ca thin hn, cng nh cch dng thin ng m LM de Rhodes ngh rng tt hn l nn dng "thin Cha ng, nh Cha tri" trong VBL trang 763. Cch dng "thin cha ng" tht ra hin din trong Thin Cha Thc Lc/TCTL (1584). PGTN trang 16 gii thch thm:"khi th gian ni rng 'ly tri' th thiu mt ch Cha, v vy th phi thm m ch y, m t ny v sau ni lm vy, ti ly c Cha tri, l Cha c trn ht mi s". Cng nh thng ph, cch dng thng cng bt u ng ngha vi thin cha theo nhn nh ca LM Matteo Ricci:"cc bn c th thy ngay rng, sau khi phn tch cc c th TH, thng v thin cha ch khc nhau v cch gi m thi". y l nhng vn ct li m LM de Rhodes c gng gii thch trong "Ngy th nht".

6. Lm-B

Lm-B l phin m HV t ting B-o-Nha/ limbo, gc l ting La Tinh limbus ngha l cnh/bn, hm vng bin gii ca a ngc. Lm-B l mt khi nim thn hc quan trng trong CG vo thi trung c: c bit l ni cha linh hn cc hi nhi (limbus infantum) cha c ra ti m qua i v t tin con ngi trc khi CGS xung di (limbus patrum), sau khi trt linh hn trn cy thnh gi . Khi nim ny b o thi t nm 1992 qua cc vn kin chnh thc t Ta thnh La M. VBL khng ghi Lm-B nhng cm t ny li xut hin nhiu ln trong PGTN v cc bn Nm ca LM Maiorica, ch Nm Lm-B vit qua dng lm b HV hay lm ph HV : "gi l limbo, y cng l t rc CT khi vo ni limbo chng l l lm cho sng nh trn tri khi t limbo cc linh hn ngi thnh ra khi lymbo" PGTN trang 240, 243, 249" cho nhiu linh hn k Lm-B xa vo xc c m sng li na Cc Thnh bi Lm-B m ln" CGS quyn chi cu/chi thp trang 21-22, 26 - cch dng lp li t ~ limbo. Ting Anh vn dng thnh ng in limbo ch trng thi khng nht nh, kiu ni n d v limbo tng l vng bin gii khng r rng gia a ngc v thin ng: I've made no firm decisions yet, I'm in limbo (ti vn cha quyt nh hn, ti vn cn chn ch - NCT).

7. Cch dng c Th c

c th c, c lc LM de Rhodes vit hoa Th, dng 5 ln trong PGTN v Th c dng 1 ln:" lm ra lu i ln Song le CT l c th c lm nn th gii ny ta xem ... Song le CT l c th c lm nn mi s ... CT l c Th c lm nn mi loi" PGTN trang 39, 40, 78. c Th c l dch t ting La Tinh architectus hay artifex ch ngi to ra (tc gi), c tay ngh (th cng) ... Khi nim th c l mt n d dnh ring v lm cho CGS gn gi vi lng dn hn, cng nh cha ca CGS l th mc v dy cho cc con ngh nui thn ny. Cch dng c th c rt l trong ting Vit vo thi VBL (v ngay c n by gi): khng c ai gi ng th l c, tuy nhin c l danh t ng trc tn gi cc bc ti cao hay vua cha (theo VBL trang 240) nh c vua, c Cha tri ... Mt iu cn nhc y l cu chuyn xy dng lu i trong PGTN ging vi cu chuyn dng cung tht/lu i trong TCTN ca LM Matteo Ricci (1603), dn n kt qu l cn mt th c t chc kho lo mi to ra nh ca lu i cho ta : " n i ca nh t c th kho lm cho nn ... Cng bng ai by t c lu i no kho, m c phng c no mi ni ... Nh th th no kho lo toan lm ra lu i ln, d m c hnh tng kho lu i y trong lng mt mnh, song le nu chng c ai gip vic y, m lm ra b ngoi, th lm chng c lu i y u" PGTN trang 12, 32, 38-39. kin xy dng cung tht/nh ca cn n mt ngi thit k/th c kho lo u tin (ngi bit xp t mt cch h thng/kin trc s) c LM b trn Alessandro Valignano bn n trong cun PGNB (vit Nht Bn t nm 1579 to 1582). LM Matteo Ricci dng cm t cung tht , LM de Rhodes dng lu i iu ny cho thy LM de Rhodes chu nh hng ca cc LM dng Tn n anh trong khi son PGTN, khng nhng t nhng l lun tng qut hn, nhng cng c lc dng ch quc ng mt cch chn lc trong qu trnh phin dch (VBL: thin ng th nn gi l thin Cha ng ...).

