curs masini electrice
DESCRIPTION
Curs masini electriceTRANSCRIPT
Noţiuni generale
3.1.3. Înfáçurári de curent alternativ ă ăşă ă ţ ş ă ă τy ăşă ! "#ă $ ! ăşă ăşă ă ţ%ă
şă ă ă %ş mπ2
& ' ă ă (ţ ă 'şzona de dus) ă ' ă ş ă zonă de întors. &ă ă cN şă ă
mpqNc 2= * + 'ă #înfăşurareaşîntreagă
$ ă % ă ăşă ,ăşă ă ţ ă ş !!#-ţăş ă ă
cNpπα 2
= #ă ă!
/α #ă ! . ),( pNc ă/ţ
=mtNc 01#* 2
ţ#ăşă"ş ă )
=mNc ă #ăşă )
=mNc2
ă #ăş"* 3
4ţăşă!
0 5
3.1.3.2. Înfáçurári trifazate íntr-un singur strat $ă %ăş"#
24=cN 2=p 3=m ) ă 2=t ă 5
$!ă ţ* 2ş * 3ăşă)
5$ş624
22/ ππαα =⋅
== #*5*
*$ ă 42
=mNc ă ă)
ă ă ă -4# 5 * 6ă %ă
$ # ! ! ă
!3
2πăă
7+2 3 8/9 :5 556/ ă ă
# /A /B /C 6 ! ă % ş ţ /ă ăş ă ă %ă
; # ş ă ţă !ţă ă ş #!-%ăşă#ăăşă<
– ă ş = ă!ţ ţ)
Fig. 3.23. Steaua t.e.m. pentru înfăsurarea analizată.
*
– # #
>#*56?ăş"#ă >#*5+(ă=ă#*5* =ăţ
3.1.3.3. Înfáçurári trifazate ín douá straturi , ăşă ă ă ş ă ă, τyy = ş ă!ţş =ăă ş ţ
@ţă#/ă ăă ş ă #ă ă
/mNc #
ă ăţ ă # # ţ ? # *58 ă ăşă ăşă
18=cN 2=p 3=m 2/3=q 4ş ăş
0 6
>#*58$ăşă ăşăă ş
3.1.3.4. Înfáçurári ín colivie
;ăş!ă "ă cN ă ă #*59 ă ăş ă ş ă ţ ăş ă ăş >ăă ă<ă ă 2/1=N
cNm = ă!#
3.2.2. T.e.m. indusá íntr-o ínfáçurare de curent alternativ$0 A B#
#**5 / !0 0 v 100 A0 B # 0 !0 1 - 1" 10 0 AB1A00$1!101#010
Fig.3.29. Înfăşurare în colivie.
+
T.e.m. indusá de armonica fundamentalá de spaþiu A# 1B C!01!A0
pnf =1 *52
#cNpπα 2
=
$ 0 1ecU ! !0 01"0## ,il
vlBU iec 11 21
= *53
B npDnv ⋅== τπ 2
nplBU iec ⋅= τ22
111 *58
>%0
∫ ∫ ===Φτ τ
τπτ
π
0 01111
2sin)( iii lBxdxBldxlxB *59
111 2Φ= fUec
π**:
1=0 0 1 0 # #**5 0 10 #%0(0 0 ! # x∆ 0# 1B 1AB#
> 1 0 1 ,x∆ 0# 1B 1 A B#
1 A0# 1 x∆ 0A##)0#***0 1eciU 47(=1% τπβ c=
0 2
>#**5/AA>#***C01"#01A00101#
&B@ă
2sin211
ββ RURU eciec == **
111 iececi KUU ⋅= **5
τπ
τπ
22sin1
ccKi = ***
10B0 10
C 0 1" 0 1esU A 0 1 D#5*:
# πτyy
#**6
1111 22
sin2 seciecies KUyyUU ⋅==τ
π**6
/ τ
πyyKs 2
sin1 =
100 τyy = ).11 =sKT.e.m. indusá íntr-o bobiná cu bs spire
3
11 esbeb UsU = **+
>#**6C01"0>#**+C01 0
C' 1 00
∑=
=q
kebkeq UU
111 )( (10#
111211 )(...)(...)()( ebqebkebeb UUUU ===== **2
cNpπα 2
= ) /#AA011"
0@
2
sin2;2
sin2 11αα qRURU eqeb == **3
111 rebeq KqUU ⋅=
2sin
2sin
1 α
α
q
qKr =
/ 1rK 0 B " 1eqU 0 , 10 1#0 1 0 #
11 2 eqe pUU = *6:
111111 24 Φ= fKKKpqsU rsibe
π*6
&00 bpqsN 2=
1111 rsiB KKKK = 100
0 8
1111 2 Φ= Be NKfU π *65@A!01001"
11 eqe pUU = bpqsN =2. T.e.m. indusá de armonica de ordinul ν B
τν
τυ1
= ) pp νυ =
ναπναυ ==cNp2
*62
>!A0
1fpnnpf ννυυ === *63
ννυν π Φ= Be NKfU 2 *68 3. T.e.m. indusá pe o fazá0A
∑∞
=
=1
2
υνee UU *+5
-0y 10c ! A 0 !A10
$ 1 ! 00!c By B τy
Cãmpul magnetic pulsatoriu (000
txBtxB ωτπ
δδ sinsin),( 11 = *29
!0 0 ! B # 1 A ! 10 # 0 0 !B##**9 @A 0 <
++
−= xtBxtBtxB
τπω
τπω δδδ sin
21sin
21),( 111 *3:
>#**9 /B #
9
$"A0B#1!B#!#1!)BA!
τfvpfn dd 2== *3
!!<
τfvpfn ii 2−=−= *35
3.3.2. Cãmpul magnetic ínvãrtitor circular 1. Cãmpul magnetic ínvãrtitor circular produs pe cale electricá $ 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 1 - 100 0 A<
−=
−=
=
34sin2
32sin2
sin2
πω
πω
ω
tIi
tIi
tIi
C
B
A
*3*
/B 0 10 0 1 - 1 1 A % #*6: B B #!00B1!B<
−++
−=
−++
−=
++
−=
38sin
21sin
21),(
34sin
21sin
21),(
sin21sin
21),(
πτπω
τπω
πτπω
τπω
τπω
τπω
δδδ
δδδ
δδδ
xtBxtBtxB
xtBxtBtxB
xtBxtBtxB
C
B
A
*36
>#*6:-B#1!B
0 :
$" # A 1 % 4 .: 0
/BA1!<
−= xtBtxB
τπωδδ sin
23),( *3+
0 0 0 0 1 (0 ! B A <
),(),( ttxxBtxB ∆+∆+= δδ *320<
( ) ( )xxttxt ∆+−∆+=−τπω
τπω *33
(0A<
pfnf
txv ==∆∆
= τ2 *38
( !E: B # 01!%;%#*6 (00010A"0<
+= xtBtxB
τπωδδ sin
23),( *39
000!01!(0A<
pfnf
txv ii −=−=∆∆
−= τ2 *8:
( 0<iv B#!01#!%;%#*6
2. Cãmpul magnetic ínvãrtitor circular produs pe cale mecanicá$000A#*65
10 %A 0 0 (0 1B#A#1
0 0 A 0 " A0 % A0
4@ #*65 % B # -A%A0#!<
gReR pBBxB αα δδδ sinsin)( ==
eRα "#% A0 4@ % )
gRα "##$ 0
A0 % A0 4$ 0 gSRα " # #
% 0 ) gSα "##1A04$B<
gRgSRgS ααα += *85(00%
% A !0#0 Ω 0 B# A4$A*8 *85!AB#A<
)(sin)( gSRgSpBxB ααδδ −= *8*/B0.:1A<
xptSARA eSgSgSR τπααα ==Ω=≡ .... *86
1A<
−=Ω−= txBtppBtxB gS ωτπα δδδ sin)sin(),( *8+
$" A B # 1!B 0!#0Ω 110 F B 0 A 0 1B 0
1. MAÇINA SINCRONÁ
1.PÁRÞI COMPONENTE ÇI MATERIALE UTILIZATE 00!00A#0A pfn /60 11 = ,
>#*65-B#1!B0
0 5
00B#0 10 0 1 0 10 %A
0 0 # (0 !0 ! 1AA
# 0 A !0 0"0A
# 5 0 A !0 0"01A-AA1
># $A!00># 5$A!00"00A"001A
A0#1A
# turbogenerator 0 0 0 hidrogenerator000
C##1AAA0##0A1A 0 ! <(. "5– ).2"3"##
G##AAA01A!00%!!
