copyright © 2014 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved 1 prepared by chelsea hansen, ma...

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 1

Prepared by Chelsea Hansen, MA

PowerPoint Presentation for

Psychology for Living, 11th Edition

Steven J. Kirsh, Karen

Grover Duffy, & Eastwood Atwater

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2

Psychological Disorders◦ What Are Psychological Disorders?◦ How Common Are Psychological Disorders?◦ How Are Disorders Classified?◦ Putting Mental Health in Perspective

Anxiety Disorders: The Most Common Disorders◦ Generalized Anxiety Disorder◦ Panic Disorder◦ Phobias: Fear of Something That Won’t Really Hurt◦ Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder◦ Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Mood Disorders◦ What Is Depression?◦ Suicide: Who and Why?◦ What Is Bipolar Disorder?

Other Common Disorders◦ Eating Disorders◦ What Are Personality Disorders?◦ Schizophrenia


Psychological disorders — clinically significant behavioral or psychological patterns associated with:› present personal distress› disability or impairment in one or more

important areas of functioning ( e.g., maladaptive behaviors)

› significantly increased risk of suffering disability, pain, or death

› an important loss of freedom or personal control


The major dimensions used in defining psychological dysfunction include:◦ personal distress — intense or chronic negative self-awareness

that interferes with one’s sense of well-being or functioning◦ maladaptive behavior — significant impairment in one or more

areas of psychological functioning, especially the ability to work and to get along with others Individuals who exhibit maladaptive behaviors and impairments in daily

living often put themselves at increased risk for suffering disability, pain, or death.

◦ Individuals suffering from a psychological disorder often violate social norms (generalized expectations regarding appropriate behavior in a given situation or society), resulting in the loss of freedom and control for the individual.

Stigma — the use of negative labels to identify a person living with a mental disorder or with another distinguishing feature and who you believe differs from you


Mental disorders rank second after cardiovascular diseases in the global burden of diseases — a measure of years of life lost to disability throughout the world.

Approximately 22.3 million U.S. adults have a mood disorder in any given year.

Worldwide, schizophrenia is listed as the eighth leading cause of disability in terms of adjusted (reduced) life years.


Incidence — the number of new cases of disorders reported during a given period

Prevalence — the total number of active cases that can be identified in a given population at a particular time

During any one-year period, about 1 in 4 adults will suffer from some type of psychological disorder.

About 1 out of 3 persons will experience at least one significant psychological problem in his or her lifetime.


Overall, men and women are equally likely to suffer from psychological disorders.

However, the patterns of disorders differ somewhat between the sexes.

Women suffer more from phobias and depression.

Men are more apt to abuse alcohol and drugs and exhibit long-term antisocial behavior.

Women are twice as likely as men to seek help.


Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (text revision), or DSM-IV-TR, is most commonly used in diagnosing mental disorders.

The emphasis is on classifying behavior patterns, not people, when diagnosing.

Diagnosis — a problem is classified within a set of recognized categories of abnormal behavior

The purpose of the diagnosis is to:◦ Provide an accurate description of the person’s overall problem

and functioning.◦ Predict the course of the disorder. ◦ Help professionals communicate with and understand one

another.


Anxiety disorders — a group of disorders characterized by symptoms of excessive or inappropriate anxiety or attempts to escape from such anxiety; the anxiety is out of proportion to the stressful situation

The most common anxiety disorders include:› Generalized anxiety disorder › Phobic disorder› Obsessive-compulsive disorder› Posttraumatic stress disorder


Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) — a chronic state of diffuse or free-floating anxiety; the anxiety itself becomes the predominant disturbance

The main characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder is a persistent sense of “free-floating” anxiety.

As with many chronically anxious people, it is not uncommon for those with GAD to experience panic attacks, characterized by the occurrence of severe panic.


Panic disorder is characterized by the repeated occurrence of severe panic or panic attacks.

Cold sweat, feeling dizzy, and difficulty breathing are common symptoms.

Attacks often last 15 to 30 minutes in the absence of a feared situation, though they can last up to an hour (Taylor, 2010).

Anxiety increases to an almost intolerable level during a panic attack.

Panic attacks are unpredictable, so worrying about when they will take place is a source of additional anxiety.