8. Nht/nht phu nht/nht ph: ghi trong mc ph/VBL - hay mt chng mt v:"khi chng phi vic ngay trong mt v mt chng ... M s giao cm cho ngay, th phi c mt v mt chng" PGTN trang 299. Mt trong nhng iu rn (iu th su v th chn) gy khng t phn ng 'tiu cc' An Nam (v TH) vo thi ny v hon ton ph nhn ch th thip ca truyn thng lu i ...v.v Thin Cha Tht Lc v Thin Cha Tht Ngha (Matteo Ricci) cng kch mnh m truyn thng ny (a th, cng nh cc m tn d oan x hi lin h), ly lan qua cc tc phm ca de Rhodes (VBL, PGTN). y l mt trong nhiu vt tch cho thy nh hng khng nh t cc LM dng Tn n anh khi LM de Rhodes son VBL v PGTN.

9. Gic hn v sinh hn

Trong TCTN, LM Matteo Ricci cp n linh hn ca th vt v cy c, da vo TCTL ca LM Ruggieri trc - theo LM Ruggieri th "hn con ngi khng mt i v rt khc bit so vi hn ca chim chc hay th vt" theo GS Thierry Meynard vit trong "The Overlooked Connection between Ricci's Tainzhu shiyi and Valignano's Catechismus Japonensis". LM de Rhodes cng ghi nhn:"sch Thc ca ni t tng rng hn cy ci cng hn mung chim cho n hn ngi ta, th chng c khc; vy th n lm linh hn ngi ta hay cht, cng bng gic hn hay sinh hn" PGTN 116-117. VBL ghi r l sinh hn ch hn ca cy ci (anima vegetatiua/L), gic hn ch hn ca sc vt (alma dos animais/B-o-Nha, anima sensitiva/L). Hc gi Hunh Tnh Ca (NQATV) li gii thch sinh hn l hn ca ngi sng, ph hp vi ngha HV nh trong Thi Bnh Qung K (u thi Tng, 978), hay trong cc tc phm ca nh vit kch Chu Khi thi Nguyn. Truyn thng ngi Vit thng tin vo linh hn ca cy ci nh qua ca dao "Cy go c ma, cy a c hn cho phi phi phn phn. Cy a cy thn, thn cy cy a", cng nh mt s tn gio trn th gii (nh o Jain n ). y l mt iu m cc gio s Ty phng hon ton ph nhn v khng ph hp vi gio l CG.

10. Cch dng vn, vn v mun

10.1 Vn l mt trm ngn (centum millia/L), "thin vn thin vn" (VBL ghi thien un ~ thin vn) l c g anh sng triu nm:"c phi chm hay l cht chng khc, n mi mt vn ngi ta, m k bt i lm ti, khi gic c thnh Ierusalem, th k chn mun by nghn a" PGTN trang 259-260, "k quan Ti-T bt c chn mun by nghn, k nhng k cht chm cng k cht i th c mi mt mun" CGS quyn chi thp trang 134. Vn l mt trm ngn, do mi mt vn l mt triu mt trm ngn, ng vi s lng m ti liu lch s tng ghi li. Ngoi ra, vn cn dng trong PGTN trang 62 "khin mt mnh nh ph ht c v gic thng Assirio : m mt m th nh cht mt vn tm mun nm nghn qun gic y". y l on trch t Kinh Thnh (Cc Vua) 2 Kings 19:35 "Chnh m y, thin s ca C CHA ra nh cht mt trm tm mi lm ngn ngi trong tri qun t-Sua. Ban sng, khi ngi ta thc dy, th ka, ton l thy ma xc cht". LM Maiorica/cng s vin nh ng mun (mi ngn hay vn) v vn (mt trm ngn) trong bn Nm CGS quyn 9/10. Hin tng thay i thanh iu vi nt ngha m rng vo thi VBL cn thy trong cc cch dng y ( y) so vi y ( y), kia (hm kia - qua ba ngy) so vi ka (hm ka - qua bn ngy) v ka (ka - qua nm ngy thi NQATV). VBL cng ghi cch dng man vn hay mun mun vn vn (t ly) l hng ngn triu, mun tui l chc sng lu. Ch Nm vn v vn u l vn HV , y l mt khuyt im ca ch Nm so vi ch quc ng, nht l t lng knh o lng chnh xc (nh lng).

10.2 Vn, mun l mi ngn (decem millia/L), tng ng vi vn HV . n thi Bhaine (1772/1773) v Taberd (1838) th vn v vn cng mt ngha l mi ngn. Cc dng vn, vn, mun, man cho thy kh nng vn HV c gc phng Nam.