* <(. 6" 2– ) . "5 " ## Statorul 0%0 ! 0 0A! Rotorul0 B 1 0 ! !< A!1A
1.1.1. Párþile componente ale statorului Carcasa # A 0 A 1A00
Miezul feromagnetic al statorului B#!10000%#:+
(0 # 0 H5:"5+ 0 # !A % 0 0-#0!!!# ! !A 0 0 , # 00
C!000 Înfáçurarea statorului e 10 0 1" 1
!%00010
> 100 0 AA0,!F.*" +IJ,1000B"
1.1.2. Párþile componente ale rotorului A.Rotorul cu poli aparenþi$0A
+:: K B!
0 6
, 1 !100%A @A1#=#10%A Miezul feromagnetic al polilor %010A# "5+#
># -00< "00)
5"00)*"=0B#)6"0)+"#.
-=#110 B0 # 0 01C00
/BBAA0%0000= Infáçurarea de amortizare (de pornire în asincron) 0 1 0 10 0 7 A 0 #0 %0 "10#0"10
Infáçurarea de excitaþie %00
B.Rotorul cu poli înecaþi$01A00%0
!!#Miezul feromagnetic al rotoruluiB0
::: IJ4 %0 A
+1%0!# 5
CA1 A 0 0 5K* K* - A # !# * %0 A = A00AB"0 0AB# 6
Infáçurarea de excitaþie0%!5K* %0 0 1 0 / 100 1=%
Infáçurarea de amortizare 0 ! 100
1.2. PROCESUL DE REACÞIE AL INDUSULUI
, A 1 # 10 %0 B# 10 %A /B A0 1 0 B A $ A A 0 B < "!) "A0#) "100) "A100) "A1000) #0 0 1.2.1. Reacþia indusului la maçina cu poli plini Cãmpul magnetic inductor , 0 0 10 %A 0 10 0 5K* A %A
0 2
A 0 ( 1 !B 1 ! A A A#0<
)(2)(
)( // xpx
xB EoE δ
θµ=
0 A B # A0< )(xEθ "A%A0) "0) )(// xδ "1! 0 1 ! A A 0 / Ck # A sk <
)()(// xkkx Cs δδ = 5 # +0A 0 00 # 00 1 10 %A EI B / # # $ 1 0 0 EB B00 0 1EB ( 1 0 00#=0$0%#0%'%!0 Reacţia transversalá a indusului ! 10 !0 ( ) 0, == IU eEψ -# # 2 L )0( == dq III L
aϑ 0 L0 L Eϑ 2/π 0 0 !0 '1 1 % 21 , dd
># + $A B#
3# 2 , M # L 1 # # /@ 1 0 ! L0 M # ( ! L 0=ψ L!0
># 2@L!0< – A0AB
A0)"#
N # 2 0 !L L L0!1%!%01%' (01 .,ct=δ L0BA0#0<
)(2)(
)( // xpx
xB aqoaq δ
θµ= +
;!0 0 # 0 A L 10 A B ! 2θ 0#AA! 1θ # 3# 3 #A#A<
a) Maçiná nesaturatá #0# 3A#0110! EB
0 8
, # A 0 1θ 0 0A#! minB 00A! 2θ 0A maxM
># 3A!100<"00)"00
>% A 1#A
abcdS A10 ABcdS ( # 0 A0
#G7#0#G4 #0 0 0 0 0 0 # # % 0 A 1 0 # A1# EΦ=Φ
b) Maçiná saturatá # 0# 3!$A#$!00A0# # 0 A
ABcdabcd SS ≠ 0 % 0 A 1 0 B A 1 # EΦ<Φ Efectele reacþiei transversale sunt urmátoarele: -##)" % 1 ! 0 A0 % 0#0)
9"0 % 0 A 10A01#0A#
Reacþia longitudinalá a indusului ín cazul 2/πψ = 0 !0 #
80 )0( == qd III $!000
L# 8 '1 1%! ,ML1/@##1B
># 8@L#0 2/πψ = – A0ABA#0)"#
/%#0%0BA
! 2/π=ϕ L #0$L0ML π = ), EII 0ML/ 0 # 8 M L # N #0 ! !L L L0 Reacþia longitudinalá a indusului ín cazul 2/πψ −=
0 !0 # 9 0 1 )0( == qd III $ !0 00A00!
0 5:
, M L 1 # # 1 B
># 9@L#0 2/πψ −= – A0ABA#0)"#
@L##1
# 9!00L0 rθ
1.3. ECUAÞIILE DE TENSIUNI §I DIAGRAMELE FAZORIALE 1.3.1. Generatorul sincron cu poli ínecaþi -A
0 10 0 $ 0 "O1 Γ 0 % 100 /B 0##0A<
euuRi Σ=+ "< @"A1000) ")
># 5* 0
5
") euΣ "110 - 0 # A#
dtdueψ
−=Σ 5
ψ "%010 $1!0%0<
σψψψψ ++= aE * Eψ "%) aψ "%A) σψ "% 4%00A<
iLiL
Nk
aa
EBE
σσψψψ
==
Φ= 6
&"00100) Bk "=) EΦ "%) aL "!0BA) σL "!0B -1%1A88A<
σeeaeEe uuuu ++=Σ + eEu "0B)
eau "0B)
σeu "0B 0 A 1 ! 0 00<
Riuuuu eeaeE −++= σ 2 - A 0 0 0 ! 1 1 3/2π! 3/4π
0 55
# 1%AA00<
IRUUUU eeaeE −++= σ 3!!!A<
IjXUIjXUfNKjU
e
aea
EBeE
σσ
π
−=−=
Φ−= 2 8
aX "A0BA) σX "A0B 4!B 0A 3 1 # 56" #0 0 ! !0 1 # 5+#0!!0
># 56(#0 ># 5+(#00!!0 0!!0
Ecuaþia de tensiuni çi diagrama fazorialá transformatá $1!A<
IXXjUU aeea )( σσ +−=+ 9
σXXX as += 5: sX "A0 /
IjXU ses −= 5
5*A0<
IRUUU eseE −+= 55 (#01# 520!!0
Ecuaþia de tensiuni çi diagrama fazorialá simplificatá #=00A0
eseE UUU += 5* (#0001# 53
># 52(#0 ># 53(#00 0
1.3.2. Generatorul sincron cu poli aparenþi 00 # 1A
0 10 # 5* $ 0 "O1Γ
euuRi Σ=+ 56
dtdueψ
−=Σ 5+
ψ "%010 σψψψψψ +++= aqadE 52
Eψ "%) adψ "%A0%#0) aqψ "%A0%!0)
σψ "% adL "!0BA#)
0 56
aqL "!0BA!)
di "#0)
qi "!0 -1%1A 5+A<
σeeaqeadeEe uuuuu +++=Σ 58
eadu "0BA#)
eaqu "0B! 0A1!0
Riuuuuu eeaqeadeE −+++= σ 59 # 1%AA00<
IRUUUUU eeaqeadeE −+++= σ *:!!!A<
IjXU
IjXUIjXUfNKjU
e
qaqeaq
dadead
EBeE
σσ
π
−=
−=
−=
Φ−= 2
*
adX "A 0 B A #) aqX "A0BA!
