covalent bonds how to draw dot structures for covalent bonds
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds
![Page 2: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
--Atoms share VEs to achieve an Octet.--Circle Test for an Octet--Hydrogen only needs two electrons--Carbon is always the central atom (never hydrogen)--Least electronegative atom goes in the center.--Valence electrons to start = finish.--Look for Symmetry in the drawing.
--Single Bonds --Double Bonds --Triple Bonds--Resonant Structures – Coordinate Bonds
![Page 3: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
![Page 4: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H
Hydrogen has 1ve
![Page 5: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H
Hydrogen has 1ve Chlorine has 7ves
Cl
![Page 6: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H
Hydrogen has 1ve Chlorine has 7ves
Cl
![Page 7: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H
Hydrogen has 1ve Chlorine has 7ves
ClThey share their valence electrons
![Page 8: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H
Hydrogen has 1ve Chlorine has 7ves
ClThey share their valence electrons
![Page 9: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H
Hydrogen has 1ve Chlorine has 7ves
ClThey share their valence electrons
Circle Test for Octet
![Page 10: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H
Hydrogen has 1ve Chlorine has 7ves
ClThey share their valence electrons
Circle Test for Octet
Eight Electrons!
![Page 11: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H
Hydrogen has 1ve Chlorine has 7ves
ClThey share their valence electrons
Circle Test for Octet
Eight Electrons!
![Page 12: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H
Lewis Diagram for HCl
Cl
![Page 13: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H
Those two shared electrons represent a single bond and can be written as:
ClH Cl
![Page 14: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H
Those two shared electrons represent a single bond and can be written as:
ClH ClThe dash represents two
electrons in a single bond.
![Page 15: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
![Page 16: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H
Hydrogen has 1ve
H
![Page 17: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H
Hydrogen has 1ve
HO
Oxygen has 6ves
![Page 18: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H
Hydrogen has 1ve
HO
Oxygen has 6ves
They Share their valence electrons
![Page 19: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H
Hydrogen has 1ve
HO
Oxygen has 6ves
They Share their valence electrons
Octet Test!
![Page 20: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H HO
The dashes represents two electrons in a single bond.
![Page 21: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
H HO
The dashes represents two electrons in a single bond.
Hydrogen is never the central atom!!!
![Page 22: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
![Page 23: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Chlorine has 7ves
ClCl
![Page 24: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Chlorine has 7ves
ClCl
Chlorine is Diatomic
![Page 25: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Chlorine has 7ves
ClCl
Chlorine is Diatomic
Chlorine shares its valence electrons
![Page 26: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Chlorine has 7ves
ClCl
Chlorine is Diatomic
Chlorine shares its valence electrons
Octet Test!
![Page 27: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Chlorine has 7ves
ClCl
Chlorine is Diatomic
Chlorine shares its valence electrons
Octet Test!
![Page 28: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Chlorine has 7ves
ClCl
Chlorine is Diatomic
Chlorine shares its valence electrons
Octet Test!
![Page 29: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
ClCl
The dash represents two electrons in a single bond.
![Page 30: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
ClCl
The dash represents two electrons in a single bond.
All the Halogens behave like this!!!!
![Page 31: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
FF
The dash represents two electrons in a single bond.
All the Halogens behave like this!!!!
![Page 32: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
FF
This is why the Halogens are Diatomic!
All the Halogens behave like this!!!!
![Page 33: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
II
This is why the Halogens are Diatomic!
All the Halogens behave like this!!!!
![Page 34: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
BrBr
Bromine is a dark Red Liquid!
All the Halogens behave like this!!!!
![Page 35: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
![Page 36: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
N
Nitrogen has 5ves
![Page 37: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
N
Nitrogen has 5ves
H H
H
Hydrogen has 1ve
![Page 38: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
N
Nitrogen has 5ves
H HH
Hydrogen has 1ve
Hydrogen and Nitrogen share their valence electrons
![Page 39: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
N
Nitrogen has 5ves
H HH
Hydrogen has 1ve
Hydrogen and Nitrogen share their valence electrons
Octet Test!
![Page 40: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
NH H
H
The dashes represents two electrons in a single bond.
![Page 41: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Carbon has 4ves
![Page 42: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Carbon has 4ves
C
![Page 43: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
F
F
Covalent Bonds
C
Carbon has 4ves
Fluorine has 7ves
F F
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
![Page 44: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
F
F
Covalent Bonds
C
Carbon has 4ves
Fluorine has 7ves
F F
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
![Page 45: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
F
F
Covalent Bonds
C
Carbon has 4ves
Fluorine has 7ves
F F
Octet Test!