Tm li, LM de Rhodes d nhin dng nhiu chi tit t Kinh Thnh (Tn c v Cu c) son ra PGTN, nhng khi xem k vn bn th ta c th tm thy cc nh hng kh r nt t cc ti liu dng Tn v to thnh La-M thi trc VBL hay cch y trn bn th k. T PGNB ca LM Alessandro Valignano cho n TCTN ca LM Matteo Ricci v PGTN: bi vit (phn 9) ny ch ghi li vi d kin tiu biu minh chng mi dy lin h th v gia cc ti liu trn. y cn l mt kt qu trc tip t qu trnh hun luyn v chun b cc gio s dng Tn khi chnh thc c gi i truyn o, lun khuyn khch s hc hi v ghi chp v ngn ng v vn ho nhng ni n truyn o. Kh nng s dng thnh tho ngn ng bn a v ho nhp/thch nghi vn ho (culture accommodation) tng c LM b trn Alessandro Valignano nhc nh, v chnh sch mi m ny hu nh c duy tr cho sut th k XVII. y cng l l do khin LM dng Tn Maiorica vit r l "Sch c mt hai khi bt hay l thm mc, c khi phi chu theo [] thi An-Nam" TCTGKM trang 14. Truyn thng ny cn th hin qua cc tc phm ca LM Philiph Bnh cch y khong hai th k. PGTN cho ta c hi so snh s thay i v trng tm ca gio l CG so vi thi nay nh khi nim v a ngc Lm-B, cng nh mt s php l c bit vo thi nh tc th cng t tin, ma chay ... Nh vo cc ti liu ny - phn no mang sc thi ca cng trnh tp th (so vi VBL chng hn) - m ta c th tm thy nhiu d kin chnh xc hn v ting Vit v vn ho ca tin nhn cch y bn th k. Cc ti liu nh PGTN/VBL l ngun b tc quan trng cho cc tc phm ch Nm vo cng thi i.

11. Ti liu tham kho chnh

1) Samuel Baron (1685) "A Description of the kingdom of Tonqueen" ng li bi John Walhoe, London (1732) - trang 656 n trang 707 trong tuyn tp ny) - c th c ton bi trn trang ny chng hn http://www.lexilogos.com/vietnam_carte.htm

2) Pigneau de Bhaine (1772/1773) - B a Lc B Nhu "Dictionarium Annamitico-Latinum" Dch v gii thiu bi Nguyn Khc Xuyn, NXB Tr (Thnh Ph HCM - 1999).

(1774/Qung ng - a phn ng Trong ti bn nm 1837) "Thnh Gio Yu L Quc Ng" vit bng ch Nm theo dng Hi-Tha. Y Don Ninh/L Bo Tnh phin m v ch gii, La Vang Tng Th xut bn (M).

3) Phillipe Bnh (1822) "Sch S Sang Chp Cc Vic" NXB Vin i Hc Lt, 1968.

4) Paula Esguerra (2015) Pragmatic Cultural Accommodation: A Study of Matteo Riccis Chinese Works ng trong ICU Comparative Culture 47 (2015): 29-61.

5) Nguyn Hng (1959) "Lch s truyn gio Vit Nam - Quyn 1 - Cc Tha Sai dng Tn 1615 - 1665" NXB Hin Ti (Si Gn).

6) Joseph Trng K (2000) "Thin Cha Gio v Tam Gio" T Sch m o Tn Gio - c th c trn mng nh https://xuanbichvietnam.wordpress.com/2010/01/06/thien-chua-giao-va-tam-giao/ hay http://daichungvienvinhthanh.com/thien-chua-giao-va-tam-giao/

7) Hui Li (2012) "Jesuit missionaries and the transmission of Christianity and European knowledge in China" ng trong Transnational Encounters in Asia, Volume 4 (2012) - Emory University, Atlanta (USA).

8) Girnim Maiorica (th k XVII) "Ma n Chay C", "Thin Cha Thnh Mu - Quyn thng", "Thin Cha Thnh Mu - Quyn trung", "c Cha Gi-Su - Quyn chi cu & Quyn chi thp", "Thin Cha Thnh Gio Hi Ti Kinh" (TCTGHTK), Thin Cha Thnh Gio Khi Mng (TCTGKM), "Kinh Nhng Ngy L Phc Sinh - Quyn th ba", Cc Thnh Truyn. Sch lu hnh ni b (nm xut bn 2002/2003 - LM Nguyn Hng).

9) Thierry Meynard S.J. (2013) "The Overlooked Connection between Ricci's Tianzhu shiyi and Valignano's Catechismus Japonensis" Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 40 No. 2 (2013): 303-322.

10) Peter C. Phan (2015) "Mission and Catechesis: Alexandre de Rhodes & Inculturation in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam" NXB Orbis Books (New York, M).

