COPTIC PALLADIANA II:

THE LIFE OF EVAGRIUS (LAUSIAC HISTORY 38)

Translated, with an Introductionby Tim Vivian

INTRODUCTION

Evagrius of PontusFor a discussion of Evagrius, his situation at Scetis, and the issue of the Coptic Life vis--vis

the Lausiac History of Palladius, see the General Introduction to "Coptic Palladiana I: The Life ofPambo," Coptic Church Review 20.3 (See under Previous Issues). Following that General Introductionis a list of abbreviations used in the series.

The Coptic Life of EvagriusThe chief, and very important, difference between the Life of Evagrius as presented in the

Lausiac History and the Coptic Life is that the former mostly chronicles events and is concerned morewith Evagrius' early life and how he came to Egypt while the latter includes these events but enrichesthem with much more detail about Evagrius' interior life. Reading about Evagrius in the LausiacHistory, one is surprised, and disappointed, that someone like Palladius, who knew Evagrius, would beso superficial about this great desert theologian of prayer; the account seems to be one that a moredistant observer, say the Church historian Socrates, might write. As Gabriel Bunge has observed, withregard to Evagrius the Greek Lausiac History "is astonishingly colorless, which is even more peculiarbecause Palladius lived nearly ten years as an intimate of Evagrius."1 The Coptic Life of Evagrius ismuch more what one would have expected from Palladius: much more of an exploration of the way oflife in the desert, about the one "who taught me the way of life in Christ and he who helped meunderstand holy scripture spiritually" (par. 2); as Bunge notes, its pages "are particularly rich inconcrete and specific details which one would not seriously suggest have been purely and simplyinvented."2 Thus, if the Coptic Life of Evagrius represents an eyewitness account from the fourthcentury (see par. 2), as seems likely (on this subject, see the General Introduction to "CopticPalladaiana I"), then it is precious testimony indeed to a small part of the origins and first richflowering of Christian monasticism.

* * * * *The Life of Evagrius follows that of Pambo in the Coptic synaxery and was read on the fifth

Sunday of Lent. * * * * *

1Gabriel Bunge, "vagre le Pontique et les deux Macaire," Irnikon 56 (1983): 215-27, 323-60; 324.

2Bunge, 325.

SYNOPTIC TABLETHE COPTIC LIFE OF EVAGRIUS & LAUSIAC HISTORY 38

COPTIC LIFE LAUSIAC HISTORY1. Prologue LH 38.12. Palladius Testifies as an Eyewitness ----------3. Palladius' Own Testimony ----------4. Evagrius' Origins and Early Years LH 38.25. Evagrius Lusts after a Married Woman LH 38.36. Angels Appear to Arrest Evagrius LH 38.47. An Angel Visits Evagrius Disguised as a Friend LH 38.5-78. Evagrius Goes to Melania but Lapses and Becomes Ill LH 38.89. Evagrius Confesses, Heals, and Leaves for EgyptLH 38.9 ..10. Evagrius Goes to the Cells and Remains There LH 38.1011. Evagrius Asks Abba Macarius about Fornication ----------12.Evagrius' Advanced Asceticism LH 38.1013. Evagrius' Strict Ascetic Regimen LH 38.12-1314. Evagrius' Contemplative Practices ----------15. Evagrius' Gifts LH 38.1016. Evagrius' Fidelity to the Church and His Writings ----------17. Evagrius the Spiritual Director ----------18. Evagrius' Hospitality ----------19. Evagrius Refuses to be Ordained ----------20. Demons Attack Evagrius ----------21. The Book He Wrote about Them ---------22. The Demon of Fornication Attacks Evagrius LH 38.1123. The Spirit of Blasphemy Attacks Him LH 38.1124. Evagrius' Mystical Ascent ----------25. Evagrius Teaches about Humility ----------26. The Purity of His Language ----------27. Evagrius Saves a Tribune's Wife in Palestine ----------28. Discerning Good and Evil Events ----------29. Evagrius' Encounter with Demons in Disguise [LH 38.11]3

THE LIFE OF EVAGRIUS 4

3The version in LH 38.11 is much shorter than that found in the Coptic Life; see the discussion in the

General Introduction in "Coptic Palladiana I."

Prologue (LH 38.1)5

1. I will now also begin to speak about Apa Evagrius, the deacon from Constantinople, uponwhom the bishop Gregory laid hands.6 Indeed, it is right that we relate the virtues of him whomeveryone praises: he lived the apostolic way of life. For it would not be just if we were silent about hisprogress and acceptable to God, but it is especially right that we put them into writing for theedification and profit of those who read about them so they may glorify God our Savior who empowershuman beings to do these things.

Palladius Testifies as an Eyewitness7

2. Indeed, it was also he who taught me the way of life in Christ and he who helped meunderstand holy scripture spiritually8 and told me what old wives' tales are, as it is written,9 in order

4Translated from the text edited by . Amlineau, De Historia Lausica, quaenam sit huius ad Monachorum

Aegyptiorum historiam scribendam utilitas (Paris, 1887): 92-104, with important corrections by Adalbert de

Vog, based on Vatican Coptic Codex 64, "Les fragments coptes de l'Histoire Lausiaque: l'dition

d'Amlineau et le manuscrit," Orientalia 58.3 (1989): 326-32. Gabriel Bunge and Vog give a French

translation of the corrected text. References to the Greek text of the Lausiac History are to G.J.M.

