copyright © 2010 pearson education, inc. introduction to anatomy & physiology body systems...

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

• Body Systems

• Levels of Organization

• Homeostasis

• Terminology


Anatomy• Anatomy – study of structures of body

– Gross (macroscopic) anatomy - visible to naked eye

• Surface anatomy: superficial features

• Regional “ ”: body areas

• Systemic “ ”: groups of organs

– Microscopic anatomy - cells & molecules

• Cytology: study of cell structure

• Histology: “ ” tissues


Physiology

• Physiology – how organisms perform vital functions

– Cell

– Special : fxns of specific organs

– Systemic : fxns of organ system

– Pathology: effects of diseases on organs/system fxn


Body Systems

• Can you name all the body systems?


Circulatory System

• Transport of materials between all cells of the body

• Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood


Digestive

• Conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body; elimination of wastes

• Stomach, Intestines, Liver, Pancreas


Endocrine

• Coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules

• Thyroid gland, adrenal gland


Immune

• Defense against foreign invaders

• Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes


Integumentary

• Protection from external environment

• Skin


Muscular

• Allow movement of bones and body parts by working with the nervous and skeletal systems

• Skeletal Muscles


Skeletal

• Support and movement

• Bones


Nervous

• Coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules

• Brain, spinal cord


Reproductive

• Perpetuation of the species

• Ovaries, uterus, testes


Respiratory

• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments

• Lungs, airways


Urinary/Excretory

• Maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment; waste removal

• Kidneys, bladder


1-3: Levels of Organization

1. Chemical (Molecular) - atoms are smallest chemical units

2. Cellular - smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out life processes

3. Tissue - connections of cells that carry out related functions

4. Organ - Structural and Functional units formed from tissues

5. Organ System - Groups of organs integrating their functions

6. Organism – A living system

*Each level is dependent on the one(s) below it!


Figure 1-1


Homeostasis

• Homeostasis: all body systems working together to maintain a

stable internal environment

1. Receptor – receives stimulus

2. Control Center (Integrator) - processes signal &

sends instructions

3. Effector - carries out response

– failure to restore balance results in illness/disease or death


Figure 1-3


Negative & Positive Feedback

• Negative feedback: variation triggers response that corrects

situation

– response of effector negates stimulus homeostasis

restored

• Positive Feedback: response of the effector reinforces Δ

caused by stimulus body moves away from homeostasis

– Ex: clotting process, childbirth


Figure 1-4


Positive Feedback

Figure 1-5


Anatomy

• Surface Anatomy

– Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward

– Supine: lying down, face up

– Prone: “ ”, face down


Anatomical Landmarks. Anterior

Figure 1-6


Anatomical Landmarks. Posterior

Figure 1-6


Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Figure 1-7


Abdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1-7


Abdominopelvic Relationships

Figure 1-7


Abdominopelvic regions


Directional References

Figure 1-8


Figure 1-8

Directional References


Plane of Section

Figure 1-9


Body Cavities

• 2 essential fxns:

1. Protection for organs (shock absorption)

2. Permit Δ’s in size & shape of internal organs

• Serous Membranes - line body cavities & cover organs

– consist of 2 layers:

a) Parietal — lines cavity

b) Visceral — covers organ


Body Cavities• Ventral body cavity (coelom)

– Divided by diaphragm into thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities

– Thoracic cavity

• L & R pleural cavities: contain lungs

• Mediastinum

– contains blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus

– lower portion contains pericardial cavity (holds heart)


Body Cavities– Abdominopelvic / Peritoneal Cavity

• Abdominal cavity — superior portion– contains digestive organs

• Pelvic cavity — inferior portion– contains reproductive organs, rectum, bladder

• Peritoneal cavity — chamber w/in abdominopelvic cavity–Parietal peritoneum lines body wall–Visceral peritoneum covers organs


Figure 1-10


Mediastinum

Figure 14-7a


Figure 16-8b


Radiological Procedures• X-rays – high-E radiation penetrates tissues

radiodensity – resistance to x-rays

• CT (computed tomography) rotating x-ray produces sectional view 3D relationships

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) clear details of soft tissue

• PET (positron emission tomography) chemical fxn, organ structure

• Ultrasound Produces echogram from reflected sound waves


X-Rays

Figure 1-11


Figure 1-12

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bladder slide

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movement bones slide

adrenal gland slide

spinal cord slide

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