># 58(#0 ># 59(#00!!0 0!!0
5+
4!B0A *:1# 58"#0 0 ! !0 1 # 59#0!!0
Ecuaþia de tensiuni çi diagrama fazorialá transformatá /B 0 0 %A00<
)( qdqaqdadeeaqead IIjXIjXIjXUUU +−−−=++ σσ *50
σ
σ
XXXXXX
aqq
add
+=
+= **
dX "A0#0) qX "A0!0 /0
qqeq
dded
IjXUIjXU
−=
−= *6
IRUUUU eqedeE −++= *+ - A # 001# *:0!!0
Ecuaþia de tensiuni çi diagrama fazorialá simplificatá #=00A0
eqedeE UUUU ++= *2 (#0001# *
># *:(#0 ># * (#00 0
0 52
1.4. CUPLAREA ÍN PARALEL A GENERATOARELOR SINCRONE
&01#<" # B 0 )" A0 # 1 10A1AB#B!!)"0!A N ! !0 1 1 10O 0 # L# *5# **010A<
J!#A0#5 $#A0* #!A#A6 00
#00 Verificarea condiþiilor çi modul de índeplinire al acestora
- A # !0 0!=000#A(0A 10 0 %A # UU g < 0 UU g > B0BA#
5-!A!#A!= 0 0 = # 1!B
Montajul la stingere 0 # *5
# # A 1# *5 (0 0
321 ,, UUU ∆∆∆ 01# *5##
(0 10 L 10N1O1L0
53 L L M 1#L
># *5<"=##L)"#0
#L 321 ,, UUU ∆∆∆ 0
- % 1 = # *5 !0
L # " ! 7/$!00! 541 ,, UUU ∆∆∆ 0!#!
/1A!!0#A!0L
Montajul la foc ínvãrtitor $ 0 # ** #
#A1# ** - 0 321 ,, UUU ∆∆∆ 00B1!B
(0 10 L 1 0 $ !0 0 ! 541 ,, UUU ∆∆∆ #
-1A!!0#A!0L
0 58
># **<"=1!B#L)"#0#L 321 ,, UUU ∆∆∆
0*JA#!A#A
=(0!L#1%L!0%0000
(0 !L 0 0 ! !#0 gr ωω − gr ωω , LL#$
!00 U∆ !0100- 1 A 0 A
!A#B0BA#064A 10
!0 montajului la stingere 11O 1# 0 =0 # / M!L M 01M1L
montajului la foc ínvãrtitor A 10 B 0 0 0A# Consecinþe ín cazul nerespectárii condiþiile
59
0 A # 10 # 0 A A A !(0 UU g > #0A0!0A! UU g < !0
54A! A010010#0AA1(0A
*(0 !A # A # 1A0A0!00
6 & A 6 0 # B # 0 10 A 0 A (0#0BA
1.5. CUPLUL ELECTROMAGNETIC AL MA§INII SINCRONE
1.5.1. Bilanþul puterilor active la generatorul sincron # *6AA
0< 1P "00 ) MP " #0 0) 2P "00) vmp + "!A) FeP " 1 1
#) CuP "110
Ecuaþia de miçcare ín regim staþionar 7A!<
># *6 7A ! #
0 *:
vmM pPP ++=1 *9(00A1Ω "!#00
AA1#A<01 MMM += 6:
1.5.2. Cuplul çi puterea electromagneticá $#=0110
ϕcos2 mUIPPM =≈ 6 ( # 0 0
A# *+0θψϕ −= 65
A A 6 0A<
θψθψ
sinsincoscos
mUImUIPM
++=
6*
$1!0ψψ cossin IIsiII qd == 66
( # 0 1# *+A00%
q
qd
eEd X
UIXUU
I θθ sincos=
−=
N L0 A 6* 66 6+ A 0#<
θθ 2sin112
sin2
−+=
dqd
eEM XX
mUX
mUUP 62
/ # 0 10A A!#0Ω
−+= θθ
ω2sin11
2sin
2
dqd
eE
XXmU
XmUUpM 63
$ !0 0 ! #0 B0<
># *+(#00A
*
-Componenta principalá %0 0 0%A
θω
sin/
d
eE
XmUUpM = 63
"Componenta auxiliará %0A000%<
θω
2sin112
2//
−=
dq XXmUpM 63
00!0
ψθθψθψϕcossincossin
)sin(sinmUImUI
mUImUIQ−=
=−== 68
1 qd II , A<
qdqd
eE
XmU
XXmU
XmUU
Q22
2cos112
cos −
−+= θθ 69
$!00!000%A 0%0000%100
Caracteristica unghiular staticá <
===
=.
.
.)(,
ctIctfctU
fMP
E
M θ +:
La maçina cu poli ínecaþi 1A00%!#A0
sqd XXX == + /#00
θω
sin/
s
eE
XmUUpMM == +5
#001# *20 La maçina cu poli aparenþi 0 #0# *2
0 *5
># *2/#0 )(θfM = #< " 1A)"A
;!0# *20θ
#0 1#!
1.6. CARACTERISTICILE DE FUNCÞIONARE ALE GENERATORULUI SINCRON 1.6.1. Caracteristicile generatorului sincron autonom 1.Caracteristica de funcþionare ín gol4000A0<
===
=0
..
)(0
Ictfctn
IfU E +*
0U A1# eEUU =0 ( eEU
L0 % %A#A 1 # )(0 EIfU = 0 00 #
)( mmUf=Φ
- 0 <
># *3 / A1#
**%A!0A0/B=#1A0B%!0000%A(00#10 0 %A ! ! 0 $000B#000
2.Caracteristica de scurtcircuit0=L
==
=0
.)(
Uctf
IfI Esc +6
,A1000BAPEE@!1 2/π
@L # NMM#1LL0L1# 0 M# @L )( Esc IfI = 00! 0 1 1 L ,! ! L 0M 0 NM L # L 0 ) %L ++!0
3. Caracteristicile de funcþionare ín sarcináL
===
=.cos
..
)(ct
ctfctI
IfU E
ϕ +3
; L000 1 0 !0 0=ϕ /1#0 ..:010
0 *6
! ϕ 0 . " G 0
># 6:/10 ># 6 /%# #
4. Caracteristicile externeL
===
=.cos
..
)(ct
ctfctI
IfUE
ϕ +8
(0%01M#! NN IU , ! )2/πϕ = 1M L #0 0 0 M11F
, 0 !0 # M 1 !01#
5. Caracteristicile de reglare 4L
*+
===
=.cos
..
)(ct
ctfctU
IfI E
ϕ +9
>0E
I %L #LM 1 # !F0N# 65" F . !ϕ
(0 !