Bartelink, ed., Palladio: La Storia Lausiaca (Milan: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, 1974), which is a

modification of Butler's. Translations of the Gk text are from Palladius: The Lausiac History, trans. Robert

T. Meyer (Ancient Christian Writers 34; New York: Newman, 1964).

5Section titles are my own. Portions in italics are lacking in Gk. Paragraphs without "LH" in parentheses

lack parallels with the Lausiac History. Paragraph numbers do not correspond to LH but are given for ease

of reference.

6BV suggest that the editor amalgamated the preambles of two redactions.

7On the disciple-master relationship with Evagrius, see LH 23.1 (Meyer, 81), where Palladius calls

Evagrius "my teacher," and Socrates, Ecclesiastical History 4.23. In Epistle 51.1 Evagrius calls Palladius

his "brother." According to the LH, Palladius arrived in Kellia in 390-91, well after Evagrius, who came

there around 383 [BV].

that sin might be revealed as a sinner,10 for the whole time I was in that monastic community11 I waswith him, each of us living enclosed and apart. I was by his side Saturday night and during the day onSunday.12 In order that someone not think that I am praising him or showing favoritism towards him,as Christ is my witness I saw the majority of his virtues with my own eyes as well as the wonders thathe performed. These I will write down for you for the profit of those who will read about them and forthose who will hear them read so they will glorify Christ who gives power to his poor13 to do what ispleasing to him.

Palladius' Own Testimony3. I myself have been deemed worthy to inform you how he lived, from the beginning of his life

until he arrived at these measures and these great ascetic practices until he completed sixty years,14

and in this way went to his rest, as it is written, "In a short period of time he completed a multitude ofyears."15

Evagrius' Origins and Early Years (LH 38.2)

8That is, allegorically. For Evagrius as a biblical commentator, see Paul Ghin, vagre le Pontique:

Scholies aux Proverbes (Sources chrtiennes 340; Paris: Cerf, 1987), and Ghin, vagre le Pontique:

Scholies lEcclsiaste (Sources chrtiennes 397; Paris: Cerf, 1993). Evagrius Scholia on the Psalms are

found scattered among the works of Origen: PG 12:1053-1686; an edition is forthcoming.

9See 1 Tim 4:7. Old wives' tales means "false knowledge," of which Evagrius often speaks in his letters.

10See Rom 7:13.

11Or: on the mountain (tou).

12At Kellia the monks would live by themselves during the week and come together on Saturday (the

Sabbath) and Sunday (the Lord's day) for communal meals, worship, and the celebration of the eucharist.

13"The poor" (ebiain) became a monastic self-designation; see Paul of Tamma, On the Cell; Tim Vivian and

Birger A. Pearson, "Saint Paul of Tamma on the Monastic Cell (de Cella)," Hallel 23.2 (1998): 86-107, 92.

14According to LH 38.1 Evagrius lived to be only 54. The number 60 is repeated below.

15See Wis 4:13. This quotation is repeated by Palladius in Dialogue 20, which suggests the Palladian origins

of this material; see Meyer, 141-42.

4. This man of whom we speak was a citizen of Pontus, which is where his family was from.He was the son of a priest from Iberia16 whom the blessed Basil, bishop of Cappadocia, had made apriest for the church in Arkeus.17 After the death of Saint Basil the bishop, and his father in God thepriest,18 Evagrius went to Constantinople, a city filled with learning,19 for he walked in the footsteps ofSaint Basil. He attached himself to Gregory [of Nazianzus], the bishop of Constantinople,20 and whenthe bishop saw his learning and that his understanding was good, he made him a deacon, for truly hewas a wise person, being in possession of himself and without passions, and was a deacon ofunwavering character.21 Indeed, he himself attended [the Council of] Constantinople with our fathersthe bishops at the time of the synod that took place in Constantinople, and he was victorious over allthe heretics. Thus this Evagrius and Nectarius the bishop debated with each other face to face, for trulyEvagrius was very protective of the scriptures and was well-equipped to refute every heresy with his

16Gk reads Ibora, a place in Helenopontus, a town in Cappadocia not far from the monastery of Saint Basil

of Caesarea; see Sozomen, EH 3.30 [Meyer, 200 n. 339]; Jerome, Letter 133 (CSEL 56.246), speaks of

"euagrius ponticus hiborita." BV point out, 154 n. 9, that Ibora and Iberia were commonly confused in

antiquity. However, it should be noted that there were two Iberia: the Spanish peninsula and the land

(roughly coinciding with modern Georgia) south of the Caucasus, northeast of Armenia, between the Black

Sea and the Caspian Sea. Thus Iberia was in fact near Pontus.

17In the Gk, Basil ordains Evagrius as a lector and the Gk text does not mention Arkeus; Basil is identified

as "bishop of the church of Caesarea," not Cappadocia, and one wonders if "Arkeus" is a corruption of

Caesarea; the more general term "Cappadocia" would have been more familiar to a Coptic audience.

18According to Evagrius' letters, his father died when he was in the desert [BV]. Gk does not mention his

father's death. A "father in God" normally designates a spiritual father, an abba, rather than a parent.

19Or: doctrine, sb.