Phobic disorders — characterized by a persistent and irrational fear of a specific object or activity, accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid it

Simple phobias are the most common type of phobia.› Commonly feared objects include animals,

particularly dogs, snakes, and insects.› Most originate in childhood and disappear

without treatment. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 14

Examples of simple phobias:◦ Acrophobia—fear of heights◦ Autophobia—fear of oneself◦ Claustrophobia— the fear of closed place◦ Decidophobia—fear of making decisions◦ Ergophobia—fear of work◦ Gamophobia—fear of marriage◦ Hypergiaphobia—fear of responsibility◦ Monophobia—fear of being alone◦ Mysophobia—fear of dirt◦ Nyctophobia—fear of darkness◦ Ophidiophobia—fear of snakes◦ Topophobia—fear of performing (stage fright)◦ Triskaidekaphobia—fear of the number 13◦ Zoophobia—fear of animals


Social phobia — an extreme form of shyness that can interfere with an individual’s daily life and involves a chronic, irrational fear of and a compelling desire to avoid situations where others may scrutinize the individual

When confronted with the necessity of entering such a situation, the person experiences marked anxiety and attempts to avoid it.

Examples: an intense fear of speaking or performing in public, eating in public, using public lavatories, or writing in the presence of others


Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) — the involuntary dwelling on an unwelcome thought or the involuntary repetition of an unnecessary act or intrusive thoughts (did I lock the door?) followed by repetitive behaviors (checking the door). › Obsession — a thought or image that keeps

recurring in the mind, despite the individual’s attempts to ignore or resist it

› Compulsion — an act that the individual feels compelled to repeat again and again, usually in a ritualistic fashion or according to certain rules


Many individuals with OCD develop habitual behaviors to help them avoid anxiety.

The individual often recognizes that the behavior is senseless, but doing it still provides a reduction in anxiety or tension.


Examples of obsessions include: › Thoughts of lust and violence.› Fear of being contaminated by germs. › Fear that one will kill one’s child or spouse.

Examples of compulsive behaviors include:› Hoarders — collect almost anything and cannot get

rid of it.› Repeaters — feel they must repeat a behavior a set

number of times.› Orderers — want their possessions in certain places

and arranged in certain ways.


Some victims of trauma and disaster experience posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) — a severe anxiety disorder characterized by symptoms of anxiety and avoidance behavior, resulting from an unusually stressful event.

Many causes of PTSD involve life-threatening events such as natural disasters, sniper attacks, rapes, plane crashes, terrorism, horrific car accidents, and murders.


PTSD is commonly characterized by symptoms of:› intense fear.› flashbacks (reliving the event over and over

again).› nightmares. › avoidance.


While everyone is susceptible to developing PTSD, certain people are more prone to PTSD: › Persons directly exposed to the trauma, such as

witnesses, emergency rescue workers, and medical workers

› Women are more likely than men to be vulnerable to PTSD.

› Children are more vulnerable than adults.› People who lack social support or have a

preexisting mental disorderCopyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 22

There is much you can do to help yourself (or someone else) cope better with trauma.› Limit exposure to media coverage of traumatic

event.› Talk to someone about your feelings.› Spend time with family and friends.› Do not hold yourself responsible for the event.› Stay active in daily patterns and maintain normal

routines. › Participate in memorials.› If self-help strategies are not working, seek

professional help.


Depression — an emotional state characterized by intense and unrealistic sadness that may assume a variety of forms, some more severe and chronic than others

Depression is one of the single most common disorders in our society.


Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) — a type of depression associated with certain times of year, especially the winter months, and may be due to a lack of natural light


Depression has been attributed to a variety of causes, including:› Genetics› Biochemistry› Social/cultural processes› Negative thinking/pessimistic cognitive styles


Bipolar disorder — an alternation of elated and depressive moods, popularly known as manic depression

Bipolar disorder is typically composed of alternating episodes of:› Mania — the individual exhibits such symptoms as

an expansive mood, increased social activity, talkativeness, sleeplessness, and reckless behavior

› Depression — defined earlier as an emotional state characterized by intense and unrealistic sadness that may assume a variety of forms


Suicide is more common than homicide. About 34,000 people commit suicide in the U.S.

every year, but this estimate could be up to three times higher!

Adolescents and the aged are most likely to commit suicide.

White elderly men have the highest suicide rate of any group.

The suicide rate for the 15- to 24-year-old group has tripled in the last 30 years.

Suicide is the third leading cause of death for the 15- to 24-year-old group.


Men are more likely than women to commit suicide.

Whites are more likely than African Americans to commit suicide.

Men are more likely than women to complete attempts, in part due the use of more violent and non-reversible means (such as a gun) as compared to women, who are more likely to overdose on drugs, which often allows time for intervention.


People often feel overwhelmed by problems or by depression.

Abnormally low levels of serotonin (a neurotransmitter) might also contribute.

