control valve selection
DESCRIPTION
guideTRANSCRIPT
STEP
1. D
ETER
MIN
E TH
E R
EQU
IRED
CV
CO
NTR
OL
VA
LVE
FLO
W C
OE
FFIC
IEN
T (C
v)
Cv
is “
the
num
ber o
f U.S
. gal
lons
per
min
ute
of w
ater
whi
ch w
ill p
ass
thro
ugh
a gi
ven
flow
rest
rictio
n w
ith a
pre
ssur
e dr
op o
f 1 p
si.
Eg.
: A
con
trol v
alve
whi
ch h
as a
Cv
of 1
2 ha
s an
effe
ctiv
e po
rt ar
ea in
the
full
open
pos
ition
suc
h th
at it
pas
ses
12gp
m o
f wat
er w
ith 1
psi
pre
ssur
e dr
op.
INC
OM
PR
ES
SIB
LE F
LUID
S
Sub
criti
cal C
v
1.16
Q*
Gf
P
Q in
crea
ses,
C
v in
crea
ses
P in
crea
ses,
C
v re
duce
s
CO
MP
RE
SS
IBLE
FLU
IDS
Sub
criti
cal C
v
Q*
(GTZ
295*
P(P
1+P
2)
Q in
crea
ses,
C
v in
crea
ses
P,P
1,P
2inc
reas
es,
Cv
redu
ces
ST
EP
2.
SE
LE
CT
TH
E V
AL
VE
TY
PE
Th
ere
is a
wid
e r
an
ge
of
co
ntr
ol va
lve
s s
tyle
s a
va
ila
ble
on
to
da
y's
ma
rke
t. T
he
follo
win
g t
ab
le l
ists
just
a f
ew
of
the
m,
toge
the
r w
ith s
om
e c
onsid
era
tions f
or
ch
oosin
g a
valv
e.
S
hu
toff
(A
NS
I C
lass IV
, V
& V
I)
H
igh
Pre
ssure
Dro
ps
A
NS
I P
ressu
re R
atin
gs (
typ
ica
lly 1
50
# -
45
00
#)
S
eve
re S
erv
ice
Tri
m f
or
hig
h v
elo
city,n
ois
e,c
avita
tio
n&
ero
sio
n
R
an
ge
of A
llo
y M
ate
ria
ls
H
igh
Pe
rfo
rma
nce
L
igh
twe
igh
t V
alv
e
H
igh
Cv C
apa
city
S
hu
toff
(A
NS
I C
lass I
V &
VI)
A
NS
I P
ressu
re R
atin
gs (
typ
ica
lly 1
50
# -
60
0#
)
C
ost
(ch
ea
pe
r th
an o
the
r sty
les)
V
alv
e C
v's
hig
he
r th
an
Butt
erf
ly o
r G
lob
e
S
hu
toff
(A
NS
I C
lass I
V &
VI)
A
NS
I P
ressu
re R
atin
gs (
typ
ica
lly 1
50
# -
60
0#
)
G
oo
d fo
r F
ibro
us F
luid
s
L
ow
- M
ed
Pre
ssu
re d
rop
ca
pa
bilitie
s
S
hu
toff
(A
NS
I C
lass I
V &
VI)
S
uita
ble
fo
r hig
he
r velo
citie
s
A
NS
I P
ressu
re R
atin
gs (
typ
ica
lly 1
50
# -
60
0#
)
G L O B E B’
F L Y B A L L E’
R I C
GL
OB
E T
YP
E C
ON
TR
OL
VA
LV
ES
: M
IL R
AN
GE
110000 s
eries D
ouble
port
ed t
op &
bottom
guid
ed v
alv
es (
1”
to 1
6”,
150# t
o 1
500#)
One
of
the e
arl
y d
esig
ns u
sed f
or
hig
h c
ap
acity f
low
, no
w m
ain
ly
lim
ited
to r
efin
ery
/UO
P a
pplicatio
ns.
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
L
IMIT
AT
ION
S
Top &
Bo
ttom
guid
ing p
rovid
es
ad
eq
ua
te s
up
po
rt a
ga
inst sid
e
loads.
V-P
ort
ed p
lug
desig
n a
vailable
fo
r h
igh
pre
ssu
re d
rop
s a
nd
ca
vita
tio
n c
on
tro
l
Hig
her
P,
P S
hu
t o
ff, C
v a
nd
pre
ssure
reco
ve
ry f
acto
r th
an
Sin
gle
Se
ate
d V
alv
es.
For
sta
ndard
va
lve
s,
seat
leakag
e is lim
ite
d t
o C
lass II.
