cse1720 semester 1 2005 week 03 /1 lecture no. 3 software - system and application computer chips...
TRANSCRIPT
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /1
Lecture No. 3Lecture No. 3
Software - System and ApplicationComputer ChipsMain MemoryMore Excel
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /2
University NoticeUniversity Notice
Friday 11th March - Semester 1 Last day to add Semester 1 or full year on-campus units without risk of $70 late enrolment fee
Wednesday 16th March - Semester 1 ‘Enrolment Statement’ issued to all students.
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /3
ObjectivesObjectives
• To look at Software
- Operating systems
- Applications Systems• Microcomputer Operating Systems• Commands and Command Structures• Main Memory Considerations including Management• Throughput Aspects• Instruction Execution
And, some more on Excel
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /4
Computer Software Computer Software
SYSTEM APPLICATIONSOFTWARE SOFTWARE
DatabaseManagement
Communications Control
Operating Systems
BusinessApplications
ScientificApplications
Other Applications
SoftwarePackages
*
Systems ApplicationsSoftware Software
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /5
Functions of an Operating System
An operating system is software that controls the computer by:
managing resources providing services for
programmers scheduling execution
Computer Hardware
Operating System
Utilities
ApplicationPrograms
EndUser
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /6
Operating SystemsOperating Systems
• Are a collection of systems programs
• Designed to co-ordinate and control the overall operation of computer hardware and software
• An Interface between the Hardware and the Application
• Designed to manage RESOURCES: - C.P.U - Input Devices
- Output Devices - Storage Devices
(including Memory)
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /7
Operating SystemsOperating Systems
• Designed to communicate with the USER when necessary
- error in job
- no input device available
- no output device available
- insufficient storage/memory
- end of job• Designed to boot the computer system
- start the computer operation
• Provides a means of Security
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /8
Operating SystemsOperating Systems
LanguageTranslators
Service Programs
OtherProcessingPrograms
Control Programs Processing Programs
JobManagement
ResourceManagement
DataManagement
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /9
Operating Systems -Additional FeaturesOperating Systems -Additional FeaturesOverlapped Processing
Dynamic processing
Multiprogramming
Virtual memory
Virtual Machines
MODERN OPERATING SYSTEMS
INTERACTIVE BACKGROUND REMOTE COMMUNICATION TASKS TASKS TASKS TASKSConversational Scheduled Remote Inquiry/ResponseComputing Jobs Job Entry Interactive Non-Scheduled TimesharingProgramming Jobs
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /10
System Software CapabilitiesSystem Software Capabilities
• Multitasking : an operating system which handles more
than one program at a time• Multiprocessing : an operating system which handles two
or more CPUs to process simultaneously• Timesharing : an operating system which supports a
front-end processor to schedule and
control users’ processing requests• Virtual Memory : an operating system element which
enables a computer to process as if it had
an unlimited supply of internal memory
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /11
Microcomputer Operating SystemMicrocomputer Operating System
Normally - A single user ( May be multiples on larger units e.g. PS/2 with OS/2)
- System driven by user - Functions Interactive
- User Controls * File Usage * Backup and Recovery * Process functions
- User applies (develops) usage ‘standards’ - Assisted by the Operating System
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /12
Microcomputer Operating SystemMicrocomputer Operating System
Some Terms to Note :
DIRECTORY - An Allocation of Disk Space for user requirements
FAT - File Allocation Table - An index of disk contents with track and sector addresses
TOC - Table of Contents - Table of disk contents
NOTE: Physical Handling of Diskettes
Storage of Diskettes - Formatting
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /13
Systems Software ComponentsSystems Software Components
• Internal Command Instructions
• External Command Instructions
• Language Processors Cobol, C, C++, Delphi, Oracle Developer, Oracle Designer,
Java, JavaB , Powerbuilder,
Is SAP a ‘language’ ?
