anatomical terminology introductory concepts: 1) homeostasis – macro and micro 2) body terminology
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Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology
Introductory Concepts:Introductory Concepts:
1) 1) HomeostasisHomeostasis – macro and micro – macro and micro
2) 2) Body terminologyBody terminology
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Anterior – front, beforeAnterior – front, before
Example: The vertebral column is dorsal to the more anterior sternum
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Ventral - bellyVentral - belly
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Cranial - headCranial - head
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Superior – Above (higher level)Superior – Above (higher level)
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Medial – toward the body’s midlineMedial – toward the body’s midline
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Distal – away from point of Distal – away from point of attachmentattachment
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Proximal – toward point of Proximal – toward point of attachmentattachment
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Superficial – at or near the surfaceSuperficial – at or near the surface
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Posterior – back; behindPosterior – back; behind
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Dorsal - backDorsal - backRIGHT HAND
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Caudal - tailCaudal - tail
Hindlimb conformation faults: caudal view
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Inferior – below (lower level)Inferior – below (lower level)
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Lateral – away from midlineLateral – away from midline
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Deep – farther from the surfaceDeep – farther from the surface
Body Planes and SectionsBody Planes and Sections
Transverse – divides the body into Transverse – divides the body into superior and inferior sectionssuperior and inferior sections
http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/transverse.htmlhttp://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/transverse.html
Body Planes and SectionsBody Planes and Sections
Frontal – divides the body into Frontal – divides the body into anterior and posterior sectionsanterior and posterior sections
http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/coronal.htmlhttp://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/coronal.html
Body Planes and SectionsBody Planes and Sections
Sagittal – divides the body into right Sagittal – divides the body into right and left sectionsand left sections
http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/sagittal.htmlhttp://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/sagittal.html
Section 1Section 1
Section 2Section 2
Section 3Section 3
Section 4Section 4
Section 5Section 5
Section 6Section 6
Section 7Section 7
Section 8Section 8
Major Body CavitiesMajor Body Cavities
PLEURAL
PERICARDIAL
Introductory Anat/physiology testIntroductory Anat/physiology test
Body cavities and organs located Body cavities and organs located within the cavity (labeling and within the cavity (labeling and matching)matching)
Anatomical terminology – be able to Anatomical terminology – be able to apply itapply it
Overview of organ systems Overview of organ systems (matching)(matching)
Introductory Anat/physiology testIntroductory Anat/physiology test
Body planes and sections (identify Body planes and sections (identify pictures)pictures)Cell parts and functionsCell parts and functionsHomeostasis Homeostasis – Thirst fill-in blankThirst fill-in blank– Scenario identification of stimulus, Scenario identification of stimulus,
receptors, effectors and responsereceptors, effectors and response– Cell membrane – diffusion, osmosis Cell membrane – diffusion, osmosis
terms and active transportterms and active transport
Dehydration
↓ water volume↑ osmolarity of blood
1) Kidneys detect ↓ blood volume
2) hypothalamus detects ↑ in blood osmolarity
1) JGA in kidneys
2) Hypothalamus in brain
1) Adrenal gland (on top of kidney) releases aldosterone
2) ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) is released from pituitary gland
1) Kidneys keep water and salts instead of excreting them
2) Kidneys keep water and salivary glands do not salivate (causes dry mouth = thirst)
The CellThe Cell
Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic CellsProkaryotic v. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Organelles
Eukaryotic Cell
Section 7-1
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Plant CellPlant Cell
Plant Cell
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosome(attached)
Ribosome(free)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
CellMembrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal CellAnimal Cell
Animal Cell
Centrioles
NucleolusNucleus
Nuclearenvelope
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondrion
CellMembrane
Ribosome(free)
Ribosome(attached)
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
ab
cd
e
f
g
hi
j
k
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Cell membraneContain DNA
NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatusLysosomesVacuoles
MitochondriaCytoskeleton
Animal Cells Plant Cells
Centrioles
Cell membraneRibosomes
NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatusLysosomesVacuoles
MitochondriaCytoskeleton
Cell WallChloroplasts
Section 7-2
Venn Diagrams
Cell membrane
Endoplasmicreticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes Mitochondrion
Section 7-2
Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton
Divison of LaborDivison of LaborA cell is made up of many parts with different A cell is made up of many parts with different functions that work together. Similarly, the parts of functions that work together. Similarly, the parts of a factory or a machine work together to carry out a factory or a machine work together to carry out different functions and come up with a product.different functions and come up with a product.
Answer the following questions.Answer the following questions.
1. What are some of the different parts of a 1. What are some of the different parts of a computer? What are the functions of these computer? What are the functions of these computer parts?computer parts?
2. 2. How do the functions of these computer parts How do the functions of these computer parts correspond to the functions of certain cell parts?correspond to the functions of certain cell parts?