22
10
00
Seri
es S
ingle
po
rte
d to
p g
uid
ed v
alv
es
(1/2
” to
2.5
”, 1
50#
to
250
0#)
& (
3”
to 8
”, 1
50# to
60
0#
) M
ost
popula
r contr
ol valv
e u
sed in a
ll industr
ies f
or
sta
ndard
a
pp
licatio
ns.
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
L
IMIT
AT
ION
S
Sim
ple
Constr
uction
.
Bett
er
Le
akag
e C
lass.
Un
ba
lan
ce
d c
on
str
uctio
n.
Lo
we
r P
ressu
re d
rop
cap
ab
ility.
34
10
00
Seri
es H
ea
vy d
uty
ba
lan
ce
d c
ag
e g
uid
ed v
alv
es
(1”
to 1
4”,
15
0# to
25
00#
) &
(1
6”
to 2
0”,
15
0# to 6
00#
) U
se
d fo
r C
ritica
l a
pp
licatio
ns o
n P
ow
er
& F
ert
iliz
er
secto
rs a
nd
in
o
the
r secto
rs fo
r h
igh
pre
ssu
re, h
igh p
ressu
re d
rop,
larg
e s
ize
a
pp
licatio
ns.
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
L
IMIT
AT
ION
S
Ba
lan
ce
d C
onstr
uctio
n, siz
es
up
to 2
0”
with s
td.
actu
ato
rs.
Hig
h a
llo
wa
ble
Pre
ssure
Dro
ps.
An
ti C
av/L
o-d
B,
Multi C
age
desig
ns a
vailable
to h
andle
se
ve
re s
erv
ice
co
nd
itio
ns.
Co
mp
lex C
on
str
uctio
n, co
mp
are
d
to s
ing
le s
ea
ted
va
lve
s.
478
000
Ser
ies
Ant
i-cav
itatio
n &
low
noi
se m
ultis
tage
val
ve (
1/2”
to 6
”,
600#
to 2
500#
) M
ainl
y in
pow
er s
ecto
r fo
r BF
P &
Spr
ay s
yste
ms.
Use
d fo
r V
ery
high
pr
essu
re d
rop,
Ant
i cav
itatio
n ap
plic
atio
ns in
oth
er in
dust
ries.
F
EA
TU
RE
S
Pre
ssur
e D
rop
in s
tage
s, C
an h
andl
e hi
gh p
ress
ure
drop
s w
ithou
t C
avita
tion,
ero
sion
, vib
ratio
n &
noi
se.
Low
Pre
ssur
e R
ecov
ery,
elim
inat
es C
avita
tion.
OTH
ER
CO
NTR
OL
VA
LVE
S IN
MIL
PR
OD
UC
T R
AN
GE
A
2200
0 S
ER
IES
HA
ND
OP
ER
AT
ED
BE
LLO
W S
EA
LED
VA
LVE
S F
OR
H
AN
DLI
NG
TO
XIC
/ C
OS
TLY
FLU
IDS
. B
25
000
SE
RIE
S T
RIP
VA
LVE
S F
OR
OIL
FIR
ING
SY
ST
EM
S.
C
2600
0 S
ER
IES
SP
LIT
BO
DY
VA
LVE
S F
OR
CO
RR
OS
IVE
FLU
IDS
. D
29
000
SE
RIE
S M
ICR
OP
AK
VA
LVE
S F
OR
MIC
RO
FLO
W C
ON
TR
OL.
E
50
000
SE
RIE
S C
RY
OG
EN
IC V
ALV
ES
.
F
7000
0 S
ER
IES
AN
GLE
VA
LVE
S.
G
8100
0 S
ER
IES
TH
RE
E W
AY
VA
LVE
S F
OR
DIV
ER
TIN
G A
ND
C
OM
BIN
ING
AP
PLI
CA
TIO
NS
. H
52
5/53
5 S
ER
IES
SE
LF A
CT
UA
TIN
G V
ALV
ES
FO
R U
PS
TR
EA
M /
D
OW
NS
TR
EA
M P
RE
SS
UR
E C
ON
TR
OL.
I
SP
EC
IAL
VA
LVE
S F
OR
NU
CLE
AR
/ D
EF
EN
SE
AP
PLI
CA
TIO
N.