20Both LH 38.2 and Socrates EH 4.23 affirm that it was Gregory of Nazianazus. In Praktikos, Epilogue

(Bamberger, 42), Evagrius refers to Gregory as "the just Gregory who planted me." In Gnostikos 44 he

again refers to Gregory as "the just."

21Sozomen, EH 6.30, describes him as archdeacon, that is, the right-hand man of the bishop, who often

enough was chosen as the bishops successor.

wisdom.22 He was therefore well-known throughout Constantinople for having combatted the hereticswith forceful and eloquent language.

Evagrius Lusts after a Married Woman (LH 38.3)5. The whole city praised him greatly.23 After all this learning [. . .]24 on account of his pride

and arrogance, he fell into the hands of the demon who brings about lustful thoughts for women, 25 ashe told us later after he had been freed from this passion. Indeed, the woman loved him very much inreturn. But Evagrius was fearful before God and did not sin with her because, in fact, the woman wasmarried26 and Evagrius also followed his conscience because her husband was a member of thenobility and greatly honored27 and, furthermore, Evagrius thought deeply about the magnitude ofshame and sin and judgement and realized that all the whom he had humiliated wouldrejoice. He beseeched God continuously, praying that he help free him from the passion and warfarethat he had placed on him,28 for in truth the woman persisted in madness for him to the pointthat she made a public spectacle of herself. He wanted to flee from her but could not summon up thecourage to do so for in truth his thoughts were held captive by pleasure like a child.

Angels Appear to Arrest Evagrius (LH 38.4)

22The Coptic translator has mistakenly turned Nectarius, bishop of Constantinople from 381-97, into one of

the (Arian) heretics. Gk says that Gregory entrusted Evagrius to Nectarius, "one most skillful in confuting

all heresies."

23The attentive Copt reader or listener might have heard that the verb used here for "praise," ti ou, is the

same as that used at the end of par. 1 where glory (ou) is given to God. Thus, as will be immediately

evident, glory, laud, and honor are misplaced here, given to the creature rather than to the Creator. Like a

figure in classical Greek drama, Evagrius will pay for his hubris, "his pride and arrogance" (par. 5).

24The text is corrupt.

25Gk does not mention a demon, but rather the thought; in his own writings Evagrius used "demon" and

"thought" interchangeably. It is interesting that the Coptic adds the demon since Evagrius in his writings so

painstakingly delineated the various demons and their corresponding passions. See pars. 15 and 22.

26Sozomen, EH 6.29, also reports that she was married.

27Gk does not mention the husband but says simply that "she was of the highest social class."

28"that . . . him": Gk "to God to put some impediment in his path." For "continuously" Gk has "humbly."

6. God's mercy did not delay in coming to him but through his entreaties and prayers God cameto him quickly. He comforted him29 through a revelation so that nothing evil could get at him with thewoman.30 In a vision at night, the Lord sent angels to him dressed in radiant clothing who looked likesoldiers of the prefect. They made him stand and seized him as though they were taking him before ajudge, as though they had bound him in ropes along with other thieves, having put a collar around hisneck and chains on his feet,31 acting as though they were arresting him but without telling him thecharges or why they had seized him.32 But he thought in his heart that they had come after him onaccount of the affair with the woman, thinking that her husband had accused him before the prefect.33

An Angel Visits Evagrius Disguised as a Friend (LH 38.5-7)7. Afterwards he was utterly astonished34 and the angel who had appeared to him changed form

in front of him, taking on the appearance of one of his friends35 who had come to pay him a visit andcomfort him. He said to Evagrius, who was bound with the thieves,36 "Deacon Evagrius, why have youbeen arrested, sir?"

Evagrius said to him, "The truth is, I don't know, but I think someone denounced me, perhapsbecause he was seized by ignorant jealousy. So I'm afraid that he's given money to the judge so he willquickly and violently destroy me."

The angel said to him, "If you will listen to me, I who am your friend, then I will tell you: It isnot good for you to stay in this city."

Evagrius said to him, "If God delivers me from this trouble and you still see me in this city ofConstantinople, say 'You deserve this punishment.'"37

The angel who had taken on the appearance of a friend said to him,38 "I will give you theGospel; swear to me 'I will not remain in this city,' and that you will be concerned about the salvationof your soul. I will save you from this trouble."

29Ti nomti literally means "give strength, power, encouragement, comfort." Reftinomti is Coptic for the

Comforter.

30Gk simplifies this sentence to "After he had been at prayer a short time."

31Gk: tied his hands; see Sozomen EH 6.30.

32Gk simplifies the sentence to "They did not tell him why."

33Coptic "had accused him before the prefect": Gk "had brought this about."

34Coptic lacks "for another trial was going on with others being tried for some complaint or other."

35Gk: a genuine friend.

36Gk: forty criminals.

37"Say . . .punishment": Gk "know that I would undergo this punishment without complaint."

And he swore to him upon the Gospel, "Give me one day to load my clothes on the boat and Iswear to you I will leave this city."

After he had sworn, he awoke from the vision he had seen at night and said, "Even if I swore ina dream, nevertheless I have sworn this oath." He immediately got up, loaded his things and his clotheson the boat, and set sail for Jerusalem.