Cell MembraneCell MembraneGuard station—Guard station—– lets somethings inlets somethings in– Keeps some things outKeeps some things out
Cell Wall (plants only)Cell Wall (plants only)Wall outside the Wall outside the factory guard gatefactory guard gate– Protection and Protection and
strengthstrength
mitochondriamitochondriaGeneratorGenerator– Creates energy for Creates energy for
the factorythe factory
Golgi ApparatusGolgi ApparatusPackaging, Packaging, processingprocessing– Puts wrapper on the Puts wrapper on the
candy barcandy bar
NucleusNucleusCEO, central officeCEO, central office– Directs the factoryDirects the factory– Contains the recipeContains the recipe
NucleolusNucleolusMachine makersMachine makers– Place where the Place where the
assembling assembling machines machines (ribosomes) are (ribosomes) are mademade
RibosomesRibosomes
Assembling Assembling machinesmachines– Assembles the Assembles the
candy bars, takes candy bars, takes them to packaging them to packaging (golgi)(golgi)
Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulumInner-factory Inner-factory transporttransport– Conveyor belt, Conveyor belt,
transports transports candybars candybars (proteins)(proteins)
LysosomeLysosomeSanitation crewSanitation crew– Destroys garbageDestroys garbage– Cleans out foreign Cleans out foreign
debrisdebris
VacuoleVacuoleWarehouse Warehouse storage-storage-– Contains all of the Contains all of the
surplus materialssurplus materials
Chloroplast (plants only)Chloroplast (plants only)Solar panels on the Solar panels on the factoryfactory– Converts sunlight to Converts sunlight to
usable energy for usable energy for the factorythe factory
ANSWERS TO INTRO CELL ANSWERS TO INTRO CELL QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
Attached to microscope labAttached to microscope lab
Cell Structures and FunctionsCell Structures and Functions
1. The 1. The CELLCELL is the fundamental is the fundamental building block of the body.building block of the body.
How are certain cells in your How are certain cells in your stomach specialized?stomach specialized?
The _______ is the control center The _______ is the control center of the cell.of the cell.
NucleusNucleus
How many chromosomes in each How many chromosomes in each human cell?human cell?
46 (23 pairs)46 (23 pairs)
You get 23 from momYou get 23 from mom
and 23 from dadand 23 from dad
If same 46 chromosomes in each cell, then If same 46 chromosomes in each cell, then how do we end up with different cell types?how do we end up with different cell types?
Embryo – different genes Embryo – different genes expressed in different cellsexpressed in different cells
What is the function of What is the function of chromosomes?chromosomes?
Chromosomes are Chromosomes are composed of DNA composed of DNA which directs the which directs the cell’s activities.cell’s activities.They are the They are the instructions for the instructions for the building of all of building of all of your body’s your body’s proteins.proteins.
Where are proteins assembled?Where are proteins assembled?
Ribosomes (attached or free)Ribosomes (attached or free)
Where is RNA manufactured?Where is RNA manufactured?
nucleolusnucleolus
What structure transports proteins?What structure transports proteins?
Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum
What is the function of the Golgi What is the function of the Golgi body?body?
To package proteins in a molecular To package proteins in a molecular coat so they can be sent out of the coat so they can be sent out of the cell.cell.
Lysosomes contain chemical Lysosomes contain chemical substances called________.substances called________.
EnzymesEnzymes
The enzymes breakdown proteins The enzymes breakdown proteins into into amino acids.amino acids.
Ribosomes use the amino acids to Ribosomes use the amino acids to build newbuild new
ProteinsProteins
_______ are storage sacs._______ are storage sacs.
VacuolesVacuoles
Incoming nutrients are stored in Incoming nutrients are stored in vacuoles before they are broken vacuoles before they are broken down by LYSOSOMES.down by LYSOSOMES.
Clinical autopsy – gross analysis to Clinical autopsy – gross analysis to cellular analysiscellular analysis
http://pathhsw5m54.ucsf.edu/http://pathhsw5m54.ucsf.edu/case24/case24.htmlcase24/case24.html
To assemble proteins and perform To assemble proteins and perform many other functions the cell many other functions the cell
uses______.uses______.
ENERGY – (ATP)ENERGY – (ATP)
Mitochondria produce ENERGY in Mitochondria produce ENERGY in the form that the CELL can use.the form that the CELL can use.
Importance of cell membraneImportance of cell membrane
Selectively permeableSelectively permeablePhospholipid bilayer – allows oxygen, Phospholipid bilayer – allows oxygen, carbon dioxide and water to pass freelycarbon dioxide and water to pass freelyChannel proteins – allow dissolved ions Channel proteins – allow dissolved ions (Na+, Ca+ K+, Cl-) to pass freely (Na+, Ca+ K+, Cl-) to pass freely Carrier proteins – change shape to Carrier proteins – change shape to allow large molecules to pass in and allow large molecules to pass in and out – ex glucoseout – ex glucosePumps – requires energy to work, Pumps – requires energy to work, pushes in or out ions and nutrients – ex pushes in or out ions and nutrients – ex Na+ and K+ pumps regulate ICF/ECF Na+ and K+ pumps regulate ICF/ECF concentrations and neuronsconcentrations and neurons
No energy neededNo energy needed Energy neededEnergy needed