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /14
Internal Command InstructionsInternal Command Instructions
Normally are resident in memory after Operating System loads
• View a list of the folders and files on your disk storage device
(Win 98 / NT / 2000 / XP Explorer)
• Copy folders and files from one disk device to another
• Erase folders and files
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /15
External CommandsExternal Commands
Are retrieved from secondary storage (disk) then executed
• Format disk
• Rename files
• Set the current date format (mm-dd-yy, dd-mon-yy
• Set the current time (12 hour, 24 hour, time zone)
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /16
Command StructureCommand Structure
A ‘command’ sets up a process or a series of processes
A command must have
- a command code (dir, erase, copy, paste …..)
- one argument (for some commands - qualifies the command e.g. Dir a: dir c:\studies\assignment1.doc
- a second argument (where necessary)
e.g. copy xxxxx to a:\yyyyy add zzzzz to mmmm
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /17
Microcomputer Operating SystemsMicrocomputer Operating Systems
• Apple DOS MS-DOS (v6.22)
• OS/2 and OS/2 Warp • SunOS • HP-UX
• Unix, Ultrix, Linux
• Microsoft Windows 3.11 Windows95 Windows NT
Windows98 Windows2000 WindowsXP
Operating systems for Larger Installations• VMS, MVS, OS390, OSF/2, VX24, ............
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /18
Selection of Systems SoftwareSelection of Systems Software
• Availability of compatible applications software and/or
systems• The ease of use by users and programmers ( = help)• Speed of operation• Capability to support multitasking and multiuser needs• Type and availability of compatible hardware• Availability of trained and available technical staff• Company size and market penetration• Other users’ comments
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /19
Applications SoftwareApplications Software
• General Business Management
• Industry Specific
• Specific Disciplines
• Education
• Personal/Home Management
• General Purpose software for the user
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /20
Software PackagesSoftware Packages
Word Processing
Spreadsheets
Graphics and Multi Media
Database Management Systems
Integrated Software SAP, Oracle Financials
Application Enterprise Integration (probably with PCs as clients)
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /21
Internal MechanismsInternal Mechanisms
• None of this just ‘happens’
• Computers rely on a number of agents, devices, processes, interpreters, flows and controls to operate effectively, accurately and consistently
• So, let’s look at some of these aspects ---
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /22
Some Thoughts on Chips Some Thoughts on Chips
Computers rely on chips and chip technology for their
processing capabilities
storage capabilities
We will briefly look at some of their characteristics, function and types in the following overheads
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /23
Chips and Microprocessors Chips and Microprocessors
Every microprocessor’s system unit has a specific microprocessor chip (as per the 1st lecture - Intel, Motorola, Cyrix, AMD)
This microprocessor chip is embedded in a carrier package
The carrier is mounted on a system board - ‘motherboard’
Software is optimised to work on a specific chip (or family)
Software developed for a Pentium ll chip probably won’t work on an 80386 or 80486 chip
What about Pentium lV on a Pentium l or ll ?
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /24
ChipsChips
Word size:
A word is a group of bits (binary digits) - also called bytes - which can be manipulated as a unit by a processor
The Pentium Pro has an internal bus designed for 64 bit words (data moves in the chip in 64-bit blocks)
The Pentium Pro data bus also handles 64 bit words.
This means that the data path from the CPU to memory is 64-bits wide - the benefit is faster processing
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /25
ChipsChips
• Most PC’s have specialised processor chips
• Numeric processors• Graphic coprocessors
• Normally known as slave chips
– Their function is to free the CPU from some processing tasks.
– The overall effect is improved system performance
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /26
ChipsChips
Now let’s look at the ‘data’ storage components
The normal term for this is ‘Main Memory’ - which infers that there is a lower level of memory as well
The ‘memory’ chips - RAM (Random Access Memory) are circuits etched onto silicon backed chips.
These also are mounted in carriers and are arranged onto boards called single in-line memory modules - SIMMs. There are also DIMMs.