11) Alexandre de Rhodes (1651) "Php Ging Tm Ngy" - T Sch i Kt in li t Tinh Vit Vn on (1961 - Si Gn) vi phn gii thiu ca tc gi Nguyn Khc Xuyn.

(1651) Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum thng gi l t in Vit-B-La; bn dch ca Thanh Lng, Hong Xun Vit, Quang Chnh - NXB Khoa Hc X Hi, Thnh Ph HCM (1991).

Tng Trnh v ng Trong 1645 bn dch ca Hng Nhu, NXB nh Sng Publishing, Escondido (California/M, 1994?).

"Lch s Vng Quc ng Ngoi t 1627 ti nm 1646" dch gi Nguyn Khc Xuyn - T sch i Kt, Thnh ph HCM (1994).

12) Paul A. Rule (2010) "What were 'The directives of Matteo Ricci' regarding the Chinese Rites?" PacificRim Report, No. 54 (5/2010) - University of San Francisco.

13) Nicolas Standaert (2010) "Matteo Ricci: Shaped by the Chinese" The Online Journal of the British Jesuits - c th c ton bi trn trang ny chng hn https://www.thinkingfaith.org/articles/20100521_1.htm

14) Jean Louis Taberd (1838) - tn Vit l c T - "Dictionarium Annamitico-Latinum" Serampore (Bengale).

15) Nguyn Cung Thng (2016) "Cch ni xung thuyn, trn tri, ra i, ng Trong/Ngoi ... thi LM Alexandre de Rhodes (phn 1)" c th xem ton bi trang ny http://chimvie3.free.fr/baivo/nguyencungthong/ncthong_CachDungXuongThuyenTrenTroiVaRaDoiP1.pdf

(2016) "Cch ni ti, ta, tao, t, qua, min ... Ting Vit thi LM de Rhodes" - c th xem ton bi trang ny http://chimvie3.free.fr/baivo/nguyencungthong/ncthong_CachNoiToiTaTaoToP2.pdf

(2018) "Ting Vit t thi LM de Rhodes - Kinh Ly Cha (phn 5A)" c th xem ton bi trn trang https://nghiencuulichsu.com/2018/02/06/tieng-viet-tu-thoi-lm-de-rhodes-kinh-lay-cha/ hay https://www.facebook.com/conggiao.info/posts/1586641711427101 ...v.v...

(2018) "Ting Vit t thi LM de Rhodes - Kinh Ly Cha (phn 5B)" c th xem ton bi trn https://vandoanviet.blogspot.com/2018/04/tieng-viet-tu-thoi-lm-de-rhodes-kinh_24.html?m=0 v.v

Nghin cu ting Vit c lp Melbourne (Australia). a ch email HYPERLINK "mailto:nguyencungthong@yahoo.com" nguyencungthong@yahoo.com

LM dng Tn/Hng Y Roberto Bellarmino (ting Anh l Robert Bellarmine 1542-1621): gio s Thn hc, c phong thnh nm 1930, tng vit "Php Ging" (Catechism, c hai loi di v ngn/tm tt) c dch ra trn 50 th ting v l sch gio l CG bn chy nht (bestseller) t th k XVII n th k XIX, Cc ti liu ny da vo sch gio l t cng ng Trent. Cun "Dottrina Cristiana Breve" ca LM Roberto Bellarmino cng l ngun ti liu chnh cho bn Nm "Thin Cha Thnh Gio Khi Mng" ca LM Maiorica.

Ngi vit (NCT) t m cc ch trong on ny.

LM dng Tn Alessandro Valignano (1539-1606) ngi , c tn ch Nho l Phm L An v l LM b trn (Visitor) coi sc khu vc Nam v ng t nm 1573. ng c cng ln trong lch s truyn o CG ng , nht l Nht Bn. Di s ch o ca ng, hai LM dng Tn Michele Ruggieri v Matteo Ricci n Ma-Cao truyn gio, c bit l phi hc rnh r ngn ng v vn ho bn a (TH) phc v hot ng truyn o thm hiu qu. ng l ng lc chnh thc y cc gio s dng Tn phi ho nhp v thch nghi vi ngn ng v vn ho bn a, v do LM Matteo Ricci sau ny cho ra nhiu cng trnh vn ho/tn gio (ch Hn) ni bt. LM Valignano vit mt nhn xt ni ting v dn tc Nht cch y hn bn th k:"tri hn cc dn tc khc Chu, m cn hn c dn u chu na" trch t "Historia del Principo y Progresso de la Compania de Jesus en las Indias Orientales (1542-64).

