cornell notes - biology mid term

7/25/2019 Cornell Notes - Biology Mid Term

1/7

Topic:

Name: Claire Cullather

Class: Biology 1

Date:

Class Notes / Learning

Log / Textbook Notes

Questions/Main

Ideas:

Notes:

Explain how the invention ofthe microscope supports this

statement: The ability to

understand a fact of nature is

limited by our ability to

observe it.

Using the microscope, we are able to see what the naked eye cannot. Sthe fact that nature is limited by our ability to observe it, the microscop

gives us an advantage by seeing what the naked eye cannot.

Why is biodiversity so

important?

Biodiversity allows all living organisms to be a variety. Without biodiv

everything would be the same.

Explain using words and/or

drawings the difference

between Ionic and Covalent

bonding

Ionic bonds result when electrons are transferred between atoms. Cova

bonds result when valence electrons are shared between atoms. You sh

be able to identify whether an ionic or covalent bond is being formed

between atoms.

Doctors observed that some

long-distance runners were

drinking too much water

before and during a race. The

excess water was causing

serious short-term medical

problems for the runners. Use

principles of water diffusion

to explain how drinking too

much water might be harmfulto a runner.

If you drink a bottle of water here and there when you exercise or when

you're hot, youll be fine. Where you run into problems is drinking way

much too fast. Diffusion is the movement of particles (ions or molecule

from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a hypotonic solution into a hype

solution across and selectively permeable membrane.


2/7

Topic:

Draw and label the parts of a

typical animal or plant cell

(you do not have to do both).

Show the process of Mitosis

paying particular attention to

drawing what happens to the

chromosomes. For the

purpose of illustration ease,

use an organism whose cells

have four chromosomes.

Interphase: Prophase:

Prometaphase: Metaphase:


3/7

Topic:

Anaphase: Telophase:

Carrion beetles lay their eggs

in dead animals and then bury

them in the ground until they

hatch. Assume that the

preference for fresh meat (F)

is dominant to the preferencefor rotted meat and that the

tendency to bury the meat

shallow (S) is dominant to the

tendency to bury the meat

deep. Suppose a female

carrion beetle homozygous

dominant for both traits mates

with a male homozygous

recessive for both traits. What

will be the genotype of the F1

generation? What will be the

phenotype of the F1

generation? What will be the

genotypic ratio of the F2

generation (FFSS : FFSs :

FFss : FfSS : FfSs : Ffss :

ffSS : ffSs : ffss)?

FfSs

Fresh meat / Shallow

1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1


4/7

Topic:

Gene Control the production of proteins.

Homologous Chromosome The chromosomes that make up a pair, one chromosome from each par

Gamete Sex cells that have half the number of chromosomes

Haploid A cell with n number of chromosomes.

Fertilization The process by which one haploid gamete combines with another haplo

gamete

Diploid A cell that contains 2n number of chromosomes

Meiosis Gametes are formed during meiosis. A type of cell division that reduce

number of chromosomes; therefore, it is referred to as a reduction divis

Crossing Over A process during which chromosomal segments are exchanged betwee

pair of homologous chromosomes

How does the reduction in

chromosome number occur

during meiosis?

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half through the separ

of homologous chromosomes.

What are the stages of

Meiosis?

Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I

Biology The Study of Life

Organism Anything that has or once had characteristics

Organization Arranged in an orderly way

Development Process of natural changes that take place during the life of an organism

Reproduction The production of offspring

Species A group of organisms that can be breed with one another

Science A body of knowledge based on the study of the natural worldTheory An explanation of a natural phenomenon

Law Describes relationships under certain conditions in nature

ethics A set of moral principles or values

thermodynamics the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe

Energy The ability to do work

Metabolism All of the Chemical reactions in a cell

Photosynthesis The anabolic pathway in which light energy from the Sun is converted

chemical energy

Cellular respiration the catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to

release energy for use by the cell

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) the most important biological molecule that provides chemical energy

thylakoids flattened saclike membranes that are arranged in stacks

pigments light-absorbing colored molecules


5/7

Topic:

stroma the fluid-filled space that is outside the grana

fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm and regenerates the cell's supply of NAD+ whi

producing a small amount of ATP

glycolysis glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm

Nucleic Acids An organism's genetic material

An old-growth forest is a ________ resource nonrenewable

What is the ultimate source of energy in an energy pyramid?

sunlight

List and describe the various levels of biological organization that may be studied by an

ecologist. 1. Organism-any living thing (humans, animals, bacteria, ect.)

2. Population- is a group of one living thing

3. Community-is a group made up of different populations

4. Ecosystem-is an area inhabited by organisms making up populations or communities

5. Biomes-large areas of land that have the same ecosystem make-up

6. Biosphere-is all the places on Earth where living things can be found

A flea is an organism involved in which type of symbiosis

Parasitism

A coyote would be considered as a ____.

second-level consumer

Which element is found in proteins but not carbohydrates or lipids?

nitrogen

Which is present in only eukaryotic cells?

A nucleus

Carbohydrates quick energy source for organisms:directly produced through photosynthesis

directly broken down through cellular respiration

Lipids long term energy storage in organisms:

Fats, oils, and waxes


6/7

Topic:

Proteins Are made up of amino acids

Make up approximately 15% of your body mass and are involved in nearly every body function

In which part of the cell does translation take place?

In the ribosomes

Would a mutation in the skin cells be passed on to that person's offspring?

No because the mutation is not on the sex cell.

What is Chargaff's law?

A=T and C=G

What does protein synthesis have to do with your traits?

Your proteins make up most of your traits including your hair, eyes, skin, ect.

What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon?

The codon is the set of three bases found on the mRNA and the DNA, and an anticodon is

specifically found on RNA, and is the complementary code to the codon

Chloroplast: The organelle in which photosynthesis takes place

Cytoplasm: The semifluid material that makes up the inside environment of the cell

Endoplasmic reticulum: A series of folded membranes with or without ribosomes where

important molecules are synthesized

Golgi apparatus: A flattened stack of membranes where proteins are modified, sorted, and

packaged into vesicles

Lysosome: A vesicle containing digestive enzymes to help rid the cell of worn out parts, bacteria

and viruses, and help digest large food molecules

Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell, where sugar is broken down to release energy during

cellular respiration

Nucleus: The control center of the cell, which contains the DNA

Ribosomes: Manufactured in the nucleolus, these organelles are the site of protein synthesis

Vacuole: A membrane bound vesicle where substances can be stored in the cell

Cilia and flagella Projections of the plasma membrane used for cell movement of substances past

the cell


7/7

Topic:

Cell theory Cells must arise from previously existing cells:

All living organisms are composed of cells

Cells are the basic unit of life

Habitat _______ is the biggest threat to biodiversity.destruction

For an entity to be considered an organism it has to have certain factors -It has to have cells

- It has to have growth and development

- It has to maintain homeostasis

-It has to respond to stimuli

-It has to adapt and evolve

-It has to reproduce

-It has to require energy

-I has to maintain organization

cornell notes - biology mid term

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