)2/( πϕ = 10 # L #0#0 '
eU F / #0LF.00 %L
1.6.2. Caracteristicile de funcþionare ale generatorului sincron cuplat la reþea 1.6.2.1. Funcþionarea generatorului sincron la cuplu constant çi curent de excitaþie variabil a) Funcþionarea ín gol > 0 0
L L0 0L .: UU eE = 0=θ ## 6* $" EoI " %A A 1 ##0 UUeE =
(0 %L EoE II > eEU 1#=0A0 sR
># 65 / # #
># 6*" !L100!
0 *2
ss
eE
jXU
jXUU
I ∆=
−= 2:
10L0### 6* # 0 !0 1 L !0!%A=#1A (0L0L1#%L EoE II < I L01
eEU #
!0L#0# 6*40!A#
1JA1# 02 =P 01# 6+N 0 0 %L 00
0 1 !0 %L000!1A 8,0cos =ϕ
c) Caracteristicile ín V -1
J <
===
=...
)(ctPctfctU
IfI E 2
N #0 " 10 L 0 0 0/ )( EIfI = L J /01 !M 1J 0 ! 100! L0 #%QH:#%QE:
># 6+ / 1 J !!-.
*3
1.6.2.2. Funcþionarea generatorului sincron la cuplu variabil çi curent de excitaþie constant (0 L 0 # #
2 8 0 L UU eE , 0 eEU 10 0≠I 00 ≠ϑ (#0001# 62/ I 0!00U L0 # !0L
(0 0L eEU 0 1 0 L0 U # 0θ " # 0! # 62 $!0 0 00 !0 #!0 !0 L0L01#
, %L B 0110!00001## a) Stabilitatea staticá a maçinii sincrone $ 0 0# L1L )(θfP = M!0 - 0 0 #1A# 63 4 A 0 # 0θ A1#A!<
01 MMM += 25 (0 1M
/1M 0# 0θ /
0θ 0
># 62JA100!
0 *8
0#D/#A14DA
0//
1 MMM += 2*
># 63$0<!1A)!A
0 1M
//1M D 0 0 # 0θ //
0θ 0 0 # R A!#A14RA0
0////
1 MMM += 26$ 0 A7
# 1θ A1#A 25 # 0 B
1M /1M D0# 1θ
/1θ 00# ///M
/ # 1 /B 0 1A0
zona de funcþionare stabilá#0# )2/0( πθ ÷= zona instabilá )2/( ππθ ÷= # 63 63 " 0 A 0 # 10 0( !0 0 # θ oo 3020 ÷ B10)
5,22sin
1max ÷===NMN
Mm P
PK
θ 2+
*9
1.8. FUNCÞIONAREA GENERATORULUI SINCRON ÍN REGIM STAÞIONAR NESIMETRIC
A % # !
ABA"A B 0 0A!B! $#1 0 A 0<
#=0A1A0) # 0
A0< A0 CBA III ,, A ClBlAl III ,, )
0 CBA UUU ,, # 01!0A0!00
hhiidd jXRZjXRZjXRZ +=+=+= 39 dZ "A 0 A BBA1) iZ "A !0 A BB1) hZ "A0 AB#B%0B# 4#A01A< "0) "!00) " >A0#010010 @A
cba VVV ,, 1<
0 6:
=
c
b
a
i
d
h
VVV
aaaa
VVV
2
2
11
111
31 8:
!!0
=
i
d
h
c
b
a
VVV
aaaa
VVV
2
2
11
111 8
F#0 %5≤Ad
Ai
II
1.8.1. Regimul de scurtcircuit bifazat al generatorului sincron /0 0 01%AB1" # 0 # +5 00 0 1
AA<0=AI ) 2kCB III =−=
0=−= CBBC UUU 8* - A 0 001!04<
( ) ( )
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
++=++=
++=++=
==++=
)(31
31
)(31
31
231
31
22
22
aaUUUaUaUU
aaUUUaUaUU
UUUUUU
BACBAAi
BACBAAd
BACBAAh
86
(A 86!00 AiAd UU =
># +5$#
6
( )
( )
( )
−=−=++=
−=−=++=
=++=
)(31)(
31
31
)(31)(
31
31
031
22
22
22
22
aaIaaIIaIaII
aaIaaIIaIaII
IIII
kBCBAAi
kBCBAAd
CBAAh
82
$!00!00<
AiAd II −= 83(A#10
eEses UIjXUUU =+=− 8840A040
0 B B 0!A<
00=+=+=+
AhhAh
AiiAi
eAAddAd
IjXUIjXU
UIjXU 89
(0 0 A 89 1 !A 8+0<
eAAiiAdd UIjXIjX =− 9: AA 830<
id
eA
id
eAAd XX
Uj
XXjU
I+
−=+
=)(
9
41!!0!<
id
eAd XX
UI
+= 0 95
># +*(#<")"A0!0
0 65
# +*"#01100/0 10
2/π A0 0 1 4 B # A 0 !0 # +* # +*
-A#0<
)(0 222
aaIIaIaIIIII
AdAiAd
BhBiBdBk
−=++=
=++== 9*
$1!A<
23
21
23
21
34
2
32
jea
jea
j
j
−−==
+−==
π
π
96
11 9*AB 9 A<
id
eAAdk XX
UIjI
+−=−= 332 9+
/!!0!<
id
ek XX
UI
+= 0
2 3 92
1.10. MOTORUL SINCRON
0 !0 1
L#
(0 0 % L0 0M0 1A0% M 1!M
"#θ L # /#A 630 B A0 #
># 26 0 !
6*0 ! !40 0M 100M0 arbMM =
1.10.1.Ecuaþia de tensiuni çi diagrama fazorialá # 26 " 10 ! " 00 # A0 4B "O0A1!<
euuRi Σ=− 6: (#A#A<
dtdueψ
−=Σ 6
%0100<
σψψψψψ +++= aqadE 65
Eψ "%10%A) adψ "%A0%#0) aqψ "%A0%!0)
σψ "% A A A 00<
Riuuuuu eeaqeadeE +−−−−= σ 6* #1%
IRUUUUU eeaqeadeE +−−−−= σ 66 / = A 0 # 0 ! 0 !0 1A# 2+!!# 22
-!00A 0cos1 >= ϕmUIP # 0<θ 0 eEU 1U
# # ! 0 0 L L 0%L 0 !0 1 L
0sin <= ϕmUIQ B%0# 2+!00sin >= ϕmUIQ B%0# 22
0 66
># 2+(#0 ># 22(#00!0 0!0
1.10.2. Bilanþul puterilor active la motorul sincron # 23AA
0A< 1P "0!00A) MP "#00)
># 237A! ># 28$A0 A
6+
2P "00) vmp + "!A) FeP "11#) CuP "110
Ecuaþia de miçcare ín regim staþionar 7A!<
FevmM ppPP ++= +2 6+$1AΩ AA1#A<
02 MMM += 62 Avantajele motorului sincron faþá de cel asincron "L0" ϕcos !L0 L 1 = ! 100A)
"A0#%1A%!L
Dezavantajele motorului sincron faþá de cel asincron "0L # L !L0
#0)"L 0
0L1L)1.10.3. Pornirea motorului sincron
-! L 0 0 # L0!!0 A. Pornirea cu motor auxiliar /L0%0L01L# B. Pornirea cu frecvenþá reglabilá -!0 !L0 #0 !L 0 ,!A 0 .5"* G A B #100 min/)65(1 rotn −=
0 62
(010%A0!0 B1
-! !L LLL0!L0LL0
! 0 !A 0 C. Pornirea ín asincron 400 0 100 1 colivie de pornire 04B10A0B#1!B01!