LM dng Tn Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) ngi , l Tng Gim mc CG Trung Quc (1597-1610). ng n Macau vo nm 1582 v c cng ln trong hot ng truyn o CG Trung Hoa, ngoi ra cc cng trnh ca ng cn l mt biu tng tch cc v l tm gng cho s ho nhp ngn ng vn ho bn a trong qu trnh truyn gio. LM Ricci vit nhiu ti liu bng ch Hn nh Thin Ch Thc Lc, Thin Ch Thc/Tht Ngha, Thin Hc Thc Lc, Thin Hc Thc Ngha, K H Nguyn Bn, Khn D Vn Quc Ton (vo nm 1602/Bc Kinh - LM Ricci tng lm cho cc bc danh s TQ ngc nhin v thn phc khi cho thy bn th gii ngi u Chu v - ng v bn th gii u tin bng ting TH khc hn vi bn TQ v - trong cc nc chung quanh TQ nh t v nu hp li th khng bng mt tnh TQ thi by gi), Ty T K Tch, Nh Thp Ng Ngn, Giao Hu Lun, Ty Quc K Php, Bin Hc Di c (xut bn nm 1635, ghi nhn cc trao i gia CG v Tnh Tng), ng Vn Ton Ch, Tht Dng Ton Thut Khi Lun, Trc Lng Php Ngha, Vin Dung Gic Ngha v.v Phng php truyn o v son ti liu ging o ca LM Ricci, c hng dn bi LM b trn Valignano, l (a) hc hi ngn ng v ho nhp cng vn ho bn a (b) truyn ging CG t 'cao xung thp' (from the top down) - phn nh qua s thn thin vi quan li v cc cp lnh o a phng (c) truyn ging gin tip bng k thut v khoa hc Ty phng - td. cch o thi gian (ng h my), lm lch v v bn chnh xc, nguyt v nht thc (d) sn sng ho nhp vi cc gi tr vn ho bn a khi thy thch hp - td. c tnh hiu tho. LM de Rhodes cng da vo cc 'quy trnh' trn trong nhng hot ng truyn o ng Trong/Ngoi.

Th d nh CG c bit n ln u tin Hn quc trong cun bch khoa ton th 'Jibong yuseol' (-1614) ca i hc gi thi Josun l L Ty Quang/Lee Soo Kwang (, 1563~1628). Lee Soo Kwang gp LM Ricci TQ v mang nhiu ti liu v li Triu Tin. Lee Soo Kwang ni n 'i Ty Quc' (, k m Italia - nc ) v ghi li rng LM dng Tn Matteo Ricci (1552 1610, Li M u) n TH v son cun TCTN () v y l vn bn ghi chp u tin lin quan n CG.

Theo li thut li ca LM Lopold Cadire trong "Le titre divin en annamite, Etude de terminologie chretienne" Revue d'Histoire des Missions - tp VIII 1930 (Paris). GS Peter C. Phan cng nhc li iu ny trong cun "Mission and Catechesis: Alexandre de Rhodes & Inculturation in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam" (sd). Cu chuyn sau y cng ng ch , trch t trang 120 "Lch S truyn gio" ca LM Nguyn Hng (sd):"Cha c-L k: Mt bui sng Cha nht, ang khi gio dn hp nhau d l th ng n, em theo mt cun sch ch Hn, trang ba ngoi c hnh tn cc trng Cha Gi-Su. Va nom thy, ti nhn ngay ra l mt tc phm ca cc cha dng chng ti TQ v ti b ng hi sao cun sch li ri vo tay ng ta. ng si k: ng c thn sinh ca ng c vua x ng Kinh ny sai sang cng l vt vn quen dng cho vua Tu BK, khi tr v mang theo cun sch . ng c qu n lm ... ng si gn gi n hn ba mi nm tri nay, trong mt thng my nh. ng c nhiu ln m vn cha hiu ht c li sch".

GS Phm Vn Hng li c cch gii thch khc: "Trong cc nc u chu, Anh, c, - t ca gio hi Vatican, Php - t sinh ca Rhodes, ngy ch nht l ngy cui tun. Ch c Lusitana, tn B o Nha xa, ch nht l ngy l u tun. K tip l ngy l th hai, feria secundo, v.v... Da theo truyn thng B o Nha, h to nn nhng Vit ng: ch nht, th hai, th ba v.v... cho n th by. Th t nhng ngy l trong tun ny khc hn thng l Php, ni chn nhau ct rn ca Alexandro. C l trc s hoang mang, bn tn bn nghi, khng bit l ch nht nm u tun hay cui tun nn Rhodes sinh Php ging tm ngy" trch t bi vit i tm ngun gc ch quc ng ng trn bo Ngi Lao ng 07/01/2007.

Paradisus ting La Tinh gc Hi Lp c (pardeisos) c ngha l vn, vn Eden (ni u tin ca con ngi - Adam/Eva theo Kinh Thnh) v m rng ngha ch thin ng. Paradisus nhp vo ting Php tr thnh parvis, paradis v ting Anh paradise...