These units also plug into the system (mother) board
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /27
Main Memory and Its UsesMain Memory and Its Uses
• To store the main software which controls the general operation of the computer system
• To store a copy of application program instructions
• To store data which has been input from an input device
• To store data which has been produced as a result of processing
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /28
Main Memory and Its UseMain Memory and Its Use
ROM
RAM
ROM
DOS/WINDOWS
RAM
RAM
DOS/WINDOWS
ROM
Excel V5
No memory contents
Operating SystemLoaded
Operating Systemand ApplicationSoftware Loaded
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /29
Main Memory (Primary Storage)Diagrammatic Representation
Main Memory (Primary Storage)Diagrammatic Representation
INPUT AREAOUTPUT AREA
OPERATING SYSTEM
SPECIAL SOFTWAREDatabase Management SystemCommunications Software (Telnet,Netware)
APPLICATIONS PROGRAM(S)
Spare / Work AreaInterrupt Storage Area (Stacks)
(not to scale)
RAMDRAMSCRAMFRAM
ROMPROMEROMEPROM
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /30
Operating System Layout Hewlett Packhard PC
Operating system RAM ImagesOperating System Dynamic RAM Pool User Access RAM Pool
Process 1Process 2
Process ....n
Memory Management Unit: Disk Keyboard Graphics Processing Beeper Clock Memory Control Registers Plug In I/O Cards
Basic ROMROM DISKOperating System ROM
(physical)
Internal RAM
External RAM
I/O
ROM
16M
15M
8M
1M
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /31
Next Lecture …...Next Lecture …...
We are going to continue with aspects of
Memory management
Memory storage
Cache
Chips
Buses
Windows 98, NT, 2000, XP and Linux
But now, we’re off for a bit more of Excel.
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /32
Spreadsheet SolutionSome Hints
Spreadsheet SolutionSome Hints
What is the problem ? What am I trying to solve ? Why ?
• What formulae are appropriate - necessary ?
• What is the data input - is it fixed ? Is it likely to vary ?
• Where is it ? In a file ? Via the keyboard, In a Range ?
• What is its definition ? - Text, label, date, formatted, edited ?
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /33
Spreadsheet SolutionSome Hints
Spreadsheet SolutionSome Hints
• Is there an opportunity/need for cascade calculations ?
• How are the embedded formulae addresses to be used
• What is the degree of accuracy required e.g. 1 Decimal. Place
• Do I know how to use the built in HELP ?
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /34
Spreadsheet SolutionSome Hints
Spreadsheet SolutionSome Hints
• Graphs /Charts: Is there an opportunity to display input or output in graphical form ?
• Which Chart (graph) form best represents the objective of the spreadsheet
• What name should the Chart have ? • What Axes names are appropriate ? • What scale ? • Will 3 D and colour enhance the presentation
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /35
Spreadsheet SolutionSome Hints
Spreadsheet SolutionSome Hints
Should the chart be embedded in the spreadsheet or in a separate sheet ?
Why ?
How should it be protected ?
Are there some repetitive activities which can be made automatic, or require less key strokes
- or made user proof ?
Is it worth while to create a Macro ?
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /36
Spreadsheet SolutionSome Hints
Spreadsheet SolutionSome Hints
How should the spreadsheet best be stored ?
In the current Directory / Drive ?
Should a copy be made ? If so, how will the copy be kept up to date ( e.g. include in a Macro)
Should more than 1 copy be made ?
Where should it/they be held for recovery and security reasons ?
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /37
Spreadsheet SolutionSome Hints
Spreadsheet SolutionSome Hints
Who should be able to use the spreadsheet ?
Who should be able to alter data / formulae ?
How can access to the spreadsheet be made secure ?
Who will be Managing the security aspects ? (and a Deputy ?)