A A ! B# 0# asM 1
/B =# A 0 195,09,0 nn −= 10 L rezas MM = 010%A
-M#0LL! sM !0A$ 0 0 ! M %A A 1A0 @ 1 M L 00
, L 1 1 L %L4%0L#00#0%'-100A<a) Se scurtcircuiteazá ínfáçurarea de excitaþie
-0 1 10 %A! 0%A0! B # !0 0B # 1!B 0 !041A0A<
63
nnnnnn
psf
pfn −=
−⋅=== 1
1
11
122
6060 63
/BA0A<
12 nnnnd =+= 68 !0 B / # dM
/B!A0A<)21()1(22 11112 snnsnnnnnni −=−−=−=−= 69
A B A 10 0 ! .:+ -A ! 0 0 0
># 3 /<"10%A01)"10%00
(0 sM 0 01047A %A 0 1 A B0 =# 1 7 0 !
15,0 nn = A 1 0A- A 0 ! A000A0=#014(0%Ab) Se lasá deschisá ínfáçurarea de excitaþie
0 68
10 0 1 10 0%00#A&00!0 c) Se conecteazá ínfáçurarea de excitaþie pe o rezistenþá
0 10 %A A0 0! exs RR )108( −= !10%A! iM # 3 A dM 0! $ ! 0 1 0 A 14!1 4A01
1.10.4. Caracteristicile de funcþionare ale motorului sincron 4<
===
=.
.
.)(cos,,,,, 2
ctIctfctU
PfnMIP
E
ϕη +:
1# 3*
># 3*/ ># 36/ )(cos 2Pf=ϕ
)(,,, 2PfIMn =η !L%A
69
NML0 ,1nn = 0caracteristica ! )( 2Pfn = 00 %
/ # 20 MMM += Ω
= 22
PM 1M
)( 2PfM = 0# 0M / )( 2Pf=η 0 00
L/ )(cos 2Pf=ϕ ! ! .ctI E = "
1 # 36 $ !0 0 1 L %L ϕcos !000(0%%0
1EI 1M1#0
10L 1cos =ϕ 00 %L ϕcos !! A1!0A /5%0
12 EE II > 0 0 10 L 1cos =ϕ , 0100 ! ϕcos 00 ! 1 #!001L!%0
( #0 %L 0 %0 !
23 EE II > * 0 0L ! 1 ! #0 L0 # !01L / 6 0 0
14 EE II > -1#!L 2P !0 N ! 01MLL!0L!0
1.10.5. Compensatorul sincron N#1
!0 100A 0
@# # 0 % A0 1#0 !0
0 +:
1A 00A1
!0 0 1 A ! !01A!
/!0 /aI 0
A 10 !0 /rI 0
/I # 3+ $ !0 0 0 !0 00
( 10 ! /
rI 0BA rI !000 //
rI 0
!000A
># 3+$100AB00!0
/!
0!=100A"#=! Observaþie. /#A!0"A
2. MA§INA DE CURENT CONTINUU !0 B 0
# B % = 0 # 0 1 A 1 # B
+ 0A00(0100%A!0<
" %A 0 B 10 %A 000)
" %A!AB 10%A0)
" %A B 10 %A 01)
"%A%0B!0100%A!A0
2.1.1. Párþile componenete ale statorului $ %0 0 inductoare
B#0 Carcasa00%0%0%0A=
,==#1!=##>0B#111#0 # ! A 1A00
,!0 %0 0 0 10A# "5+0A#:+1 % # 0!0
Polii principali %0A# "5+ A 1 # %A 0A0AA0
4 A 100 %A %0 0N!A# B # A !0 1 01
0 +5
Polii auxiliari 1 # 1 A !0 A A # A 0 A1%%100AA Infáçurárile de excitaþie % %0 0 # 1 A 0 7 0 1 " 1B 0 A0 B#
,A0!BA0#=!01#!înfáçurarea de compensaþie, 0101
2.1.2. Párþile componenete ale rotorului @Miezul feromagnetic A
0 C A0000#:+ 0 % 1! 1#
( ! ! # 0 # 0 cml 20≤ B 0 0 0 !0!A%
# # 000A!0!A
Infáçurarea indusului 0 100#01000#1C1000000000 1 0100
410010 ínfáçurári de curent continuu. $A 0 1 A 0
+*
Colectorul 0A0B1BA0B##0100
@1#1%101
2.3.1.Tensiunea electromotoare indusá @Al S0
medesbie UNU α= 55 A0!#5 8
aKNb 2
= 555
!0S"0
medecsmedes UwU 2= 55*
iα A00) O – 0 # 0 S00) 5–00S) sw "00) medecU "!S" (#A#0<
aimedmedec vLBU δ= 556
medBδ !A#SS) iL "#0) av –!0 ,!A<
60Dnvaπ
= 55+
(") "SK (0S!A)
0 +6
pD
2πτ = 552
0!
602 npvaτ
= 553
-AS0Φ= nKU ee 558
apNKe 60
= 559
00L)
medii BL δτα=Φ 5*:%
2.3.2. Cuplul electromagnetic al maçinii de current continuu ,L10 # L M#10<
Ω== MIUP aeM 5* 0!BS!A558559<
ama
aae IKI
apN
n
nIa
pNIU
M Φ=Φ=Φ
=Ω
=ππ 2
602
60 5*5
apNKm π2
= 5**
00L / # L 0 % Φ L L# aI
In concluzie # B A0 # ! ! #
++
2.4. GENERATOARE DE CURENT CONTINUU ; 0 L0 generator M
000
2.4.1. Bilanþul de puteri çi ecuaþiile generatorului de curent continuu separata
$ 0 % # %A0 ABS0A# 552 0 A A<" Ω= 11 MP puterea mecanicá 0 )" UIP =2 puterea electricá 0)" aeM IUMP =Ω= puterea electromagneticá, !"0S)" vmp + !L)" Fep 11L =# L0 1 0 0)" eexex IUp = 1 10 %)" 2
aaCua IRp = 1 10)" aR AS00)" apect IUp ∆= 10 Ecuaþia de miçcare
(A L
FevmM ppPP ++= +1 5*6&0 vmFe ppp ++=0 0 #
AS#SS0#001 =−− pPP M 5*+
>#552 7A #
0 +2
-S0AAΩ "!#0AAS#A!T"<
001 =−− MMM 5*2" 1M ) "M #) " 0M
Ecuaþia de tensiuni la generatorul de curent contiuu - "#552!0A<
ctCuaM ppPP −−=2 5*8%!<
apeaaae IUIRIUUI ∆−−= 2 5*9
( # %A 0 aII = 0 # S0A A AA<
peaae UIRUU ∆−−= 56:
000"S aa IR
aae IRUU −= 56 2.4.2. Curbele caracteristice ale generatorului cu excitaþie separatá
N#55301#
%L0
Fig.2.27. Schema pentru ridicarea experimentalá a caracteristicilor generatorului de curent continuu cu excitaþie separatá.
+3
Caracteristica de funcþionare ín gol
==
=.
0)(0 ctnI
IfU e 56*
, A S # 0 00 eUU = 00 Φ≡eU ! eemme INU 2==θ )(0 eIfU = 0 0 0 #0
)(0 mmUf=Φ (0 0 # 00 ≠U
0=eI /M %L %L M ,cR L 0 ##558 , 0 0 %L #0 0 0 N0 ! 0 #00 !0 %L 000-0%0 remU % remΦ ( 0 # M0 +" 5 NU -LL-00##0,0=0-0
Caractersitica de sarciná0A0<
==
=..