Evagrius Goes to Melania but Lapses and Becomes Ill (LH 38.8)8. Blessed Melania the Roman joyfully welcomed him. But once again the Devil hardened his

heart as in the time of Pharaoh39 and his heart doubted and became divided and on account of hisboiling youthfulness and his very learned speech and because of his large and splendid wardrobe (hewould change clothes twice a day),40 he fell into vain habits and bodily pleasure. But God, who alwayskeeps destruction from his people, sent a tempest of fever and chills41 upon him until he contracted agrave illness that persisted until his flesh become as thin as thread.42

Evagrius Confesses, Heals, and Leaves for Egypt (LH 38.9)9. This illness afflicted him with every sort of hidden suffering43 so that the doctors were

perplexed and were unable to cure him. Saint Melania said to him, "Evagrius, my child, this persistentillness does not please me. Do not hide your thoughts from me; perhaps I will be able to cure you. Tellme your thoughts in all honesty, for I can see by looking at you that this illness has not come over youwithout God's permission."44 Then he revealed all his thoughts to her.45 She said to him, "Give me yourword that you will take the monastic habit and, although I am a sinner, I will entreat my God throughhis grace to make you whole." He gave her his word and after a few days he was healthy again. He

38Gk: "Then the vision spoke."

39See Ex 7:14.

40Gk says only that he changed his clothes.

41Gk: a six-month fever.

42A nice image. "Which . . . thread": Gk "This wasted away his flesh which had been his great impediment."

43Evagrius' physical suffering (pipathos) is a direct result of his fleshly passions (nipathos).

44"Perhaps . . . permission": Gk "for your sickness is not beyond God's aid."

45Gk: Then he confessed the whole story.

arose and took the monastic habit46 and left. He walked and came to the monastic community ofPernouj,47 which is in Egypt.

Evagrius Goes to the Cells and Remains There (LH 38.10)10. And he remained there two years and the third year he left there and went to the desert of

the Cells.48 He remained there sixteen years,49 undertaking there numerous ascetic practices,50 and hewent to his rest at sixty years of age. He did not see the bitterness of the body's old age and thus wentto his rest as it is written: "In a short while he completed many years and he was quickly taken to theLord so that evil might not alter his understanding."51

Evagrius Asks Abba Macarius about Fornication52

11. One day he asked our father Abba Macarius, "My father, how will I be able to oppose thespirit of fornication?"53

The old man said to him, "Do not eat anything in order to be filled up, neither fruit noranything cooked over a fire."54

46The Gk emphasizes that Evagrius "received a change of clothing at her hands." According to Evagrius,

Epistle 22.1 it was Rufinus who clothed Evagrius in the monastic habit [BV].

47That is, Nitria, the monastic settlement some 50 kilometers southeast of Alexandria.

48Gk lacks "of the Cells" here and places "the so-called Kellia" in the next sentence. Kellia (Cells) was

about 18 kilometers south of Nitria.

49Gk: fourteen.

50Gk specifies: "eating but a pound of bread and a pint of oil in the space of three months, and he was a man

who had been delicately reared in a refined and fastidious manner of life." Gk lacks the rest of this sentence

and the remainder of the paragraph is completely different.

51See Wisd 4:13 and par. 3 above.

52For a similar visit by Evagrius to Macarius, see Virtues of Macarius 42.

53In the Life of Antony 6.2, the Devil tells Antony he is "the friend of fornication."

54In Praktikos 94 (Bamberger, p. 40) "the holy Father Macarius" tells him, "For twenty years I have not

taken my fill of bread or water or sleep. I have eaten my bread by scant weight, and drunk my water by

measure, and snatched a few winks of sleep while leaning against a wall." Evagrius counseled monks never

Evagrius' Advanced Asceticism (LH 38.10)12. He was a person to admire, having le ft behind a life of ease and pleasure. There is no

condemnation in saying that he was "an old man" from the beginning.55 He said one hundred prayers aday, while being a very skilled scribe.56

Evagrius' Strict Ascetic Regimen (LH 38.12-13)13. At the end of nearly eight years57 of keeping a stringent regimen of ascetic practice without

relaxing it at all, he managed to damage his bowels and because the food he ate was like stones his

to eat or sleep to satiety; since one passion (gluttony) could lead to another (lust), such restraint was part of

the monastic effort to reduce sexual desire. For Evagrius (and for Poimen and many other Desert Fathers),

gluttony was the first sin, the first sin of Adam, and from it all others flowed. In the Apophthegmata there

is the frequent admonition to "guard your belly"; fasting is the first step in undoing the sin of Adam. For

Evagrius, failure to control ones food opened oneself to lust: "It is not possible to fall into the hands of the

spirit of fornication if one has not fallen under the blows of [the spirit] of gluttony," De diversis malignis

cogitationibus (PG 79:1200-1201). On all this, see Antoine Guillaumont, "Introduction," Evagre le

Pontique: Le Traite pratique (Paris: Cerf, 1971), 90-93. See also Evagrius, De jejunio 8; J. Muyldermans,

ed. and trans., Evagriana Syriaca: Tests indits du British Museum et de la Vaticane (Louvain: Publications

Universitaires/Institut Orientalist, 1952), Syriac 116, French 151, and Evagrius, De diversis malignis

cogitationibus 1 (PG 79.1200). If this account is accurate, Evagrius learned the connection between

gustatory and sexual appetites from Macarius. See Guillaumont, " Evagre le Pontique et les deux Macaires,"

Irnikon 56 (1983) 215-227, 323-360.

