crops and crop production in north dakota joel ransom
TRANSCRIPT
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Crops and Crop Production in North Dakota
Joel Ransom
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North Dakota Ag Overview~90% of land mass is farmed
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Basic agricultural statistics
• Land in farms = 39,600,000 acres• Number of farms = 31,910• Average farm size = 1,241• Crop dominates livestock related agriculture in
most counties• Few dairies remain in the state• Five ethanol plants consume ~40% of the corn
produced in the state
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Major crops produced• Spring wheat = 5.5 million acres• Soybeans = 4.6 million acres• Corn = 3.4 million acres• Durum = 1.4 million acres• Canola = 1.3 million acres• Barley = 1.1 million acres• Winter wheat = 750,000 acres• Sunflowers = 740,000 acres• Dry edible beans = 660,000 acres• Flax = 260,000 acres• Peas = 250,000 acres• Sugar beets = 220,000 acres• Lentil = 180,000• Oats = 110,000 acres
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2011 rank in the U.S. Commodity Percent of Nation’s production
1 Beans, dry edible, all 25% 1 Beans, navy 35% 1 Beans, pinto 46% 1 Canola 83% 1 Flaxseed 87% 1 Honey 22% 1 Sunflower, oil 40% 1 Wheat, Durum 36% 1 Wheat, spring 37% 2 Sunflower, all 38% 2 Sunflower, non-oil 24% 2 Wheat, all 10% 3 Barley 11% 3 Lentils 17% 3 Oats 8% 3 Peas, dry edible 21% 3 Sugarbeets 16% 4 Safflower 1% 6 Hay, alfalfa 6% 6 Potatoes 5% 9 Hay, all 4% 10 Soybeans 4% 12 Corn for grain 2% 17 Hay, other 2% 26 Wheat, winter 1%
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Trends in corn production in ND, 1981-2010
y = 2.0423x + 62.129
R2 = 0.6624
0
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Planted Yield Linear (Yield)
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Challenges of growing corn in ND
• Drought – corn is a high water user
• Short growing season– Getting corn dry enough
to bin in the fall without drying is difficult because of low temperatures after maturity
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Relative Maturity Recommendations for North Dakota.
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Does Using Fungicides on Corn in the Northern Plains Pay?
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C2008 C2009 C2010 P2008 P2009 P201050
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Effect of Headline applied after tasseling on corn yield, Carrington and Prosper, 2008-2010.
Untreated Headline
Location/year
Yiel
d (b
u/ac
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Disease response to fungicides, Prosper & Carrington, 2008.
Disease Severity (%)
Treatment Prosper Carrington
Untreated 3.9 3.5
Headline 2.5 1.6
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Effect of planting date on yield, moisture and test wt, Carrington, ND, 2003
020406080
100120140160180200
Yield Test Wt Moisture %
1-May20-May9-Jun
Plant on or before 1 May
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N fertilization strategies
• Minimize fall applications due to potential losses
• Rate = 1.0 to 1.2 x yield goal
• Apply bulk pre-plant or at planting
• Splits should be applied before tasseling
• Highest N demand V12 to VT
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Effect of tile drainage and additive at the 112 N rate on yield of corn, NW22, 2011.
Not drained Drained100105110115120125130135140145150
Urea Agrotain SuperU Instinct Nutrisphere
N rate
Yiel
d (b
u/ac
re)
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Production issues in wheat
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a (t
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Production and yield trends of wheat (all classes) in ND 1995-2011
Planted Yield
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Northwest MN Planting Rate Studies Affect of Seeding Rate on HRS Yield. Seven Variety
Average Wiersma. 1996-1998. Crookston, MInnesota
Optimum plants = also about 35 per sq. ft
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Grain Yield (% of mean)
90 95 100 105 110 115 120
Gra
in P
rote
in (
%)
13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8
15.0
Ada
Albany
Barlow
Blade
Breaker
Brennan
Brick
Briggs
Brogan
Cromwell
Faller
Glenn
Jenna
Kelby
Knudson
Marshall
Oklee
Prosper
RB07
Rollag
Sabin
Samson
SelectTom
Vantage
Velva
Relationship between protein and yield
Northern locations 2009 - 2011: 20 environments
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General recommendations with application of Post-anthesis Nitrogen