)(ctnctI
IfU e 56+
$0% #5531!!L0 sR 0%L cR 00 .
>#558/AS#
0 +8
/#0 001 .: > 0 5 0 1 # 5* L0 #0 0 0 # 0 . !M40#)!M/00
>#5* /0 >#5*5/%0
Caractersitica externá $A<
==
=..
)(ctnctI
IfU e 562
01#5*5 $ !0 0 0< " # A ! AS0) "0L aR
/ %L 0 !
NN IU , %L (0L001-#5*50M01#! 0U JL0#L<
%1000
N
N
UUU
U−
=∆ 563
N )%105( −=∆U
+9
>#5**/%ă >#5*6/#=
N # 5** 0 #0 % # #-! #0!M40#)!M / ctI e = 0 0
Caracteristica de reglare $A<
==
=..
)(ctnctU
IfI e 568
#5*60#0S# 5*6 #0 (# # 0 ! L 0 0 1M !M / 0 F. N #0 " #= NUU =
$ !0 0 %L 1M 0 0 0 0 0
2.4.3. Curbele caracteristice ale generatorului cu excitaþie derivaþie
U %L !L 1# 5*+ N0 %L 000 )%52( −=eI 0 10 0
0 2:
#010%L0
>#5*+$%0
#%L!L
Procesul de autoexcitaþie 1 0 0#L1O0 # 1 10 eu ! 0 1 1010%,!001001M% 10 %L 0 1 % eu !0 0 10%L (L569!M01 ea ii = L
dtdi
LLiRRRu eeaeece )()( ++++= 5+:
N # 5*2 0 #)( ee IfU = 50%L0
).()( eeec IfIRRR =++-%L0M01-L
5 0=dtdie
$!0 0 0 eU 00# α L ec RRRtg ++=α M cR >L0M
2 L-L-L00 ccrR 1M 5 0 L 5D0 L 1
crα #%0 # - LL ! 0)
ccrc RR > 5VV 0%L (000 %L 0 S0A<
" 0 % M #S0)
5" %S0%A0S)
*" A0%A00B!0 ccrc RR <
(0! A S !0 A B # %A<
$ ! A cR B0 SA ccrc RR < (0SAS00AS0
0#0A "S0S0%A ! % 0!0
(0 A 0S0 0 S 0 B # / B 0 10 %L00B!
Observaþii: C 0U 1 # #0 eU 0 L 100 L! ea II = #=)
>#5*2 %!0 %L
0 25
L-0 # C # !L L 0 L M ( # L0 0 #= M cR
4%L 0 1 O 1 N # L L L #!L56900
ea
eec
aae
IIIIRRUIRUU
+=
+=
−=
)(;
5+
Caracteristica de funcþionare in gol
==
=.
0)(0 ctnI
IfU e 5+5
NM
00 eUU = 1#00 # %A 0 0 S 0%#ML cR 1 ( )∞,0
Caracteristica externá
==
=.
.)(
ctnctR
IfU c 5+*
( %0 cR 0 NU
0 NI N # 5*8 ! % # % !L 05$!00L010#!L<M#00#%L0S<
>#5*3/ AS#
2*
"%
+
=ce
e RRUI
%( ! 0 0 L 0 sR
# M0 ! %0 crI curent critic 0 0MM L0 sR 0 L 01)
scI 00!#00-L# %L 0 0
Naesc IRUI )2010(/ ÷== %L 0M" %0 eU
Caracteristica de sarciná
==
=..
)(ctnctI
IfU e 5+6
çi cracteristica de reglare
..
)(ctnctU
IfI e ==
= 5++
0 # %L 0 !L
Caracteristica de scurtcircuit 0 #!L1M010%L0%%0
2.4.5. Caracteristicile generatorului cu excitaþie mixtá $#%%00 1 #565U00100%L!L% %(0% 100%%
>#5*8 /%#% !L 0
0 26
#excitaþie mixtá adiþionalá diferenþialá (#010 !L 10 %L 0 10000!
>#565$%0#%L%0
0 1 M caracteristica externá #
% , 1 # 0 # !LM # 10 % N 010M! 0 " L #!L N # 56* " %0 # !L(0 0 NI 0 0 1# 1000L 0 1M 0 0 0 5 $ 0 # normal compundat(0 100 0NI 0 0 1 # *
#supracompundat, L0 100 A S
0 % # 6#anticompundat
>#56*/%!
2+
- 0 0 L # 0 0 %
2.5. MOTOARE DE CURENT CONTINUU
;0L0M000, 0 #
2.5.1. Bilanþul de puteri çi ecuaþiile motorului de curent continuu $ 0 % %A0#56+0A<" UIP =1 puterea electricá 0A)" Ω= 22 MP puterea mecanicá 0)" aeM IUMP =Ω= puterea electromagneticá, !"0S)" vmp + !L)" Fep 1 1 L =# L0 1 0 0)" eexex IUp = 1 10 %A)
" 2aaCua IRp = 1 10
)" aR A0S00)" apect IUp ∆= " Ecuaþia de miçcare
(A L
FevmM ppPP ++= +2 5+8&0 vmFe ppp ++=0 0 #
AS#SS0002 =−− pPPM 5+9
>#56+ 7A
0 22
- S0A A Ω AA S #A!T"<
002 =−− MMM 52:" 2M )"M #)" 0M #A!<
dtdJMMM Ω
=−− 02 52
Ecuaþia de tensiuni la motorul de curent contiuu -#56+!0A<
ctCuaM ppPP ++=1 525
apeaaae IUIRIUUI ∆++= 2 52*
(%A0 aII = S0A
peaae UIRUU ∆++= 526
aae IRUU += 52+
2.5.2. Caracteristicile motorului derivaþie
>#562$%0!A
0 %A 000
Ne II )%52( ÷= AAS#A<
ea
eec
aae
IIIIRRUIRUU
+=+=+=
)(;
523
23
Caracteristicile de funcþionare ale motorului derivaþie 1) Caracteristica vitezei $A<
Φ=Φ=
=
=
N
s
N
RUU
Pfn 0)( 2 528
aae IRnKU +Φ= 52940A00A<
se
aa
ee
aa nnKIR
KU
KIRU
n ∆−=Φ
−Φ
=Φ
−= 0 53:
0n "AS#0)
Φ=
eKUn0 53
sn∆ "0AAS0)
Φ=∆
e
aas K
IRn 535
4B A 53: S B #=0 A .ct=Φ !0 )( aIfn = 0A0#!00 0 (0#=0 A %! A aIP ≈2 A ! )( 2Pfn = 0 0#!0 0S#563 , !A 0 A 0 0 0 )%85( ÷=∆ sn
Observaþie $ A #0 0 B 0 0 %
>#563/!
0 28
L 2P 54! 1#1M0L0
5Caracteristica cuplului
Φ=Φ=
=
=
N
s
N
RUU
PfM 0)( 2 53*
$!M1!A S #A 20 MMM += A< 2M " 0)
Ω= 2
2PM 536
0M "S0)
Ω+
=Ω
= +vmFe pppM 00 53+
( ! 0 A S0 .ct=Ω BA0 #568,0!!0SBA5
*Caracteristica curentului
Φ=Φ=
=
=
N
s
N
RUU
PfI 0)( 2 532
$!M1!A#
am IKM Φ= A ea III += $!00 )( 2PfIa = A00 )( 2PfIe =0@#00S#569" "0 .ct=Φ 5"0
>#568/
29
>#569/>#5+:/
6Caracteristica randamentului
Φ=Φ=
=
=
N
s
N
RUU
Pf 0)( 2η 533
-!A<
11
2 1Pp
PP Σ
−==η 538
pΣ "0
)%9475( ÷=η 0#5+:
Caracteristicile mecanice ale motorului derivaþie ; L0 0 0 1 L0 caracteristica mecanicá0<
=Φ==
=..