55This sentence, which BV term "enigmatic," is lacking in Gk. The point seems to be that Evagrius was an

"old man" or "elder," one advanced in monastic wisdom, from the beginning.

56Gk: He composed one hundred prayers, and he wrote during the year only the price of as much as he ate,

for he wrote very gracefully the Oxyrhynchus character. Coptic lacks the rest of Gk LH 38.10 which speaks

of Evagrius' spiritual gifts and of the three books he wrote. Gk 38.11 occurs much later in the Coptic

version; see pars. 22-23, 29 below.

57Gk: sixteenth year.

rectum hurt him.58 The elders had him change his ascetic regimen and thus he did not eat bread untilthe day he died but would eat a few herbs and a little cooked barley, which proved sufficient for himuntil he spent his little bit of time.59 As for fruit or anything else that gives the body pleasure, he didnot eat them nor did he allow his servants to eat them.60 This was his ascetic regimen with regard tofood.

Evagrius' Contemplative Practices14. With regard to sleep, he followed a rule: he would sleep a third of the night, but during the

day he would not sleep at all.61 He had a courtyard where he would spend the middle part of each daywalking, driving away sleep from himself, training his intellect to examine his thoughtssystematically.62 When he had finished sleeping a third of the night, he would spend the rest of the

58Gk says that as a result "his body required food prepared over a fire." In the Life of Antony 61.1,

"Polycratia, a remarkable Christ-bearing young woman in Laodicea . . . suffered terribly with pain in her

stomach and side on account of her excessive asceticism and her whole body was weakened." On the

subject of food permitted to sick monks, see Lucien Regnault, La vie quotidienne des pres du dsert en

gypte au IVe sicle (Paris: Hachette, 1990), chapter 6, "Le Regime alimentaire," 75-94, esp. 85-87.

59Gk lacks the intervention of the elders at the beginning of this sentence and at the end says that "he died

after having communicated in the church at Epiphany."

60Gk: He said: "I did not touch lettuce or any vegetable greens, or fruit, or grapes, nor did I even take a bath,

since the time I came to the desert." Although BV believe this sentence corresponds to LH 38.12, it is so

different that there may be no connection.

61A third of the night was four hours; the other two-thirds were devoted to the office and work. This "rule"

was apparently common at Kellia (BV).

62On the architecture of the cells uncovered in Kellia, see Myriam Orban, ed., Dserts chrtiens d'gypte

(Nice: Culture Sud, 1993), with photos of the excavations at Kellia, and Georges Descoeudres,

"L'architecture des ermitages et des sanctuaires," in Les Kellia: Ermitages coptes en Basse-Egypte (Geneva:

Muse d'art et d'histoire, 1990), 33-55.

night walking in the courtyard, meditating63 and praying, driving sleep away from himself, training hisintellect to reflect on the meaning of the scriptures.64

Evagrius' Gifts (LH 38.10)15. He possessed a very pure intelligence and 65 was deemed worthy to receive the gift66 of

wisdom and knowledge and discernment,67 with which he categorized the works of the demons.

Evagrius' Fidelity to the Church and His Writings16. And he was very scrupulous with regard to the holy scriptures and the orthodox traditions

of the Catholic Church. Indeed, the books he wrote testify to his teaching and knowledge andremarkable intelligence. For he wrote three books of teaching:68 one concerning the cenobitic monks,another concerning the monks who lived in cells in the desert, and another concerning the priests ofGod in order for them to be vigilant with regard to their duties in the sanctuary. These three worksteach everyone to live a good life, to possess a firm understanding, and to have an orthodox way ofseeing things according to the traditions of the Church.69

63Coptic/Gk melet meant to meditate on scripture, that is, to quietly utter on one's lips the words of

scripture, most commonly the Psalms.

64On nocturnal vigils, see Evagrius, Ad Monachos 46-51 and Antirrhetikos II.55 (BV).

65Gk: Within fifteen years he had so purified his mind that he.

66Or grace, hmot: Gk charisma .

67Gk: discernment of spirits. A very important trait in the Life of Antony.

68Or doctrine, sb.

69What are these "three works"? The one to the cenobites may be Ad monachos, the one to the solitaries

Praktikos, but there are a number that could fit this category; but it is not clear what the one concerning

priests could be. Evagrius very rarely speaks about the eucharist; see Gnostikos 14. LH 38.10 condenses

Evagrius' writings thusly (partly seen in the last sentence of par. 16 above): "Then he drew up three holy

books for monks--Controversies [or Refutations: Antirrhtika] they are called--on the arts to be used against

demons." It is interesting that Evagrius' works are so often listed in threes: In his Epistle to Ctesiphon

(CSEL 56.246), Jerome says that Evagrius wrote to virgins, monks, and to Melania. Evagrius, in his letter

to Anatolius (PG 40.1221), seems to refer to the Praktikos, Gnostikos, and Kephalaia Gnostika.

Evagrius the Spiritual Director70

17. This was his practice: The brothers would gather around him on Saturday and Sunday,discussing their thoughts with him throughout the night, listening to his words of encouragement untilsunrise. And thus they would leave rejoicing and glorifying God, for Evagrius' teaching was verysweet.71 When they came to see him, he encouraged them, saying to them, "My brothers, if one of youhas either a profound or a troubled thought, let him be silent until the brothers depart and let himreflect on it alone with me. Let us not make him speak in front of the brothers lest a little one perish onaccount of his thoughts and grief swallow him at a gulp."

