Ethics are an individual's personal beliefs about whether a decision, behavior, or action is right or wrong.

Generalisasi Etika

• Individuals have their own personal belief systems

• People from the same cultural context will tend to hold similar beliefs

• Behaviors can be rationalized

• Circumstances affect adherence to belief systems

• National culture is intertwined with ethics

Ethics in Cross-Cultural and International Contexts

• How Organizations Treat Employees

• How Employees Treat the Organization

• How Employees and Organizations Treat other Economic Agents

Corporate Social Responsibility is the set of obligations an organization undertakes to protect and enhance the society in which it functions.

Areas of Social Responsibility

• Organizational stakeholders

• Natural environment

• General social welfare

Approaches to Managing Social Responsibility

Obstructionist Stance

• Do as little as possible to address social or environmental problems

• Deny or avoid responsibility

Defensive Stance

• Do what is required legally, but nothing more

• Corporate responsibility is to generate profits

Accommodative Stance

• Meet ethical and legal requirements and more

• Agree to participate in social programs

• Match contributions by employees

• Respond to requests from nonprofits

• No proactive behavior to seek such opportunities

Proactive Stance

• Strong support of social responsibility

• Viewed as citizens of society

• Seek opportunities to contribute

Managing Compliance Formally

• Legal Compliance

• Ethical Compliance

• Philanthropic Giving

Informal Dimensions of Social Responsibility

• Organizational Leadership and Culture

• Whistle blowing

Evaluating Social Responsibility

A corporate social audit is a formal and thorough analysis of the effectiveness of the firm’s social

performance.

Difficulties of Managing Corporate Social Responsibility Across Borders

Actors in Policy Formulation Process : The State, The Market and Civil Society

Difficulties of Managing Corporate Social Responsibility Across Borders

Anglo-Saxon approach ; Asian approach ; Continental European approach