.)(
ctctRctU
Mfn s 539
-A0A1Φ
=m
a KMI
sme
a
enn
KKMR
KUn ∆−=
Φ−
Φ= 02 58:
0 3:
0n "AS#0053 ) sn∆ "0AAS0)
2Φ=∆
me
as KK
MRn 58
B #=0 A .ct=Φ !0 0 )(Mfn =0 A 0#!0001) Caracteristica mecanicá naturalá
Φ=Φ=
=
=
N
s
N
RUU
Mfn 0)( 585
,!A0A 0 0 0
)%85( ÷=∆ sn B 00 #0 # 5+ " 001B0!!AB .ct≈Φ
1) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale de tensiune
Φ=Φ=
≠=
=
N
s
N
RUctU
Mfn 0.
)( 58*
AA<
sme
a
enn
KKMR
KUn ∆−=
Φ−
Φ= /
02
/586
!00 sn∆ .0AS#0
Φ=
eKUn
//0 58+
/ ! ! 0 000$00<
/ NUU > <
>#5+ /00
3
"S AB) " 0 A 0#/ NUU < 0 #5+5
2) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale reostatice
Φ=Φ≠=
=
=
N
s
N
ctRUU
Mfn 0.)( 582
-ASA<
/02
)(s
me
sa
e
nnKK
MRRKUn ∆−=
Φ+
−Φ
= 583
AS#0 0n "0A
2/ )(
Φ+
=∆me
sas KK
MRRn 588
4 ! ! A 0 0 " sR 0 0#5+* 2) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale de flux
>#5+5/
>#5+*/
0 35
Φ≠=Φ=
=
=
N
s
N
ctR
UUMfn
.0)( 582
-%A0A<
//02//
)(s
me
sa
e
nnKK
MRRKUn ∆−=
Φ
+−
Φ= 583
!00"AS#0
//0 Φ=
eKUn 588
0A
2//
Φ=∆
me
as KK
MRn 588
/ !!A0A / % NΦ<Φ şi 0 #5++
2.5.3. Caracteristicile motorului serie 0 %A 000 ae II = 0 S S0 (0 0A AS#00%0
>#5+2$%0
3*
AS#A0<
ea
aae
IIIIRUU
==
+= ;59:
- A 52+ !B S ! A558!AAA<
Φ−
Φ=
Φ−
=e
aa
ee
aa
KIR
KU
KIRU
n 595
Caracteristicile mecanice ale motorului serie
L0 caracteristicile mecanice<
=Φ==
=..
.)(
ctctRctU
Mfn s 592
,0 2amKIKM =
0KK
MIm
a = A5950
21 KR
MKU
KKR
KKMKK
Un a
e
a
me
−=−= 593
- 0 ct≅Φ !
asm IKM Φ= 0sm
a KMIΦ
= -SA
2sme
a
se KKMR
KUn
Φ−
Φ= 598
0 )(Mfn = 0A593
00598
1) Caracteristica mecanicá naturalá # 5+9 " 0 0
0 " A 0 0 0 ; 0elasticá (moale
0 36
Φ=Φ=
=
=
N
s
N
RUU
Mfn 0)( 599
, L !0 # ! " #0 1L 0 1 L0 #) ! 0 L! 00L1#
5) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale de tensiune
Φ=Φ=
≠=
=
N
s
N
RUctU
Mfn 0.
)( 5 ::
AA<
"A21
/
KR
MKUn a−= 5 :
"A 2
/
sme
a
se kKMR
KUn
Φ−
Φ= 5 :5
!A 0 NUU < B 00%! 1 #52:
2) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale reostatice
>#5+9/00
>#52:/
3+
Φ=Φ≠=
=
=
N
s
N
ctRUU
Mfn 0.)( 5 :*
-ASA<
"A21 KRR
MKUn sa +−= 5 :6
"A
2
)(
sme
sa
se kKMRR
KUn
Φ+
−Φ
= 5 :+
/ #52 0 0 A sR 1AA
3) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale de flux
Φ≠=Φ==
=
N
s
N
ctR
UUMfn
.0)( 5 :2
( % 0 0 # 100 %A # A10!0A0W NΦ<Φ %1A01A#525
2.5.4. Caracteristicile motorului mixt %A %0 S# 52* >% 0
>#52 /
>#525/%
0 32
100!A%% 01000=AB%00AB% = A 0 1 0 A100A0
>#52*$%0
Caracteristicile mecanice ale motorului mixt
0-%!A 1 # 526 " < " !A) " 5 ) " * % A !A0 0 #00010) " 6 % 0 0 10!A!BAA1#) "+%A $ 0 0 0 100 %L!L0 0 L 0 !%#10
>#526/%
33
2.6. PORNIREA MOTORULUI DE CURENT CONTINUU -0 10
0 ) A0 0 00#!# N 0 #!!L1!L!
2.6.1. Pornirea prin cuplare directá la reþea 40 0 0 0M02IXA
=ΦΦ=
Ω=−
+=
Φ=
++=
)(
);(
)(
e
am
r
eeeEex
ee
eaaaaa
ifiKmdtdJmm
iLdtdiRu
nKu
uiLdtdiRu
5 :3
$1!motorul derivaþie0N .Uuu exa == !0L ea LL , 100100%L0!0L $ !0 0 M#0 regimul tranzitoriu mecanic !L L regim tranzitoriu electromagnetic!LL%"regim tranzitoriu unic electromecanic.
/M 0, =< nmm r L
dtdiLiRU a
aaa += 5 :8
$L L 0!L %L0
a
aa R
LT = 0 ! 0 ap RUI /max = 4
0 38
!LL00 - rmm > 0 1 L M M L 1 L Y) 0≠n
0≠eu / pI 10 0 0 !
Φ=
M
rf K
MI ! #52+
rmm = CL fn 1 #
0 52+
Φ
−=
e
faf K
IRUn / M
M pI100!0 maxpI /#
M ai M%Φ ( ! %L !L
1 10 %L 0 0 1M M# !%L pI , motorul serie 0 %Φ ! - 0 1 L 0 Np II )1510( −= 1"
.::5 0=rM pt .: ":*
NM1# pI M
0 pI #
>#52+/ L 1 0L
39
pM 0 4 ! #=1L
2.6.2. Pornirea reostaticá ,0 10 pR M00001LN0%L0L cR0LL00#523NL%Φ ! %0 # ! $#=000.:.:10
p
p RUI =max 5 56
pR L0(01B
0 ! 1 0 ) Np II )7,15,1(max −=
Np II )2,11,1(min −=
;p
ea R
nKUI
Φ−= 5 5+
!0 L 0 pR #528 0
!0 fI 00
>#523$0!L
0 8:
@L L0 1 !0 N #523 L 0 1 iC /M ! 00 1 1C A ! 1R 1MA0! 1pR
ai !L0 maxpI N0<
!0L 1pR M0
! minpI M0!L1M
0 !0 maxpI $ 1
L iR 0 ! 1 ), minmax pp II / L iR
minmax , pp II #00< "A52+014
max0 ppe IRKU +Φ⋅⋅= 5 52
0A pR 0!<
maxpp I
UR = 5 53
" A 0 7 pR !/ 1pR
max11
min1
ppe
ppe
IRnKUIRnKU
+Φ=
+Φ=5 58
(A0A
pp
pp R
II
Rmin
max1 = 5 59
4B=0A<
np
np
RRRRRRRRR
+++=
++++=
...