Evagrius' Hospitality18. Furthermore, he was so hospitable that his cell never lacked five or six visitors a day who

had come from foreign lands to listen to his teaching, his intellect, and his ascetic practice.72 As aresult, he had money because in truth large numbers of people would send it to him. You would findmore than two hundred coins in his possession which he would entrust to his steward who served in hishouse at all times.73

Evagrius Refuses to be Ordained19. Numerous times Apa Theophilus the archbishop wished to take him and make him bishop of

Thmoui,74 but he would not agree to this and fled from the archbishop so he could not ordain him.75

Demons Attack Evagrius20. One time the demons paid him a visit and wounded him several times. We heard their

voices but did not see them.76 They struck him at night with ox-hide whips and, as God is our witness,we saw with our own eyes the wounds they inflicted on his body.

70See LH 26.1 and [73.4] and the letter from Abba Lucius to Evagrius preserved in Arabic, with a French

translation, in Irene Hausherr, "Eulogios-Loukios," Orientalia Christiana Periodica 6 (1940): 216-20

[BV].

71Sweetness was the essence of Evagrius' spiritual teaching and personality and is also an important word in

the Life of Macarius of Scetis (see chapter 7); see Bunge, Briefe, 70ff., 126 ff.; AP Evagrius 7; Sozomen,

EH 6.30.

72In his letters Evagrius himself often speaks of such visitors and the letters he received; see Ep. 10.1, 22.1

[BV].

73See the interesting parallels in Life of Pambo 5 and 10.

74Thmuis .

75Evagrius seems to refer to this in Ep. 13; see also Socrates, EH 4.23 [BV].

The Book He Wrote about Them21. If you [sing.] want to know the experiences that he underwent at the hands of the demons,

read the book he wrote concerning the suggestions of the demons. You will see their full power andvarious temptations. Indeed, it was for this reason that he wrote about these subjects, in order thatthose who read about them might be comforted knowing that they are not alone in suffering suchtemptations, and he showed us how such thoughts could be mastered through this or that kind ofpractice.77 It is remarkable that such a person managed to escape notice from the beginning.

The Demons of Fornication Attacks Evagrius (LH 38.11)22. One time the demons so increased in him the desire for fornication that he thought in his

heart that God had abandoned him, as he told us, and he spent the whole night standing naked andpraying in the cistern of water in winter until his flesh became as hard as rock.

The Spirit of Blasphemy Attacks Him (LH 38.11)23. Another time, moreover, the spirit of blasphemy tormented him and he spent forty days

without entering under the lintel of a cell until his whole body was covered with vermin like anirrational animal. 78

Evagrius' Mystical Ascent24. A few days later he told us about the revelations he had seen. He never hid anything from

his disciples.79 "It happened," he said, "while I was sitting in my cell at night with the lamp burningbeside me, meditatively reading one of the prophets. In the middle of the night I became enraptured

76See Life of Antony 13.

77This must be a reference to the Antirrhetikos; see Bunge, Briefe, 181.

78See Dan 4:25-30. Palladius has several times emphasized Evagrius' reasoning and intellect (kati); here

Evagrius is like an irrational (atkati) animal.

79"He never hid anything from his disciples." This contradicts Evagrius' explicit teaching. For example:

Letter to Anatolius 9 (i.e., the preface to the Praktikos): "Some things I have veiled and made obscure, to

avoid giving what is holy to dogs and casting pearls before swine. But it will all be clear to those who have

embarked on the same route"; Gnostikos 23: "It is necessary sometimes to feign ignorance, because those

who are asking questions are not worthy to hear. And you will be telling the truth--since you are tied to a

body and you do not now have an integrated knowledge of things." Evagrius seems in fact to have

organized the Kephalaia Gnostika in such a way so as not to be too systematic, lest those who were not

ready for the truth should have access to it.

and I found myself as though I were in a dream in sleep and I saw myself as though I were suspendedin the air up to the clouds and I looked down on the whole inhabited world.80 And the one whosuspended me said to me, 'Do you see all these things?' He raised me up to the clouds and I saw thewhole universe at the same time. I said to him, 'Yes.' He said to me, 'I am going to give you acommandment. If you keep it, you will be the ruler of all these things that you see.' He spoke to meagain, 'Go, be compassionate, humble, and keep your thoughts pointed straight to God. You will ruleover all these things.' When he had finished saying these things to me, I saw myself holding the bookonce again with the wick burning and I did not know how I had been taken up to the clouds. Whether Iwas in the flesh, I do not know; God knows. Or whether I was in the mind, once again I do notknow."81 And so he contended with these two virtues [of compassion and humility] as though hepossessed all the virtues.

Evagrius Teaches about Humility25. He used to say that humility leads the intellect into right knowledge, drawing it upward, for

it is written, "He shall teach the humble their paths."82 Indeed, this virtue is one the angels possess.Concerning the purity of the body, he used to say that "the monks are not alone with the virgins inpossessing it. This virtue is theirs but it is also a virtue that numerous lay persons have who maintainpurity, but since not all of them possess purity of body, 'seek out,' it says, 'peace with everyone, andpurity, without which no one will see the Lord.'" 83

The Purity of His Language26. It was impossible to find a worldly word in the mouth of Apa Evagrius or a mocking word,

and he refused to listen to another person using such words.

