Craft and Design

Your need to know

Change the shape of the chair. Circles, triangles, curves.

Change the colour of the chair. Bright, dull, contrasting.

Change the texture of the chair. Rough, smooth, furry.

Change the material of the chair. Wood, metal, plastic, concrete.

Design Aesthetics. What things look like.

If a designer wants to change the Aesthetics of this chair, they could try some the following things

Aesthetics. What things look like.

If a designer wants to change the Aesthetics of this chair, they could try some the following things

Investigation/research

Evaluation

Analysis of brief

Design brief

Specification

Idea generation

Planning for manufacture

Manufacture

Design process

Design process

Anthropometrics.Measuring and recording the sizes of people.

Anthropometrics.Measuring and recording the sizes of people.

Anthropometric data table.You can use this instead of doing all the measuring yourself.

Ergonomics.How things are designed to suit the sizes of the human body

Ergonomics.How things are designed to suit the sizes of the human body

If you measure the height of the whole population you will get a few small people, a few big people, and a lot in between. We cant design for everyone, so we forget about the smallest 5% and tallest 5% of the people.So we design for people between the 5th and 95th percentile.If you want to design something for small people use the 5th percentile sizes. If you want to design something for tall people use the 95th percentile. If you want to design for the average size use the 50th percentile.

Smallest people

Tallestpeople

Ergonome.When a designer is working on a product they might use an ergonome. This is a model of a person of average size (50th percentile)

An ergonome being used to design a desk.

Wood

• Hardwood softwood

• Shaping wood

• Joining wood

• Finishing wood

Butt joint

Wood Wood joints

Wood joints

Rebate joint

Dowel joint

Housing joint

Stopped housing joint

Dovetail joint

Mortice and tenon

Cross halving

Knock down fitting.Used so that customer can build their furniture at home. Means furniture can be transported flat instead of built up

Types of wood.There are two families of wood;SoftwoodThese come from trees which have needles. They do not have leaves to fall.Softwoods include; Red pine, Cedar, Douglas fir

HardwoodThese come from trees which loose their leaves in the autumn. Hardwoods include Oak, Beech & Mahogany

Manmade boardsThese are made from wood, but usually cheap or unsightly pieces that cant be used on their own.

Types of wood.There are two families of wood;SoftwoodThese come from trees which have needles. They do not have leaves to fall.Softwoods include; Red pine, Cedar, Douglas fir

HardwoodThese come from trees which loose their leaves in the autumn. Hardwoods include Oak, Beech & Mahogany

Manmade boardsThese are made from wood, but usually cheap or unsightly pieces that cant be used on their own.

Wood glueThe main glue used with wood is PVA. A joint glued with PVA need to be tightly clamped and left for 9-12 hours to get to full strength.

Wood glueThe main glue used with wood is PVA. A joint glued with PVA need to be tightly clamped and left for 9-12 hours to get to full strength.

G-Clamp

Sash cramp

Wood Shaping Wood 1

Shaping Wood 1

Wood turning. Making cylinder shaped objects in wood.

Wood turning. Making cylinder shaped objects in wood.

Headstock Tailstock

Tool rest

Driving centre. Has teeth which bite into wood. This makes the wood spin round

Live centre. Spins on ball bearings, and supports the other end of the wood. Dead centre could have been used but this does not spin, so burns the wood.

Draw diagonals on each end. Saw down 3mm on each diagonal with tenon saw.

Draw circle on each end using dividers.

Use smoothing plane to take off the corners to make an octogan.

Increase the speed of the lathe for the last cut to improve surface finish.

Getting readyGetting ready

Try square

Marking gauge

Bradawl

Cross pein (Warrington) hammer

Mortice gauge

Claw hammer

Mortice machine

Hand router

1. 2. 3.

Metal Ferrous metals contain iron Non ferrous don’t.e.g. Cast Iron, Mild steel. e.g. Aluminium, Brass, Copper, Tin.

Ferrous metals contain iron Non ferrous don’t.e.g. Cast Iron, Mild steel. e.g. Aluminium, Brass, Copper, Tin.

Shaping Metal 1

Shaping Metal 1

FilesFiles

Forge work.Where metal is heated and beaten into shape using a large ball pein hammer against the anvil.

Forge work.Where metal is heated and beaten into shape using a large ball pein hammer against the anvil.

File card. Used to clean teeth of file.

Anvil

Brazing hearth

Tongs. Used to hold hot metal

DrillingDrilling

Pillar Drill

Twist drill bit

Countersink bit

Hand Drill

Machine vice

Hand vice. For holding thin sheet metal while drilling

Sheet metal work

Sheet metal workTins snips.

For cutting out shapes in thin metal

Folding bars. For holding sheet metal while it is being bent.

Hide Mallet. For hammering sheet metal to shape.

Sawing metal

Sawing metal

HacksawJunior Hacksaw

GuardChuckChuck key to tighten drill bitTableSafetyTie hair backWear gogglesNo loose clothing

Heat treatment. We can change the strength of metal by heating it up and cooling it down in different ways.

Annealing. Steel is heated up to a dull red colour and left to cool.This makes the steel easier to bend or hammer into shapeHardening. Steel is heated up to deep red and cooled immediatelyThis makes the steel hard but brittle.Tempering. Steel is heated up gently and left to cool.This makes the steel not quite as hard, but much less brittle.

Heat treatment. We can change the strength of metal by heating it up and cooling it down in different ways.

Annealing. Steel is heated up to a dull red colour and left to cool.This makes the steel easier to bend or hammer into shapeHardening. Steel is heated up to deep red and cooled immediatelyThis makes the steel hard but brittle.Tempering. Steel is heated up gently and left to cool.This makes the steel not quite as hard, but much less brittle.