...
32
3215 *:
0000A0<
11 pp RRR −= 5 *
8
Observaþie - A !A1 0 00 !A 01#53 -000!=< "00) "A) "!0 /!=< "#
2.6.3. Pornirea cu tensiune redusá ,
!0/ ! 0 !0 #! 00 0 1AB0=# !0$ 1!A0
N0 %L 0 L cR 0LL00#535 NL% Φ !%0#!
>#529/ )( aIfn = 0!A
0 85
;/
a
ea R
nKUI Φ−= 5 *8
>#535$0!L
$01B Np II )7,15,1(max −=
Np II )2,11,1(min −=
A 0 0 1U 0 1 0 maxpI $A!AA!0 0 1U /M !0000001B ai !L0 maxpI N$1B0!1 ), minmax pp II /
iU minmax , pp II #00< "A52+014
max1 0 pae IRKU +Φ⋅⋅= 5 *90!01) " A 0 7 0 1U !/ 2U
max12
min11
pae
pae
IRnKUIRnKU
+Φ=
+Φ=5 6:
(A0A
app RIIUU )( minmax12 −+= 5 6
8*
-B 1#0
>#53*/ )( aIfn = 0!0!A
Observaþie. - !A 1 0 00 !A 0 1 -00!=< "000) "=0) "# (!=< "#0
2.7. REGLAJUL VITEZEI MOTOARELOR DE CURENT CONTINUU #L#L
Φ
−=
e
aaa
KIRU
n 5 *:
0< aU ) 5 A)*%Φ 40L#=!M
.ctM r = 0"<
0 86
U#! minmax / nn=γ5 (#=* /#=6 4
2.7.1. Reglajul vitezei prin variaþia tensiunii
0 #0 A0 NUU <
>#536/#=!!A< !A)
/ # .ctM r = 1 #536 !A 1 # 536 A0
Indici tehnico- economici00< U # ! 108/ minmax ÷== nnγ
0A5 ( #=< 0
0* / #=< 1 A
64<" !A !=0
#00) " # !=0 1B #0
8+
2.7.2. Reglajul vitezei prin metoda restaticá 1 " A0
# 0>sR A @A0##00!0A00# $ 0 0 1 #!"##=
>#53+/#=!0<!A)
/ # .ctM r = 1 #
53+ !A 1 # 53+ 1A0
Indici tehnico- economici< U#! 32/ minmax ÷== nnγ 0
#5 ( #=< 0
0*/#=<1
0!A064<" !A !=0 A
)
0 82
" # !=0 1B 0#
2.7.3. Reglajul vitezei prin variaþia fluxului de excitaþie A0 % $ ! 1 otorul derivaþie %%A!L eI =B cR <
ceee RR
UIIf+
==Φ )( 5 *9
, !A ! % " 0 0 # 0% / % NΦ<Φ L
//02// s
me
a
e
nnKKMR
KUn ∆−=
Φ−
Φ= 5 6:
0L1# 0 L ;/
sn∆ 0 0 1#532
>#532/#=!%< !A)
C ! 10 0 %
,ctMM r == ! L
83
)am IKM Φ= 0 00 ! 0 N #532 " 0 0 @0 0 =0LM#0M ctM r =
La motorul serie B#;#A%A<
m
ee
m
e
RIw
R2
==Φθ
5 6
eθ "A%A)
mR "A#00%)
ew "0100%A)
eI "%A4B 0 A 0 0 0
%< " 0 10 %A0 0 # ) " 100 %A #533 0 #0B0 %A A 0 0 BOB<
aed
de I
RRR
I+
= 5 65
Indici de relare 0: U # ! 32/ minmax ÷== nnγ 0
0A0%0<"100LL
101L)" 0 A0 B # 0
0 L ! 0 A0000)
>#533$=%A
0 88
5(#=
*/#="1)!AA cR ! dR 64<
" !A !=0 1%A)
" # != 0 #
2.8. FRÃNAREA MOTOARELOR DE CURENT CONTINUU $0B<
"B!0) "B)
"B02.8.1. Frãnarea recuperativá ; 0 # 1 #
B0!0B01 ! 1A A B #0A ! A 0 0
Frãnarea recuperativá la motorul derivaþie $0 0 %
!0 L0 1 4 0 0#538 /B 0 0 0 1 ! aM #A0 #0A 1A
/ A A 0 0 /B "
>#538/M!0!A
890 A 1 # 0 0n 0 A 1 !00!B$=# A0 17#538 B 0 A0 1 00 fa MM =
(0 0 0 B !0 A0B fR 17D
40 0 M 0 != 1L0M
Cazul motorului serie ( A 1 # 0 0 0 1 B!0
Frãnarea recuperativá la motorul mixt ,%00A1A=A%0100<
sd Φ+Φ=Φ 533 /B1#B0!00 0<aI 0%10 0)( <=Φ as If / = ! A %00B(A!B010B0
Bilanþul de puteri: 1 # 0 00"B010000001 A 0 $ B !=00 #0!=00B0A 0nn > 0MM0000
2.8.2. Frãnarea contacurent (electromagneticá) - # 1#B0#00A<
0 9:
" 0 10 A 0 !0)
"1AB- A B L
#0 M <
fa
ef RR
nKUI
+Φ+
−= 5 6*
@ 0 1 ! # L # M0#0
Frãnarea contracurent la motorul derivaþie
# 539 0 L 4 0 00 L0 1700B 1fR
/ # LM0B A0B0$!0000AB
(0 B 0 0 B B =# ! 0 minfM 0 A BA0 2fR 0!%0 maxfM B
N !0 1 0 L0 rMM > -L L01!
40 0 M M0 00
>#539 / B !A
9
Frãnarea contracurent la motorul serie , 0 0 10 % )( as If=Φ / # 0!A1 - 1#B0!! 10 10 %A ! A B 1 $ !A A ! B1 000
Frãnarea contracurent la motorul mixt ,% A 1 # B0 0 = 0 %A /!B%010#
Bilanþul de puteri:A0 0 " B0 N L0 L M0 #0 0!#N#000 1 00(0 A B 10 # ! ))3020( Nf II ÷= B A 10
1 ( L fR01M#=0000011%
2.8.3. Frânarea dinamicá -!100L0 A0 B 10 %A 0B01
/0L0!
fa
ef RR
nKI
+Φ
−= 5 69
0 95
1 # # %A 0 !B0 1 A !0 1 L0 #M Frãnarea dinamicá la motorul derivaþie /#M<
nRR
KKIKMfa
mefm +
Φ−=Φ=
2
5 +:
!0A.0A0#!0# #585B1 0 A 4 000A017B 1fR
$!000B00A00 B 0 B 0 B =# !0 minfM ! A B A 0 2fR 0 !%0
maxfM B - 0!0 L fR L # M M 1M0L >ML Frãnarea dinamicá la motorul serie , M 1 # #%1A<
" 0 10 %A ! 0 eremU L0A"##)
>#585/B0!A
9*
"LB0!0 crff RR < / B 1
0 Frãnarea dinamicá la motorul mixt , % A 1 # B0 00 = 0 %A /!B%010# Bilanþul de puteri< 1B " B00 0100000 0 1 00 A B $ B!=00A
-!AB0!B0