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
![Page 46: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
F
F
Covalent Bonds
C
Carbon has 4ves
Fluorine has 7ves
F F
Octet Test!
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
![Page 47: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
F
F
Covalent Bonds
C
Carbon has 4ves
Fluorine has 7ves
F F
Octet Test!
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
![Page 48: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
F
F
Covalent Bonds
C
Carbon has 4ves
Fluorine has 7ves
F F
Octet Test!
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
![Page 49: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
F
F
Covalent Bonds
C
Carbon has 4ves
Fluorine has 7ves
F F
Octet Test!
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
![Page 50: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
F
F
Covalent Bonds
CF F
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
![Page 51: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Assignment:
• H2
• CCl4
• CH4
• NF3
• H2S
The Next three bonds listed involve double and triple bonds and will be covered in the next video.
Draw Covalent Lewis Dot Structures for the molecules on the left.
![Page 52: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
OO
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Oxygen Has 6ves
![Page 53: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
OO
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Oxygen Has 6ves
Octet Test???
![Page 54: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
OO
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Oxygen Has 6ves
Octet Test???
![Page 55: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
OO
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Oxygen Has 6ves
Octet Test???
Only 7 electrons not 8!
![Page 56: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
OO
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Oxygen Has 6ves
Octet Test???
Only 7 electrons not 8!
![Page 57: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
We have to use a DOUBLE BOND
O
![Page 58: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
We have to use a DOUBLE BOND
O
![Page 59: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
We have to use a DOUBLE BOND
O
Octet Test
![Page 60: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
We have to use a DOUBLE BOND
O
Octet Test
![Page 61: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
We have to use a DOUBLE BOND
O
Octet Test
![Page 62: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
We have to use a DOUBLE BOND
O
Each dash represents a bond of two shared electrons.
![Page 63: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
We have to use a DOUBLE BOND
O
We usually pair off the unbonded electrons.
![Page 64: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
O
Oxygen has 6 valence electrons.
![Page 65: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
O
Oxygen has 6 valence electrons.
![Page 66: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
O
Oxygen has 6 valence electrons. Carbon has 4
C
![Page 67: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
O
Joining them in a single bond fails the octet test for all three atoms.
C
![Page 68: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
O
Joining them in a single bond fails the octet test for all three atoms.
CSo we have to use a double bond.
![Page 69: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
O CSo we have to use a double bond.
![Page 70: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
O CThey Join and All Atoms pass the Octet Test.
![Page 71: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
O CThey Join and All Atoms pass the Octet Test.
![Page 72: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
O CThey Join and All Atoms pass the Octet Test.
![Page 73: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
O
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
O CWe Represent these two double bonds like this.
![Page 74: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Nitrogen has 5 Ves.
N N
![Page 75: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
A Single Bond Fails the Octet test.
N N
![Page 76: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
What about a Double Bond?
N N
![Page 77: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
A Double Bond Fails the Octet Test
N N
![Page 78: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Nitrogen Requires a Triple Bond!
N N
![Page 79: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Nitrogen Requires a Triple Bond!
N N
![Page 80: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
This Passes the Octet Test!
N N
![Page 81: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
This Passes the Octet Test!
N N
![Page 82: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
A Triple Bond! Each Dash represents 2 electrons
N N
![Page 83: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Another Way to do this:1) Each Nitrogen has 5 Ves for 10 electrons total2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons
N N
![Page 84: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Another Way to do this:1) Each Nitrogen has 5 VEs for 10 electrons total2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the next 8 electrons …
N N
![Page 85: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Another Way to do this:1) Each Nitrogen has 5 VEs for 10 electrons total2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the next 8 electrons …4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet.
N N
![Page 86: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Covalent Bonds
• HCl• H20
• Cl2
• NH3
• CF4
• O2
• CO2
• N2
Another Way to do this:1) Each Nitrogen has 5 Ves for 10 electrons total2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the next 8 electrons …4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet.
N N
![Page 87: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Bond Strength
Think of each bond (dash) as a rubber band holding the atoms together. Two rubber bands is stronger than one but three is stronger than two.
