covalent bonds and molecular geometry
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Covalent Bonds and Molecular Geometry. Name and Formulas Binary Molecular Compounds Acids Lewis Symbols and Lewis Structures Geometries: Electron Domain Molecular Polarity. Compounds. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Covalent Bonds and Molecular Geometry Name and Formulas
Binary Molecular CompoundsAcids
Lewis Symbols and Lewis Structures Geometries:
Electron DomainMolecular
Polarity
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Compounds Compounds form when the valence
electrons present in the atoms of two or more different elements interact.
If electrons are transferred from one element to another, ions are formed, and an ionic compound results.
If electrons are shared between two or more atoms, then a covalent bond forms, and a molecular compound results.
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Compounds Ionic compounds are composed of ions
that are held together by ionic bonds. Electrostatic force of attraction
between oppositely charged particles.
Ionic compounds often contain a metal and one or more nonmetals. NaCl Al2(CO3)3
Compounds containing the ammonium ion are also ionic! (NH4)2SO4
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Molecular Compounds Molecular compounds are composed of
atoms that are held together by covalent bonds. The attractive force between two atoms
that results from sharing electrons
Each pair of shared electrons is represented by a single straight line.
Molecular compounds usually contain non-metals only.
HO
H C
H
H H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
O H
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Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Binary molecular compounds are composed
of molecules containing two non-metals that share electrons.
The names of binary molecular compounds give both the number and type of each atom present.
Prefix element name prefix element name with “ide” ending
Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of each atom present in a molecule of the compound.
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Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
You must know the prefixes for one through ten.
P4S10
Tetraphosphorus decasulfide
PrefixMeaningmono 1di 2tri 3tetra 4penta 5hexa 6hepta 7octa 8nona 9deca 10
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Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Special conventions for using Greek
prefixes: Mono is never used with the first
element (but it’s always used if only one atom of the second element is present)
The ending “a” or “o” in a prefix is dropped if the name of the element begins with a vowel.
CO: Not monocarbon monooxide carbon monoxide
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Naming Binary Molecular CompoundsExample: Name the following binary molecular compounds.
N2O4
PCl5
Cl2O7
SO3
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Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds To write the formula for a binary
molecular compound: Write the elemental symbol of the first
atom listed in the name. Use the numerical value of the prefix in
front of that element as the subscript. Write the elemental symbol for the
second element present. Use the prefix in front of the “ide”
element as the subscript for the second element.Diphosphorus
pentoxideP2O5
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Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds
Example: Write the correct formula for each of the following compounds.
Dinitrogen monoxide
Phosphorus pentachloride
Xenon hexafluoride
Disulfur dichloride
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Acids Acids are molecular compounds that
form hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. HCl (aq) H2S (g) H3PO4 (aq)
Acids can be recognized because: Their formula starts with Hn
or Their formula contains COOH, CO2H or
O
C OH
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Naming Acids The name of an acid depends on the
type of acid:
Acids with oxygen (oxyacids)
Acids without oxygen Gases (pure) Aqueous solutions (dissolved in
water)
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Oxyacids Oxyacids are acids that contain oxygen.
If the acid contains oxygen, Write the name of the anion Change anion ending from “ate” to “ic
acid”OR
Change anion ending from “ite” to “ous acid”
HNO3 nitrate nitric acid
HNO2 nitrite nitrous acid
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Oxyacids Naming acids derived from oxyanions
of S or P: H2SO4 :
oxyanion = sulfate Sulfic acid Sulfuric acid
H3PO4 : oxyanion = phosphate Phosphic acid Phosphoric
acid
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Acids w/o Oxygen – Pure (Gases) If the acid does not contain oxygen and
is a gas (g): Name the acid as if it was an ionic
compound: Start with “hydrogen”
Do not use a prefix to indicate how many hydrogen atoms are present!
Add the name of the anion
H2S (g) hydrogen sulfideHBr (g) hydrogen bromide
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Acids w/o Oxygen – Dissolved in H2O If the acid does not contain oxygen and
is dissolved in water (aq):
Start with hydro Add the name of the anion Change “ide” to “ic acid”
HBr (aq) hydrobromic acid
HI (aq) hydroiodic acid
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Naming AcidsExample: Write the correct name for the following acids.
HCl (aq)
HC2H3O2
HCN (g)
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Formulas for Acids Given the name of an acid, you should be able to
write its formula: First decide which category of acid it is:
No oxygen, (aq) (begins with “hydro”)
No oxygen, (g) (begins with “hydrogen”)
Oxyacid
Write the formula for the anion (including charge).
Add enough H+ ions to make a neutral compound.
Add (g) or (aq) if appropriate.
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Formulas for AcidsExample: Write the formula for:
Carbonic acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Acetic acid
Hydrochloric acid
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Naming Acids You must know the names and formulas
for the following acids:
HF (aq) hydrofluoric acidHCl (aq) hydrochloric acidHBr (aq) hydrobromic acidHI (aq) hydroiodic acidHClO4 perchloric acidHClO3 chloric acidH2SO4 sulfuric acidHNO3 nitric acid
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Naming Acids You must know the names and formulas
for the following acids:
H3PO4 phosphoric acidHC2H3O2 acetic acidH2CO3 carbonic acidH2S (g) hydrogen sulfideHCN (g) hydrogen cyanideHF (g) hydrogen fluoride HCl (g) hydrogen chloride HBr (g) hydrogen bromideHI (g) hydrogen iodide
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Naming - RevisitedExample: Write the correct formula for each of the following.
Calcium nitrate
Dinitrogen trioxide
Phosphoric acid
Aluminum hydroxide
Hydrogen sulfide
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Naming – Revisited Before you can correctly name a compound
or write its formula, YOU MUST determine which type of compound it is:
Ionic starts with a metal or NH4
Acid starts with H or Hn
Binary Molecular two non-metals
THEN use the appropriate naming system or method to write the formula.