Metal Shaping Metal 2

Shaping Metal 2

Metal latheMetal lathe

Tailstock

Chuck

Bed

Guard

SaddleTool post

Headstock

Cross slide

Compound slide.Can be set to any angle. Used to cut tapers.

Facing off

Facing off

Cutting tool is passed across the end face of the work piece to produce a mirrored flat surface.

Parallel turningParallel turning

Cutting tool is passed along the length of the work piece to reduce the diameter.

Parting offParting off

Thin parting tool is passed through the work piece to cut it off from the bar.

KnurlingKnurling

Lathe is set to slow speed. Knurling tool leaves criss cross print on metal to give it better grip.

Taper turning

Taper turning

Cutting a cone shape. COMPOUND SLIDE ONLY must be used.

DrillingDrilling

Use Jacobs chuck in tailstock.Start with centre drill to make pilot hole, then use twist drills to work up to finished size.

Centre drill

If cutting tool is too low you will be left with a small piece in the middle when you have made a cut. This is called a pip. If this happens adjust the cutting tool up and continue.

Safety.•Wear goggles•Tie hair and clothing back•Make sure chuck key is removed•Make sure guard is in place

Safety.•Wear goggles•Tie hair and clothing back•Make sure chuck key is removed•Make sure guard is in place

Metal

Joining Metal

Joining Metal

WeldingPermanent joint

WeldingPermanent joint

Electricity is passed between 2 pieces to be joined. This generates a lot of heat, melting the edges to be joined making a strong permanent joint. Riveting

Permanent joint

RivetingPermanent joint

Nut and boltCan be taken apart

Nut and boltCan be taken apart

Pop Rivet.Quick and easy rivet to form. They can be formed from only one side of the job.

1 2 3

Rivet set

Riveted Joint.Snap head both sides

Tap wrench

Cutting a screw thread. An inside thread (nut) is cut with taps. An outside thread (bolt) is cut with a die.

Use taps in this order1. Taper tap2. Intermediate tap3. Plug tap

Die Die stock

Using the die.For first cut tighten middle screw and loosen outside ones. Second cut. Loosen middle one and tighten both outside ones.

Types of rivet head

GluingPermanent joint

GluingPermanent joint

An epoxy resin glue can be used to glue metal together,

Metal Shaping Metal 3

Shaping Metal 3

Casting.A hole is formed in sand using a mould. The mould is removed, and The hole left behind is filled with molten aluminium (650 – 700 °C).

Used to make irregular shapes in metal.

Casting.A hole is formed in sand using a mould. The mould is removed, and The hole left behind is filled with molten aluminium (650 – 700 °C).

Used to make irregular shapes in metal.

RunnerRiser

Crucible

Marking out Metal

Marking out Metal

Measuring

MeasuringOutside callipers Inside callipers Micrometer

Marking out

Marking out

Engineers squareBall pein hammer

Odd leg callipers

Dividers

Steel rule

Centre punch Scriber

Plastics THERMO PLASTICS can be heated up and reshaped many times. They have plastic memory; this means they remember they were made in big flat sheets, and will try to go back to this flat shape when heated.Acrylic is a Thermo plastic.

THERMOSETTING PLASTICS cannot be heated up and reshaped. They will stay in the shape they were made in permanently. Melamine is a Thermosetting Plastic

THERMO PLASTICS can be heated up and reshaped many times. They have plastic memory; this means they remember they were made in big flat sheets, and will try to go back to this flat shape when heated.Acrylic is a Thermo plastic.

THERMOSETTING PLASTICS cannot be heated up and reshaped. They will stay in the shape they were made in permanently. Melamine is a Thermosetting Plastic

Vacuum formingThis is a process where you heat thin Thermoplastics up and place it over a mould. You then suck out the air (a vacuum) and the plastic takes up the exact shape of the mould. Click on the picture of the Vacuum forming machine below to see a Youtube video of it. You will not be able to watch this in school!

Vacuum formingThis is a process where you heat thin Thermoplastics up and place it over a mould. You then suck out the air (a vacuum) and the plastic takes up the exact shape of the mould. Click on the picture of the Vacuum forming machine below to see a Youtube video of it. You will not be able to watch this in school!

Oven. Used to heat up the whole of a piece of plastic

Oven. Used to heat up the whole of a piece of plastic

Strip heater. Used to heat a thin area of the plastic to make precise line bends.

Strip heater. Used to heat a thin area of the plastic to make precise line bends.

Cutting

Cutting

Coping saw

Edge finishing.1. Cross file2. Draw file3. Draw file with wet and

dry.4. Polish with metal polish

Edge finishing.1. Cross file2. Draw file3. Draw file with wet and

dry.4. Polish with metal polish

Dip coating. Puts a plastic coating onto metal. It makes metal tools more comfortable to use, and stops steel from rusting.

Dip coating. Puts a plastic coating onto metal. It makes metal tools more comfortable to use, and stops steel from rusting.

Fluidising tank (Dip coating machine.)

Vacuum forming mould.Must have sloping sides to allow the mould to be removed from the plastic this is called draw. It must also have rounded corners to stop the plastic splitting as it stretches over the mould.

Marking outMarking out

Pen or pencil

WoodCasting.A hole is formed in sand using a mould. The mould is removed, and The hole left behind is filled with molten aluminium (650 – 700 °C).

Used to make irregular shapes in metal.

Casting.A hole is formed in sand using a mould. The mould is removed, and The hole left behind is filled with molten aluminium (650 – 700 °C).

Used to make irregular shapes in metal.

Measuring

Measuring Dividers