VBL phn bit ng thn l cn trinh tit (cha c v chng), gi cn trinh v ng trinh (castus/L) l cn trinh trng, trong sch hay cha phm li g tng ng vi sch s. PGTN hon ton dng ng thn:"M CT, v ng thn, t tn l Maria ... v cng bt chc rt thnh ng thn m toan gi bln (trn) i ng thn M vi tht l ng thn, v chng nh khi cha c Con (PGTN vit hoa), l ng thn, khi ang Con, cng l ng thn, v khi Con on th hy cn ng thn bln (trn) vy" trang 145, 147, 161. Cc tc phm Nm ca LM Maiorica v kinh sch sau ny u dng ng trinh.

Trc th k 20, c gio hong cn c gi l c Gio tng hay i ph Thnh hi tng - cng c khi dng c thnh cha - LM Maiorica ghi l "ng thnh Pha-Pha/Ba-Ba" (ch Nm ) hay Pha-Pha so vi cch ghi "ng thnh Papa" (PGTN trang 312) ca LM de Rhodes. Papa (ting La-Tinh, Pope/A Pape/P) c gc Hi-Lp (pppas) ngha l cha (b), sau ch thy ging (gio s) v t th k th III ch gim mc ca Roma. Ting B-o-Nha v Ty-Ban-Nha l papa, c th nh hng n cch gi c gio hong vo th k XVII ng Trong/Ngoi (ngay c ting Phi-Lut-Tn cng gi l papa).

C th c "The Catechism of The Council of Trent" (ting Anh) trn trang ny chng hn HYPERLINK "http://www.catholicapologetics.info/thechurch/catechism/trentc.htm" http://www.catholicapologetics.info/thechurch/catechism/trentc.htm. Phn gii thch (chng gii thiu u) v ti liu ny, dng cho cc thy ging/LM, c on:"as there is one Lord, one faith, there may also be one standard and prescribed form of propounding the dogmas of faith, and instructing Christians in all the duties of piety" (tm dch/NCT: v c mt CT, mt long tin, cng nn c mt tiu chun v vn bn chun b trc th hin cc gio iu v ging gii gio l cho bn o CG trong tt c cc hot ng phng v). Do , khng lm ta ngc nhin khi cc LM dng Tn da vo cc ti liu (chnh thc) t to thnh La-M son ra PGTN, TCTGKM ...v.v...

Bi vit "PHN HI BI VIT CA GS TS PHM VN HNG: I TM NGUN GC CH QUC NG" (26/2/2007) ca Trn Duy Nhin (SaiGon) v Roland Jacques (Canada) ng trn cc mng nh HYPERLINK "http://www.vietcatholic.net/News/Html/41694.htm" http://www.vietcatholic.net/News/Html/41694.htm ...v.v...

ng l nn thm ch Do-Thi vo y cho r ngha hn "mt ngi Do-Thi mun xc nh mnh theo Thin Cha th phi chu ct b (ct da qui u) vo ngy th tm" - li bn thm ca NCT. iu ny cn phi ghi nhn hiu r hn trong tnh hung PGTN ra i An Nam vo th k XVII.

PGTN khng vit hoa cc tn nh i minh, thin trc, (ch) ng so vi c Cha tri, c Con (ch CGS), thnh Papa, c Th c, c M, Adam, Eva, Maria, Thc(h) ca ...v.v...

Samuel Baron sinh ra ng Ngoi (trang u ghi ng l native/ngi bn x ca ng Kinh), cha ng l thy th ngi H Lan Hendrik Baron ly v ngi ng Ngoi v lm vic cho cng ty ng n H Lan. Sau khi i u Chu v tr v ng Kinh vo nm 1672, Samuel Baron lm vic cho cng ty ng n Anh Quc ti y n 1674. ng vit bi ny mt phn bi bc bi vit v ng Kinh bi nh du lch/thng gia Php Jean Baptiste Taverniere (cha tng n ng Ngoi, ch nghe k v ghi li).

'Ti liu no ' c th l cun "Thin Cha Tht Ngha" ca LM Matteo Ricci (1603) - tm dch mt on lin h (NCT):"Khi CGS ln tri th c bn v thn ghi li cng nghip ca ngi khi cn th gian ny v rao ging khp ni ... C nhiu ngi tin v gi mi li rn t i ny sang i sau. T th nn vn minh ca cc nc Ty phng tin trin vt bc. Khi ta xem li lch s TQ th thy c ghi chuyn hong Minh (Hn Minh - NCT) nghe cc s vic trn v sai s i qua Ty phng thnh kinh. Gia ng, cc s gi tng ti ch l Thin Trc (n - NCT) nn em cc kinh Pht v, sau PG lan truyn khp ni TQ. T n nay, dn chng ca nc rt c qu trng ca cc bn b la di v lm lc. Tht l mt thm kch cho vn ha v hc thut. y c phi l mt tai ha chng? ". Khng bit kin rt th v trn l t LM Matteo Ricci, cng s vin (TH) hay thng tin trc t cc LM n anh nh Francis Xavier (1506-1552) k li? Tuy nhin, da vo vn bn t thi LM Matteo Ricci th rt kh tn.

