copyright © 2011 delmar, cengage learning. all rights reserved. chapter 28 diagnostic testing
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Overview of Noninvasive and Invasive Diagnostic Testing
• Noninvasive– Body not entered with any instrument
• Invasive– Accessing tissue, organ, or cavity through
instrumentation
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Nursing Care of the Client
• Preparing client for diagnostic testing– Client identification and assessment
• Baseline vital signs
• Allergies
– Client teaching
(continued)
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Nursing Care of the Client
• Preparing client for diagnostic testing– Nursing interventions:
• NPO status– Nothing by mouth
• Medications
(continued)
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Nursing Care of the Client
• Preparing client for diagnostic testing– Evaluate client’s knowledge, anxiety, comfort,
and safety
– Report significant findings
– Document
(continued)
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Nursing Care of the Client
• Care of client during diagnostic testing– Continually assess
– Prepare room
– Gather supplies
– Test equipment
– Secure specimen collection containers
(continued)
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Nursing Care of the Client
• Care of client after diagnostic testing– Based on:
• Nature of test
• Administration of anesthesia
– Monitoring of respiratory distress and bleeding
– Discharge instructions
– Follow-up appointment
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Laboratory Tests
• Detect risk of future disease
• Establish and exclude diagnoses
• Assess severity of disease process– Determine prognosis
• Guide selection of interventions
• Monitor progress of disorder
• Monitor treatment effectiveness
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Specimen Collection
• Point-of-care testing (POCT)
• Venipuncture
• Arterial puncture
• Capillary puncture
• Central lines
• Implanted port
(continued)
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Specimen Collection
• Urine collection– Random collection
– Timed collection
– Closed drainage system
– Clean-voided specimen
• Stool collection
(continued)
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Specimen Collection
• Hematologic system– Red blood cells
– White blood cells
– Red cell indices
– Platelets
– Sickle cell test
(continued)
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Specimen Collection
• Type and cross-match– Test that identifies blood type
– Determines compatibility of blood between donor and recipient
– Blood types:• A, B, AB, and O positive or negative
(continued)
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Specimen Collection
• Blood chemistry– Blood glucose
– Serum electrolytes
– Blood enzymes
– Prostate-specific antigens (PSAs)
– Blood lipids
– Therapeutic drug monitoring
– Arterial blood gases
(continued)
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Specimen Collection
• Urine analysis– Routine urinalysis
• Macroscopic
• Microscopic
– Collect in morning after first voiding
– Evaluate within one hour
(continued)
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Specimen Collection
• Stool analysis– Occult blood
– Parasites
• Culture and sensitivity tests
• Papanicolaou (Pap) test
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Radiologic Studies
• Radiography– Noninvasive
– Invasive
• Contrast-mediated studies
• Plain films– Chest x-ray
(continued)
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Radiologic Studies
• Risks of exposure to radiation– Gonadal and somatic cells
– Children and pregnant women
– Adverse effects:• Genetic mutations
• Cancer
• Congenital anomalies
(continued)
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Radiologic Studies
• Mammography
• Angiography studies– Cardiac angiography
– Others
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Ultrasonography
• Ultrasound– Noninvasive study
– Uses high-frequency sound waves
– Visualizes deep body structures
• Echocardiogram
• Doppler ultrasonography
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Non-Nuclear Scan Studies
• Computed tomography (CT)
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Radioactive Studies
• Radionuclide imaging– Nuclear scanning
– Images of changes in body structure
(continued)
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Radioactive Studies
• Radionuclide imaging– Results reveal:
• Congenital abnormalities
• Lesions
• Skeletal changes
• Infections
• Gland and organ enlargement
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Electrodiagnostic Studies
• Use devices to measure electrical activity of heart, brain, and skeletal muscles– Electrocardiography
– Signal-averaged electrocardiography
– Stress test• Radionuclide studies
– Electroencephalography
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Endoscopy
• Visualization of body organ or cavity through scope
• Light at end of scope allows practitioner to assess for lesions and structural problems
• Several areas of body can be visualized using endoscope
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Aspiration and Biopsy
• Aspiration– Withdraw abnormally collected fluid to obtain
specimen
• Biopsy– Excise small amount of tissue during aspiration
or with other diagnostic tests
(continued)