Evagrius Saves a Tribune's Wife in Palestine84

27. We also heard about this other wonderful matter: When he fled from Apa Theophilus, whowanted to make him bishop of Thmoui,85 he fled and went to Palestine and happened upon a tribune's

80In the Life of Antony 65.2, one time when Antony was about to eat, "he stood up to pray close to the ninth

hour when he perceived that he was being carried off in thought and, amazing to relate, stood there looking

at himself as if he were outside himself and were being led into the air by certain beings."

81See 2 Cor 12:2.

82Ps 24:9, an important verse for Evagrius [BV].

83See Heb 12:14.

84Evagrius' letters do not mention this event, which is fascinating for what it reveals both religiously and

sociologically. If it took place, it was undoubtedly while he was on his way to see Rufinus and Melania.

85See par. 19 above.

wife who was possessed by an unclean demonic spirit. She would enjoy nothing from all of creation,for the demon taught her this practice as though this were the way the angels lived. Furthermore, shehad not gone to her husband's bed for many years. When Apa Evagrius the man of God86 encounteredher, he returned the woman's heart to God by means of a single word and a single prayer, she and herhusband at the same time. For she used to repeat some things said by philosophers outside of the faithwithout understanding what she was saying, saying things that would have been wonderful if anotherperson had said them. Evagrius gained her salvation in the Lord and brought about her reconciliationwith her husband in peace.

Discerning Good and Evil Events28. One time when he was in the desert, an old man who was fleeing from the presbyterate

came to see him. While he was on his way, walking on the road, his bread gave out. When his disciplewas about to faint from hunger, he stopped on the road and an angel placed a pair of loaves beforehim and put them on the road that led into the mountain. When the old man arrived at Apa Evagrius',he said to him, "When I was on my way to see you, I and my servant, we got hungry on the road. Wedid not find bread to eat. My servant was about to collapse from not eating and after we placed someskins down on the ground, we genuflected. While we were bent to the ground, the smell of hot breadcame to us and when I got up I found two loaves of hot bread in front of me and when each of us hadtaken a loaf, we ate it, we recovered our strength, we started walking, and came to you." Indeed, Imyself happened to be sitting there while he said these words to Apa Evagrius concerning the miraclethat had happened to him. "Tell me, therefore," he said, "whether or not a demon has the power to dosomething like this."87

Apa Evagrius said to him, "You and I have both had such events happen to us. A few days ago Itoo went to visit the brothers. As I was walking along, I found on the road a money purse with threesolidi in it. I stopped and sat down beside it lest someone had dropped it and would not be back tosearch for it. Although I spent a day sitting there, no one came to look for the money. I did not knowwhere I could send the money because in truth I did not know who it belonged to. I sent [my steward]to the villages closest to me to ask whether or not someone had lost a money purse the past few days.When I didn't find anyone, I ordered my steward to distribute the money to strangers. Whether it wasan angel or whether it was a demon that had left the purse, we distributed the money. As for you andme, whether what happened in our cases occured on account of an angel or on account of a demon, let

86This epithet is applied to Antony in the Life of Antony 93.1.

87Could the monk be thinking of Antony's experience (Life of Antony 40.3-4): "One day while I was fasting,

the Deceiver came dressed like a monk. He had bread that was illusory and advised me, 'Eat, and stop all

these sufferings. You are only human and will grow weak.' But I recognized his deceitfulness and stood up

to pray"?

us give glory to God, for occurences like these do not profit the soul at all except to purify it.88

Nevertheless, I give glory to you89 for having received food from an angel. Yes, it is possible fordemons to steal some loaves of bread and bring them to someone, but such loaves will not nourish thebody because things that belong to demons stink 90and if something comes from the demons the soul isconfused when it sees it.91 If, however, it comes from the angels, the soul is not confused but remainssteadfast and at peace at that time.92 Therefore, the person who is worthy to receive food from theangels first of all possesses discernment in thinking about the saying of the Apostle, who says, 'Solidfood is for the perfect, for those whose faculties have been trained by practice to distinguish evil fromgood.'"93

Evagrius' Encounter with Demons Disguised as Servants of the Church (LH 38.11)94

88For Evagrius, gold was not necessarily demonic; it was the passions that caused problems, not things in

themselves. See Evagrius Ponticus, De diversis malgnis cogitationibus 7 (PG 79.1208-1209), and In

Psalmos 145.8, cited in Bunge, Briefe , 122.

89Now it is appropriate for Evagrius to give glory (ti ou) because the monk has been glorified by God and

the angels.

90A common belief among the monks. In Life of Antony 63.1-3, "Antony went down to the outer monastic

cells and was asked to get on a boat and pray with the monks" where "he alone perceived a terrible and very

acrid stench . . . a young man possessed by a demon (he had gotten on before them and hidden himself on

the boat) suddenly cried out. Antony rebuked the demon in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ and it left the

young man. The young man became well and everyone knew that the stench had come from the demon."

91In the Life of Antony 35.4, Antony voices a similar sentiment: "A vision that comes from the saints is not

fraught with confusion."

92Such an understanding occurs commonly in Evagrius' writings [BV]. On the wiles of the demons and

ways of discerning them, see Life of Antony 21-43.

93Heb 5:14. According to Evagrius, food from angels is usually synonymous with knowledge [BV]. On

discernment, see Life of Antony 22.3, 38.5, 44.1, 88.1-2, and Cassian, Conferences 2.4.4.