LM Philiph Bnh nhc li chuyn thnh kinh PG thi Hn Minh hai ln (trang 76 v trang 473), hnh chp t cun "Sch S Sang chp cc vic - Bn Chp Tay 1822" Thanh Lng gii thiu, NXB Lt (1968). C th xem trn mng nh HYPERLINK "https://www.scribd.com/document/187964392/Philip-Phe-Binh-Sach-So-Sang-Cac-Viec" https://www.scribd.com/document/187964392/Philip-Phe-Binh-Sach-So-Sang-Cac-Viec

Th d nh cun . Cao Tng Truyn, Pht trng truyn c cu , , , "vng Hn Minh cm mng, s truyn k o, duy thnh Ty Vc nhn c lp t p d phng k thn, k Hn nhn giai bt c xut gia". Tc gi Cao Tng Truyn l Tu Kiu thi Lng, k li truyn ca 257 danh tng cng 274 nhn vt ni ting t thi Hn Vnh Bnh (5875) n Lng Thin Gim (502-519).

Xem thm lot bi vit "Bt hay Pht?" cng tc gi (NCT) trn cc mng nh HYPERLINK "https://thuvienhoasen.org/a5101/but-hay-phat-phan-1" https://thuvienhoasen.org/a5101/but-hay-phat-phan-1 hay HYPERLINK "https://quangduc.com/a34519/but-hay-phat" https://quangduc.com/a34519/but-hay-phat ...

Ch k (thanh mu kin vn mu t kh thanh, khai khu t ng) c cc cch c theo phin thit

c ngh thit, m k (TVGT, QV, TV, VH, CV, TVi), , ct kh thit, m h (TV), m k (NKVT , LKTG), cng thit (NT, TTTH), ct ngh thit (LTCN )

TNAV ghi vn b t vi (kh thanh)

CV ghi cng vn/kh thanh (k h *kt)

c kh thit, m k (CTT) - thi CTT (1670) vn kh (q BK by gi) gn vi vn k (j BK by gi)...v.v... Ging BK by gi l j so vi ging Qung ng gai3 v cc ging Mn Nam [Kwangtung] ki5 [Bao'an] ki5 [Dongguan] ki5 [Hailu] ki5 kie5 [Siyan] ki5 kie5 [Meixian] ki5, ting Nht kei v ting Hn kyey. Mt dng m c phc nguyn ca k l *kj m ting Vit cn bo lu qua dng gh. mt nt ngha v m c ca k l h:, Tp Vn ct kh thit, m h.phc d - phc l buc, mt dng m c ca phc cn bo lu trong ting Vit.

VBL ch ghi l sinh k t qui, khng thy dng d (theo ng php HV). Thnh ng HV ", sinh k d, t qui d" tng hin din trong cun "Hoi Nam T" tc gi Lu An (179 - 122 TCN). Ting Vit thng nghe l "sng gi thc v". Khng bit LM de Rhodes vit l cu trn t "sch An Nam v truyn i xa" l sch no? Xem PGTN trang 49.

Cc LM Dng Tn rt kho hi nhp ngn ng v vn ho bn a y: ting Vit thi VBL "v qu" c ngha l cht, nhng c th v qu lnh (thin ng) hay v qu d (a ngc).

PGTN trang 12 ghi "(n oa ph thch b thin) n b gi l oa i v tri" PGTN. Trong PGTN, ct ting Vit li c thm phn ch bng HV trong ngoc nh cu ny! Cch ghi ch HV ny cn thy cho cc cu "Kin thng kh k ngu gic, l ng nng phc nhn tm", "thin ph a ti" c thm vo bn cnh cc cu ting Vit cng ngha - VBL hon ton khng ghi cc t HV trong cc cu trn, cho thy l c s h tr ca mt ngi khc (rnh ch Nho) trong lc LM de Rhodes son phn ting Vit ca PGTN. Chuyn N Oa c nhc n trong L K, ph hp vi ghi nhn trong PGTN "sch ng khng, nc ng gi l thnh, rng (n oa ph thch b thin) n b gi l oa i v tri" PGTN trang 12. rng truyn thuyt TQ th ghi N Oa luyn thch b thin (luyn/rn ch khng phi l i ), s tch trn c th thay i phn no khi hi nhp vo vn ha VN chng?