Suicide is a tragic and potentially preventable public health problem.

Suicidal behavior is complex. Risk varies with age, gender, and ethnic group.


Anorexia nervosa — an eating disorder characterized by a severe loss of appetite and weight. The essential features of this eating disorder are a fear of becoming fat, along with a disturbance in body image and a refusal to maintain normal weight.

Diagnostic criteria include being 85 percent of normal body weight along with other physical signs, such as the suspension of menstrual periods (amenorrhea).


Individuals may also exhibit anorexic disturbance — the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, including undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight.

Subsequently, those who suffer from this disorder do not realize they are getting dangerously thin, even when they examine themselves in the mirror.


Bulimia nervosa — an eating disorder characterized by excessive overeating or uncontrolled binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting

Bulimia is closely related to but different from anorexia in that individuals with bulimia attempt to eat without gaining weight.


The essential features of bulimia are episodic eating sprees, or binges, accompanied by an awareness that this eating pattern is abnormal—a fear of not being able to stop eating voluntarily and a depressed mood and self-disparaging thoughts.

Individuals who suffer from bulimia sometimes diet excessively between binges.

Like anorexia, bulimia is more common among girls, especially those in the middle and upper socioeconomic groups.


Binge eating — eating an excessive amount of food within a discrete period of time and by a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode

Whereas most overweight people generally consume more calories than they expend over the course of each day, compulsive overeaters or binge eaters consume large amounts of food in a very short time without the subsequent use of purges or exercise.


Personality traits — enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, acting, and relating to others that we exhibit in a wide range of situations

Personality disorders — occur when personality traits are so inflexible and maladaptive that they cause marked impairment in individuals’ social and occupational life

Personality disorders are estimated to occur in 9 percent of the U.S. population.

Personality disorders are longstanding and result in a pattern of deviation from accepted social norms.


Examples include:› Narcissistic personality — undue sense of

self-importance, often accompanied by a sense of inferiority

› Antisocial personality — long-standing habits of maladaptive thought and behavior that violate the rights of others

› Borderline personality — individuals show impulsive behavior and unstable social relationships as well as unstable self image


Rates of schizophrenia are very similar internationally, affecting about 1% of the population.

Schizophrenia ranks among the top 10 causes of disability in developed countries worldwide.


Schizophrenia — a group of related psychotic disorders characterized by severe disorganization of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions; bizarre behavior; and social withdrawal

Distinguishing symptoms of schizophrenia are the psychotic symptoms — symptoms that are signs of psychosis and that include hallucinations such as hearing voices, marked impairment in self-care and social relationships, and other signs of severe disturbance.


Other symptoms include:› Disorders of speech — peculiar use of language, in

both the form and the content of thought and speech› Distorted beliefs or delusions — beliefs that have

no basis in reality› Distorted perceptions — often perceive the world

differently from others and may experience hallucinations (sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of any appropriate external stimulus)

› Blunted or inappropriate emotions — affect (emotions) is diminished or emotional expression is incongruent

› Social withdrawal — schizophrenics tend to be loners and often prefer animals, nature, or inanimate objects to human companyCopyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 40

No single cause for schizophrenia has been identified.

Increasing evidence suggests that genetic, neurological, and biochemical factors are related to the disorder.

However, only about half of the identical twins that share the same genes with a schizophrenic twin also develop the disorder.

Alternatively, the diathesis-stress hypothesis views schizophrenia as the interaction of a genetic vulnerability (the diathesis or predisposition) with environmental stressors.


There are differing opinions regarding the outlook for persons with schizophrenia.

Factors predictive of recovery include:› Good adjustment before onset.› Family support.› Patient insight and cooperation.› Sudden onset.› Age of onset (the later the better).› Delusional content.› Type of schizophrenia.› Presence of a triggering event.


This completes Chapter 14. You should now be able to:

• Describe the distinguishing features of a psychological disorder.• Explain what the DSM is and how disorders are diagnosed.• Know the prevalence and incidence of mental illness in the United

States.• Know the definition of an anxiety disorder.• Distinguish between five common classes of anxiety disorders.• Explain the difference between depressive disorders and bipolar

disorder.• Distinguish between three types of depressive disorders.• List the warning signs of suicide.• Compare anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating.• Explain what a personality disorder is.• Distinguish between narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline personality

disorders.• Define schizophrenia.• Explain the diathesis-stress hypothesis.• Apply the concepts learned in this chapter to your own lives.


copyright © 2014 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved 1 prepared by chelsea hansen, ma...

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