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /38
Developing / Using SpreadsheetsDeveloping / Using Spreadsheets
• Decide on the approach to the problem• Define Formulae• Define Cell Contents• Enter Data - CORRECTLY !! - labels, text, numeric ...• Manipulate data• Develop Output / Results• Produce Output
***************** ****************• Analyse Results• Refine, Re-Enter (Recursive)• Re-specify as necessary• Re-Evaluate
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /39
Some Aspects of Using SpreadsheetsSome Aspects of Using Spreadsheets
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /40
Some Aspects of Using SpreadsheetsSome Aspects of Using Spreadsheets
Some Commonly Occurring WEAKNESSES !• Logic Mistakes• Incorrect Ranges in Formulae References• Incorrect Cell References• Incorrect use of FORMATS and COLUMN WIDTHS• Misuse of Built - In Functions• Overwriting of Formulae• Lack of Data Protection• Undetected Access• Data Integrity• Input Errors - Error Detection
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /41
Some Aspects of Using SpreadsheetsSome Aspects of Using Spreadsheets
SPREADSHEET DESIGN• Requires some experience with a computing device• Requires an understanding of programming techniques
and disciplines• Requires testing - Strategy, Results Analysis• Documentation
OBJECTIVES OF DESIGN:
RELIABILITY
AUDIT CAPABILITY
CONTROL
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /42
Spreadsheet Design ObjectivesSpreadsheet Design Objectives
• All OUTPUTS GENERATED ARE
Correct
Consistent• Results are RELIABLE• There is an AUDIT Capability meaning that the user
should be able to retrace the steps followed to generate different outputs from the model - and be able to verify results (see Precedents in Excel)
• The spreadsheet can be Modified without the introduction of errors
• The spreadsheet is meaningful and understandable to both the Designer and the User
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /43
Typical Spreadsheet ApplicationsTypical Spreadsheet Applications
• Decision Support for ? ? ?
• Personal Productivity
• Mainstream Information Systems
Financial Statements
Budget Planning
Budget Control
Taxation
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /44
SPREADSHEET DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLESPREADSHEET DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLESPREADSHEET DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLESPREADSHEET DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
• 1 Problem Definition - Analysis
• 2 Define: Model
Outcome
Decision Variables
Calculations
Menus
Macros
• 3 Construct the model
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /45
SPREADSHEET DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLESPREADSHEET DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLESPREADSHEET DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLESPREADSHEET DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
• 4 Test
• 5 Document
• 6 Audit
• 7 Prepare User Manual
• 8 Train Users
• 9 Install
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /46
IdentifyProblem
Define ModelOutcome/Decision Variables
ConstructModel
TestSpreadsheet
Document
Audit Model andStructure
Prepare UserManual
TrainInstall
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /47
Model FormatModel Format
AIMS• 1 To identify the spreadsheet and its purpose
• 2 To clarify assumptions for users
• 3 To separate parts of a spreadsheet to reduce potential for errors
• 4 To allow for progressive development
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /48
Model FormatModel Format
• Macros and Menus are ISOLATED from parameters and Formulae to avoid interference from Delete/Insert of Rows and/or Columns
• Map of Model This gives a description of the positioning of the Blocks of the Spreadsheet -candidates are range names, cell addresses,
• Acts as a Table of Contents
• Parameter Block This contains variables used in the spreadsheet formulae (e.g. Sales Prices, Cost Prices, Hourly Rates, Maximum and Minimum, ..........
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /49
Model ProfileModel Profile
* Identification* Owner Macros* Developer Menus* User* Date Revised* File names (Spreadsheet, Backup,
Map of Model - Table of Contents
Parameters and Assumptions e.g. percentages are dependent on the cpi.
Model - Formulae Input Vectors Decision Variables Output Vectors Parameter Vectors
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /50
Monash Agri-Business
Percentage of Nutrient in Minimum Amount inNutrient Feed 1 Feed 2 Feed 3 Feed 4 Required Amount BlendCorn 30.00% 5.00% 20.00% 10.00% 20.00% 0.00%Grain 10.00% 30.00% 15.00% 10.00% 15.00% 0.00%Minerals 20.00% 20.00% 20.00% 30.00% 15.00% 0.00%Kilograms to mix(in 1,000's) 0 0 0 0 8 0
Cost per $250.00 $300.00 $320.00 $150.00 $0.001,000kgs
A B C D E F G H I J
1
2
3
4
5
7
6
8
9
10
11
12
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /51
Spreadsheet Assignment HintsSpreadsheet Assignment Hints
1. Easy to read and accurate layout
The first page (screen) should have references to
Documentation : Spreadsheet Name
Developer’s Name and I.D.