• After flowering is completed through watery-ripe seed stage (main stem head)
• 30 lbs N/acre (10 gal UAN) provides an average increase of one-half percentage point of protein
• Potential for significant leaf burning using UAN – dilute with water (e.g. 50:50)– apply evenings, early mornings, or cloudy days
• Similar response among cultivars• No statistically-significant differences with response for
grain yield, test weight and seed size
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Protein increase with post anthesis UAN application (30 lb/acre N)
C88DC89DC90DC91DC90IC91I
SD95SD96SD97SD98SD99SD00
P10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Percent protein Increase with application
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Effect of N treatment on Yield, Crookston
120 90 Plus PA UAN
Plus PA Urea
Plus Boot UAN
Plus Boot Urea
Plus UAN RR
Plus PA Urea Agro
60
65
70
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85
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Effect of N treatment on protein average of varieties
120 90 Plus PA
UAN
Plus PA
Urea
Plus Boot UAN
Plus Boot Urea
Plus UAN RR
Plus PA
Urea Agro
14.5
14.7
14.9
15.1
15.3
15.5
Crookston
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Tan spot the most common disease
Overwintering Fruiting Bodies on Wheat Straw
Early season tan spot
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Bacterial Leaf Streak
• No control options, but there are differences among variety responses
• Good data in 2011, 1st complete set of ratings presented
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Crop Sequence Effects in Phase II Experiment
Residue Phase II CSE: Percent Seed Yield Increment or Decrement: 1999 and 2000 Crops
crops Dry Barley Crambe Spring Canola Dry Flax Soy- Saf- Sun-1998, 1999 Year pea wheat bean bean flower flower
Dry pea 1999 2 1 31 -7 11 13 -4 3 17 12
2000 -13 3 -7 2 2 14 7 -4 17 28
Barley 1999 1 -3 12 1 7 24 10 2 24 12
2000 1 -17 23 -1 9 -1 -77 11 18 0
Crambe 1999 -15 8 -2 -4 -6 -10 8 -1 -3 10
2000 6 10 1 8 -2 -44 -1 -28 -12 -27
Spring 1999 20 2 4 2 -5 -29 6 -10 15 -5
wheat 2000 2 7 9 -14 2 9 19 -1 17 9
Canola 1999 -8 1 -6 7 2 16 10 -1 14 1
2000 -10 -7 -77 0 -22 -17 -10 4 -41 -7
Dry 1999 1 -9 -13 -1 2 10 2 9 0 2
bean 2000 4 4 -12 6 15 2 20 -18 -16 29
Flax 1999 5 0 -1 9 12 5 -54 -3 -3 12
2000 0 10 23 1 -1 7 -57 7 36 11
Soy- 1999 -9 -5 -8 3 -10 2 18 22 -1 -5
bean 2000 15 -3 7 -9 -10 9 33 18 -9 -1
Saf- 1999 0 -1 -16 -10 -12 -24 -7 -16 -49 -24
flower 2000 7 2 -13 11 9 4 37 -17 -25 -16
Sun- 1999 3 5 -2 1 -1 -8 9 -5 -15 -17
flower 2000 -11 -9 46 -3 -2 16 29 29 14 -26
Residue (left side) and expected (top) crops are listed in order of increasing average water use.
Units are percent increase or decrease in seed yield of expected crop caused by preceding residue crop.
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Residue Phase III CSE: Percent Seed Yield Increment or Decrement: 2003 and 2004 Crops
crops Dry Lentil Chick- Buck- Proso Canola Spring Grain Corn Sun-2002, 2003 Year pea pea wheat millet wheat sorghum flower
Dry pea 2003 -14 9 0 58 27 -4 5 64 55 10
2004 -13 26 36 31 26 41 23 x x x 29 43
Lentil 2003 19 -9 6 7 24 -12 6 67 41 34
2004 -12 -27 -42 -1 10 46 13 x x x 19 -15
Chick- 2003 19 -6 3 17 18 9 -1 22 58 -17
pea 2004 -28 -39 -61 -12 4 6 3 x x x 17 34
Buck- 2003 -14 2 -14 -17 9 19 3 -13 -40 20
wheat 2004 -2 -13 23 -1 -7 -3 -8 x x x -48 -93
Proso 2003 6 20 12 10 -23 9 -1 -60 -58 -5
millet 2004 51 9 15 -13 -6 -7 0 x x x 23 37
Canola 2003 -2 3 -2 -13 8 -6 2 29 44 28
2004 -13 14 30 10 4 9 -6 x x x -23 -14
Spring 2003 3 17 11 -15 -13 -2 -3 25 -8 27
wheat 2004 37 63 29 18 5 -9 19 x x x 31 26
Grain 2003 -17 -22 4 -16 -32 11 -2 -58 -8 2
sorghum 2004 -21 -21 -15 -24 -12 -56 -15 x x x -12 -11
Corn 2003 -6 9 -4 -7 -21 -1 5 -35 -58 -35
2004 -7 -13 2 -3 -14 3 -25 x x x -20 4
Sun- 2003 4 -24 -16 -23 2 -23 -14 -42 -26 -64
flower 2004 11 1 -17 -3 -11 -28 -3 x x x -17 -11
Residue (left side) and expected (top) crops are listed in order of increasing average water use.
Units are percent increase or decrease in seed yield of expected crop caused by preceding residue crop.
Crop Sequence Effects in Phase III Experiment
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Conclusions
• ND is a key agricultural state– Land is mostly devoted to agriculture– Cropping is more important than animal production– ND leads in production of many commodities– Diversity of crops provides interesting challenges
and opportunities• Short growing season and uncertainly of rainfall
(western) are the main constraints