Nitrogen (N2) makes up 78% of our atmosphere and is a really stable and inert molecule
N NOO
FF Weakest
Strongest
![Page 88: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
[NO3]- Nitrate Ion
Another Way to do this:1) Count the total number of VEs2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the next 8 electrons …4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet. [NO3]-
![Page 89: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
[NO3]- Nitrate Ion
Another Way to do this:1) Count the total number of VEs2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the next 8 electrons …4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet. [NO3]-
5VEs18VEs 1VE
24VEs
![Page 90: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
[NO3]- Nitrate Ion
Another Way to do this:1) Count the total number of VEs2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the rest of the electrons…4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet. [NO3]-
5VEs18VEs 1VE
24VEsNO
OO
![Page 91: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
[NO3]- Nitrate Ion
Another Way to do this:1) Count the total number of VEs2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the rest of the electrons…4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet. [NO3]-
5VEs18VEs 1VE
24VEsNO
OO18VEs
Remaining
![Page 92: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
[NO3]- Nitrate Ion
Another Way to do this:1) Count the total number of VEs2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the rest of the electrons…4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet. [NO3]-
5VEs18VEs 1VE
24VEsNO
OO0VEs
Remaining
![Page 93: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
[NO3]- Nitrate Ion
[NO3]-5VEs
18VEs 1VE
24VEsNO
OO18VEs
Remaining
0VEs Remaining
Oxygen Obeys the Octet!
Another Way to do this:1) Count the total number of VEs2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the rest of the electrons…4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet.
![Page 94: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
[NO3]- Nitrate Ion
[NO3]-5VEs
18VEs 1VE
24VEsNO
OO18VEs
Remaining
0VEs RemainingOxygen Obeys the Octet!
But Nitrogen Does not!
Another Way to do this:1) Count the total number of VEs2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the rest of the electrons…4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet.
![Page 95: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
[NO3]- Nitrate Ion
Another Way to do this:1) Count the total number of VEs2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the rest of the electrons…4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet. [NO3]-
5VEs18VEs 1VE
24VEsNO
OO18VEs
Remaining
0VEs RemainingOxygen Obeys the Octet!
But Nitrogen Does not!
Move a Pair from any Oxygen atom and make one double bond!
![Page 96: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
[NO3]- Nitrate Ion
[NO3]-5VEs
18VEs 1VE
24VEsNO
OO18VEs
Remaining
0VEs RemainingOxygen Obeys the Octet!
But Nitrogen Does not!
Move a Pair from any Oxygen atom and make one double bond!
Another Way to do this:1) Count the total number of VEs2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the rest of the electrons…4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet.
![Page 97: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
[NO3]- Nitrate Ion
[NO3]-5VEs
18VEs 1VE
24VEsNO
OO18VEs
Remaining
0VEs RemainingOxygen Obeys the Octet!
But Nitrogen Does not!
Move a Pair from any Oxygen atom and make one double bond!
Another Way to do this:1) Count the total number of VEs2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the rest of the electrons…4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet.
![Page 98: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
[NO3]- Nitrate Ion
[NO3]-5VEs
18VEs 1VE
24VEsNO
OO18VEs
Remaining
0VEs RemainingOxygen Obeys the Octet!
But Nitrogen Does not!
Move a Pair from any Oxygen atom and make one double bond!
Another Way to do this:1) Count the total number of VEs2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the rest of the electrons…4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet.
![Page 99: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
[NO3]- Nitrate Ion
[NO3]-5VEs
18VEs 1VE
24VEsNO
OO18VEs
Remaining
0VEs RemainingOxygen Obeys the Octet!
But Nitrogen Does not!
Move a Pair from any Oxygen atom and make one double bond!
Another Way to do this:1) Count the total number of VEs2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the rest of the electrons…4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet.
![Page 100: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
[NO3]- Nitrate Ion
[NO3]-5VEs
18VEs 1VE
24VEsNO
OO18VEs
Remaining
0VEs RemainingOxygen Obeys the Octet!
Nitrogen has an Octet!
Move a Pair from any Oxygen atom and make one double bond!
Another Way to do this:1) Count the total number of VEs2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons3) Fill in the rest of the electrons…4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet.
![Page 101: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Assignment:
• O3
• C2H6
• C2H4
• CO• C2H2
• [OH]-
• [NH4]+
•Carbon is always the central atom.•Carbon will bond to itself.•Least electronegative atom in the middle (never H).•Some molecules can have a single and double bond.•All of these obey the octet rule.
Another Way to do this:1) Count the Number of VEs2) Start with a Single Bond representing 2 electrons.3) Fill in the rest of the electrons making octets where possible…4) Move Electrons into bonds until you have an octet.
![Page 102: Covalent Bonds How to Draw Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8a71/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)