Group Members Names and IDs
Purpose of the spreadsheet
Date (completed or submitted)
Files Used ( ALL files and their
purpose AND their location - access
path)
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /52
MONASH UNIVERSITY 2nd Semester, 1998
Student I.DStudent NameSubject CodeDate Prepared
Spreadsheet Objective
AssumptionsData AreaResultsConstraintsFile names - Original - Active -Backup
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /53
Spreadsheet Assignment HintsSpreadsheet Assignment Hints
2. Location of : Input Areas
Output Areas
Results
Charts or Graphs
Analysis report (if this is required)
Contents of Individual sheets
(These details may be combined with the First Screen)
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /54
Spreadsheet Assignment HintsSpreadsheet Assignment Hints
3. Contents of Components
Input data area - tables
Output data area - tables
Chart(s)
Model
Formulae - any built in functions used
4. Any constraints - roundings, limitation of time series
Options used with built in functions - such as the nomination of repayment at beginning or end of month
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /55
Spreadsheet Assignment HintsSpreadsheet Assignment Hints
Presentation Of Charts
• Must have a meaningful name - not ‘results’
• Use legends, X and Y axes names
• Use colours
• Use an appropriate chart form
• Use multiple charts if necessary to better illustrate results
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /57
Spreadsheet Functions by CategorySpreadsheet Functions by Category
Database and List Management (dsum, dstdevp, daverage..)
Date and Time (now, Month, Day, Datevalue ...)
DDE and External (upper, dollsr, floor, gcd..)
Engineering (radians, odd, Poisson,hypgeodist)
Financial ( PMT, PPMT, RATE, TBILLPRICE, NPV, ..)
Information ( Average, Min, Max, ..)
Logical (and, or, if, isodd, isref ...)
Lookup and Reference (index, vlookup, hlookup, lookup .)
Mathematics and Trigonometry (acosh, bin2oct, correl, log ..)
Statistical (dstdev, stdev, normdist, percentile , prob ....)
Text (char, code, concatenate, count, counta, N, right, left ..)
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /58
Your Spreadsheet SkillsYour Spreadsheet Skills
• INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
Load spreadsheet software
Set Directory Paths
File Functions - Save As, Save, Retrieve, Copy, Delete,
Inspect (File Manager functions)
Enter Text, Labels, Formulae
Alter column specifications - width, height on a Local and Global basis
Insert / Delete Rows, Columns
Create / Name Cell Ranges
Copy Cell Range to Cell Range
Move Cell Ranges
Delete Worksheet
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /59
Your Spreadsheet SkillsYour Spreadsheet Skills
Function Key use - F4, F9, F1, F2 ......
Formulae Development and Embedding
Use of Special Keys - Control+Home, Ctrl+End, Tab, ...
Formatting
Editing
Close
Exit (and the dialog box responses)
Charting
Sorting
Data Base Functions
Combining Spreadsheets
Splitting Worksheets
Data Fill, Series, Frequency, ...........
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /60
Compound FunctionsCompound Functions
There are a number of ‘hidden’ overheads following which you can access. They illustrate how ‘complex’ calculations can be included in a worksheet.
CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 03 /68
Spreadsheet ApplicationSpreadsheet Application
So what we have is the ability to extend the conditions, and therefore the means of building a complex IF command (also known as nested IF’s)
Without going through all of the build manoeuvres, the final command looks like:
IF(AND(A66=0,A65=0),0,IF(AND(A67=1,A65=0),10,IF(AND(A67=1,A66>0,A65>A66)A66+10,IF(AND(A67=1,A66=0)10,IF(AND(A67=1,A66>0,A66>A65),A66+10,A70)))));
An extension is to include the case where for instance the Prac Works marks are 55 and the Exam Marks are 90.