C th xem chi tit hn v qu trnh hnh thnh ch thin trn mng nh HYPERLINK "http://hanziyuan.net/#%E5%A4%A9" http://hanziyuan.net/#%E5%A4%A9

TCTL cp nht nm 1584 bi 3 gio s Dng Tn Mnh Nho Vng/Joo Monteiro, Ph K Quy/Gaspar Ferreira v Dng M Nc/Manuel Dias Jr., c th c trn mng nh HYPERLINK "http://archives.catholic.org.hk/Rare%20Books/CTJ1/index.htm" http://archives.catholic.org.hk/Rare%20Books/CTJ1/index.htm

PGTN ghi Cha (vit hoa): y l ln u tin ch quc ng c vit hoa trong vn bn vi nt ngha ch mt ngi rt c bit - mt quy tc vit hoa ng ch cng vi cch ghi tn ring thi LM de Rhodes. Ch Nm khng c chc nng ny so vi ch quc ng.

Xem thm chi tit v quan im v Lm-B ca To Thnh Vatican hin i trn trang ny chng hn HYPERLINK "http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html" http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html

Truyn thng x hi ng thng cp n s nng cng thng (t dn) cho thy v tr thp hn ca "cng" ch cc ngnh ngh th cng nh th mc, th dt so vi tn lp tr thc "s".

Cng vi tri nghim ca chnh LM de Rhodes ng Ngoi v ng Trong, Ma Cao ... Khc vi LM de Rhodes, LM Maiorica khng cp v khng trc tip kch tc l a th trong cc tc phm Nm v cng khng thy dng on ng "nht phu nht ph" tuy c nhc n iu rn th 10 l khng t dm, khng c ham mun chim ot v hay ca ci ngi khc (TCTGKM).

Trit gia Hi-Lp Aristotle (384-322 TCN) phn bit ba loi linh hn (a) anima vegetativa l hn ca cy c (b) anima sensitiva l hn ca loi vt (c) anima rationalis l hn loi ngi vi kh nng t duy/nhn thc. Cc LM dng Tn nh Ruggieri, Valignano, Ricci u hp th chung mt nn vn ho/trit hc Ty phng c in phn nh qua cch phn loi linh hn nh trn, thng gp trong cc tc phm trch.

Ch vn hay (thanh mu minh vn mu nguyn kh thanh, hp khu tam ng) c cc cch c theo phin thit v phin thit, m mn (TVGT, V, QV, TV, LT, LTCN , TVi, CTT), v son (tuyn) phn (NTLQ ), vong nguyn thit (NT, TTTH), nhp tin vn (VB)

TNAV ghi vn b hn san (kh thanh)

CV ghi cng vn/kh thanh (vn mn vn)

, dn nguyn thit, m cn din (TVi) ...v.v... Ging BK by gi l wn so vi ging Qung ng maan6 maak6 v cc ging Mn Nam : [] wan5 [] wan6 [] man5 wan5 [] man3 wan3 [] wan6 [] wan5 [] van5 [] man4 van4 [] man3 7 [] 7 bhuang7 (bung) [] bhung7 (bung) [] mang7 (mng), ting Nht man v ting Hn man. Ting Thi meuunL l mi ngn so vi ting Lo l meun. Mt dng m c phc nguyn ca vn l *mans cn bo lu qua dng man thi VBL. Qua cc dng mun, man, vn, ~ 10 000, vn (~ 100 000) v ting Thi/Lo meun (~ 10 000), ting Khme mn (~ 10 000): vn c kh nng l gc Nam (gc phng Nam). y khng phi l trng tm ca lot bi "Ting Vit thi LM de Rhodes".

Ta c th thy cch suy ngh v tm l ca LM Maiorica c khc vi LM de Rhodes qua cu ny! Trong PGTN, LM de Rhodes vit:"th mi ra nc i minh, m Annam th chu o bi nc y ... V chng linh hn ta trng hn, m chng cn c dng n ung ging y u: v vy An nam th v php, lm mt lng cha m lm ... Li ngi An nam cng v php, m nh th ci nho cha m, khi sinh th, m dng nhng giy lm nh, cng o tin vng bc" trang 104, 121. Ngi vit/NCT chp li nguyn bn ca PGTN, khng vit hoa i minh v Annam c lc vit lin nhau ngoi tr cc ch in m.

LM Philiph Bnh (1759-1830) cng theo truyn thng dng Tn: ng bit nhiu th ting nh Php, La Tinh, quc ng ... V tng sng Lisbon 30 nm (nn ng chc phi bit rnh ting B-o-Nha), ng cng trc tc v sao chp trn 30 u sch c gi tr v lch s ngn ng.