critiquing research literature...critiquing research literature dr. marla kniewel associate...
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Critiquing Research Literature
Dr. Marla Kniewel Associate Professor
IRB Chair
Nebraska Methodist College
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Objectives
1.Explain the purpose of critiquing research methodology, rigor, study validity and study reliability.
2.Discuss different approaches in the critical appraisal of research literature
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Why Critique Research Literature?
• Assumption that printed words are absolutely true– Not all published research is scientifically sound
– Studies with more ‘interesting’ results are more likely to be:• Submitted & accepted for publication
• Published in a major journal
• Published in the English language
• Research literature provides evidence to guide nursing practice– Essential part of research, EBP, or QI projects
– EBP is about incorporating the BEST evidence • Failure to critique may adversely affect patient outcomes
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What is a Critical Appraisal?
The first step in transferring research knowledge into practice
• Weighing evidence to see how useful it is in decision making
• Balanced assessment of benefits and strengths of research against its flaws and weaknesses
• Assess research process and results
• Skill that needs to be practiced
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How do I appraise Research?
• Mostly common sense.
• You don’t have to be a statistical expert!
• Checklists help you focus on the most important aspects of the article.
• Different checklists for different types of research.
• Will help you decide if research is valid and relevant.
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IMRaD
• Introduction
o Background / Review of Literature
• Methodology
• Results
• Discussion
Structure of a Research Article
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.
Introduction
• Background
– Review of literature
– Overarching Problem
• Purpose
• Good fit between Problem and Purpose
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Structure of a Research Article
• Methodology
– Should describe exactly how the research was carried out:
• Sample: – characteristics, selection, number, non-response
• Measures: – description of tests / questionnaires (validated?), data,
outcome measures
• Procedure: – study design (qualitative, quantitative, controlled?)
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Structure of a Research Article
• Results
– Should tell the reader what the findings were.
– All outcome measures must be reported
– Confidence intervals for effect sizes should be
presented.
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Structure of a Research Article
• Discussion
– Interpretation of the results / relation to theory
– Comparison with the results of other studies
– Weaknesses / limitations of the study
– Implications
– Recommendations
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Critical Appraisal Process
1. Determine appropriateness for project
2. Read entire article first– Organization & presentation
3. Identify unknown terminology
4. Thorough 2nd reading–Highlight each step of research process–Write notes/questions in margins–Circle key points
5. Evaluate rigor of study
6. Make a decision
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Critical Appraisal Process: Appropriateness
• Title
• Abstract
• Level of Evidence
• Origin of study
Systematic Review
Single RCT
Controlled Cohort Studies
(Quasi-Experimental)
Uncontrolled Cohort Studies
Case Studies & Case Series
Qualitative & Descriptive Studies
EBP Implementation & QI Projects
Expert Opinion
(Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2015)
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Critical Appraisal Process: 2nd Reading
• Methodology
– Sample & Sample size
– Ethical considerations
– Research design
– Data collection
– Instrument design
• Analysis
• Results
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Rigor
• Quantitative Study
– Reliability
– Validity
• Qualitative Study
– Trustworthiness
• Credibility
• Transferability
• Dependability
• Confirmability
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Critical Appraisal Process
• Identify Strengths & Weaknesses– Does study meet all of the appraisal criteria?
– Does researcher identify weaknesses in limitations section?
• Will the results help me care for my patients?– Were all clinical outcomes being measured?
– What are the risks & benefits?
– Is it feasible in your clinical setting?
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Rapid Critical Appraisal
• Is the study design appropriate to the stated aims?
• Are the measurements likely to be valid and reliable?
• Was there a relevant effect size?– Clinical significance
• Is the outcome generalizable to your situation?
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Research Appraisal Checklists
• Facilitates the appraisal process– Novice & expert appraisers
• Individualized for type of study– Quantitative study designs– Qualitative Studies– Mixed methods– Systematic reviews (meta-analysis)
• Examples– Joanna Briggs Institute– Critical Appraisals Skills Programme (CASP)– Melnyk’ s Rapid Critical Appraisal Tool
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References
• Boswell, C. & Cannon, S. (2020). Introduction to nursing research: Incorporating evidence-based practice (5th ed.). Burlington MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
• Buccheri, R. & Sharifi, C. (2017). Critical Appraisal Tools and Reporting Guidelines for evidence-based practice. World Views on Evidence-based Nursing, 14(6), 463-472.
• Melnyk, B. & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2015). Evidenced-based practice in nursing and health care: A guide to best practice (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health.
• Melnyk, B., Gallagher-Ford, L., & & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2017). Implementing the evidenced-based practice competencies in Healthcare. Indianapolis, IN: Sigma Theta Tau International.
• Polit, D. & Beck, C.T. (2017). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.