94See Ad monachos 126 [BV]. Although this paragraph has a parallel in LH 38.11, the version here is so

much longer that I have italicized the entire paragraph. LH 38.11 reads like a condensation (Meyer, 113-

29. Once again, three demons in the form of servants of the Church came to see him one day inthe heat of midday,95 and they were dressed in such a way that they were able to prevent him fromrecognizing them and seeing that they were demons.96 On account of this, after they had left and hefound the door closed, he realized that they were demons, but he did not realize it at first. They hadgiven the appearance of discussing with him the subject of faith in the scriptures, and each of them toldhim his concern and they said to him, "We have heard it said about you that you speak articulatelyabout the orthodox faith; therefore, we have come to you so you might satisfy our concerns." He saidto them, "Ask what you wish."

The first said to him, "I am a Eunomian.97 I have come to you so you might tell me whether theFather is begotten or unbegotten."98 Apa Evagrius said to him, "I will not answer you because youhave asked a bad question, for it is not right to talk about the nature of the Unbegotten and to inquirewhether it is begotten or unbegotten."99

When the first realized that Evagrius had defeated him, he pushed his companion forward.When he had come forward, he first said [to his companion], "You've put your question badly." ApaEvagrius said to him, "And you, who are you?" He said, "I am an Arian." Apa Evagrius said to him,"And you in turn, what do you seek?" He said to him, "I am asking about the Holy Spirit and about thebody of Christ, whether or not it was truly him whom Mary bore."100 Saint Evagrius said to him, "The

14): "Three demons disguised as clerics attacked him in broad daylight and they examined him as regards

the faith; one said he was an Arian, one an Eunomian, and the third said he was an Apollinarian. He got

around them with his knowledge and a few words." See the discussion in the General Introduction.

95These would therefore be the "noonday demons: of acedia, spiritual torpor and boredom.

96In the Life of Antony 25.3, Antony says, "In addition, changing themselves into the forms of monks, [the

demons] pretend to speak like the faithful in order to lead them astray with this seeming likeness, and

afterwards, they drag away those who have been deceived by them wherever they wish."

97According to the Gk (Cotelier 117,17); Coptic eumenios.

98Coptic uses the technical Gk vocabulary genntos and agenntos.

99Here the Coptic equivalents of mise and athmise are used. This response is true to Evagrius' thinking; see

Evagrius, Gnostikos 27 and 41; Antoine Guillaumont, ed., vagre le Pontique: Le Gnostique ou a celui qui

est devenu digne de la science (Sources chrtiennes 356; Paris: Cerf, 1989), 132-33, 166-67. See the

discussion in the General Introduction to "Coptic Palladiana I."

100"Bore," mas-, is etymologically related to mise, "begotten."

Holy Spirit is neither an offspring101 nor a creature. All creatures are limited to a place. All creaturesare subject to change and are sanctified by him who is better than they."102

[The third one said,] "You have defeated these two, for some [. . .] will you wish to speak to metoo?"103 The old man said to [him], "What do you seek, you, you who pride yourself in doingbattle?"104 The demon said to him, "Me? I'm not arguing with anyone, but my mind is not persuaded orcertain that Christ received human intelligence. Rather, in place of intellect God himself was in him.Indeed, it is impossible for human intelligence to cast out the Prince of Demons from human beingsand defeat him. Indeed, human intelligence can not exist in the body with God."

Apa Evagrius said to him, "If he did not receive human intelligence, he did not receive humanflesh either. If, therefore, [he] received human flesh from [Mary the] holy Virgin, then [he] also[became] human, with a soul [and intellect], being complete in everything human except sin alone.105

For it is impossible for the body to exist [without receiving] a soul and intellect. If, therefore, he didnot receive these, then he is called Christ in vain. Therefore, the unchangeable Logos, the only-begotten Son of the Father,106 received a human body and soul and intellect and everything humanexcept sin.

"Let it suffice us, therefore, at present to offer solely the apostle Paul as a witness, who,bringing together the faith in a single unity,107 speaks of a single divinity and a single royalty: theconsubstantial and unchanging Trinity. 'For,' he says, 'one is God, one is the mediator between Godand humankind, Jesus Christ,'108 the Son of God the Father, with the one Holy Spirit, one baptism, oneCatholic Church, one resurrection of the dead at the time of [. . . ] as [Paul has said]109 [. . .] you (pl.)

101Coptic -mise; see the previous two notes.

102See Life of Antony 69 for Antony's refutation of Arianism.

103The manuscript is damaged here and elsewhere at the end. BV suggest, based on LH 38.11, that the third

demon is an Apollinarian.

104See Life of Antony 77-85.

105See Heb 4:15.

106See Jn 1:14, 3:18.

107Monas, the Monad of Greek philosophical thought, taken over by Christian theologians in order to speak

of the Trinity.

108See 1 Tim 2:5. Both "single" and "one" translate Coptic out.

109This is conjectural; BV suggest, on the basis of the Greek, "as I see." Note the creedal character of

Evagrius' words.

deny the full mystery of the Holy Trinity.110 One of you has made the Logos a creature, another hasmade the Holy Spirit a creature and [denied] the body of Christ, and another has killed the soul andbody of Christ [. . . .]111

110See Ad monachos 134.

111The manuscript breaks off here.