J M
AT
IRX
SE
RIE
S C
ON
TR
OL
VA
LVE
S W
ITH
MU
LTI-
ST
AG
E, M
ULT
I-P
AT
H, A
XIA
L F
LOW
, AN
TI-
CA
VIT
AT
ION
CO
NT
RO
L V
ALV
E
STEP
3. S
ELEC
T TH
E VA
LVE
SIZE
The
body
siz
e ca
n be
cho
sen
by c
heck
ing
the
calc
ulat
ed C
v va
lue
agai
nst t
he
Man
ufac
ture
rs C
v ta
ble
for
the
body
sty
le s
elec
ted,
kee
ping
in
min
d th
e
velo
city
con
side
ratio
ns.
CLE
AN
LIQ
UID
S *R
ECO
MM
END
ED F
LUID
VEL
OC
ITY
(m/s
ec)
½” to
2”
3” to
6”
8” to
14”
>1
6”
SIN
GLE
S
TAN
DA
RD
7
5 3
3
SEAT
ED
H
AR
DEN
ED
10
7
5 5
CAG
E
STA
ND
AR
D
8 8
6 4
GU
IDED
HA
RD
ENE
D
1313
10
8
LIQ
UID
S W
ITH
PA
RTI
CLE
S R
EC
OM
ME
ND
ED F
LUID
VE
LOC
ITY
(m/s
ec)
½” to
2”
3” to
6”
8” to
14”
>1
6”
SIN
GLE
S
EATE
D
HA
RD
ENED
53
22
* : V
arie
s w
ith b
ody
mat
eria
l
GA
S/ST
EAM
IN C
ON
TIN
UO
S TH
RO
TTLI
NG
SER
VIC
E(M
AC
H N
UM
BER
< =
0.3
3)
STE
AM
IN V
ENT
/ IN
TER
MIT
TEN
T SE
RVI
CE
(MA
CH
NU
MBE
R <
=0.5
)
ST
EP
4. S
EL
EC
T T
RIM
SIZ
E (
RA
TE
D C
v)
Som
e va
lve
styl
es h
ave
a nu
mbe
r of
trim
siz
es t
o ch
oose
fro
m.
You
may
cons
ider
the
follo
win
g w
hen
sele
ctin
g a
trim
siz
e:
Val
ve
%
open
at
op
erat
ing
cond
ition
/s
(gen
eral
ly
70
- 80
%
is
reco
mm
ende
d)
Trim
siz
e fo
r fu
ture
con
ditio
ns.
Trim
Cha
ract
eris
tic -
Equ
al p
erce
nt, l
inea
r, q
uick
ope
n et
c.
Exa
mpl
e C
ontr
ol V
alve
Flo
w C
hara
cter
istic
s
M
inim
um
Nor
mal
Max
imum
R
ange
abili
ty
Qui
ck o
peni
ng
10%
ope
n 25
% o
pen
50%
ope
n 5:
1
Line
ar
10%
ope
n 50
% o
pen
80%
ope
n 8:
1
Equ
al p
erce
ntag
e 5%
ope
n 70
% o
pen
90%
ope
n 18
:1
ST
AN
DA
RD
TR
IM C
HA
RA
CT
ER
IST
IC F
OR
MIL
VA
LVE
S
SIN
GLE
/DO
UB
LE S
EA
TE
D/C
AG
E G
UID
ED
VA
LVE
S:
LIN
EA
R /
EQ
UA
L %
/ O
N-O
FF
MU
LTI S
TE
P /
TH
RE
E W
AY
VA
LVE
S:
LIN
EA
R O
NLY
Lo d
B /
AN
TIC
AV
ITA
TIO
N D
ES
IGN
:
LIN
EA
R O
NLY
IN
AD
DIT
ION
, W
E
HA
VE
C
US
TO
MIS
ED
C
HA
RA
CT
ER
IST
ICS
C
AT
ER
ING
TO
SP
EC
IFIC
CO
NT
RO
L R
EQ
UIR
EM
EN
TS
.
ST
EP
5.
SE
LE
CT
FL
OW
DIR
EC
TIO
NS
TA
ND
AR
D F
LO
W D
IRE
CT
ION
FO
R C
ON
TR
OL
VA
LV
ES
SIN
GLE
S
EA
TE
D V
ALV
ES
:
FLO
W T
O O
PE
N
DO
UB
LE
SE
AT
ED
VA
LV
ES
:
FL
OW
PA
SS
ING
IN
TO
SE
AT
S
CA
GE
GU
IDE
D V
AL
VE
S:
FLO
W T
O O
PE
N (
Gas /
Ste
am
)
FLO
W T
O C
LO
SE
(Liq
uid
s)
MU
LT
IST
EP
VA
LV
ES
FLO
W T
O O
PE
N O
NLY
AN
TI
CA
VIT
AT
ION
DE
SIG
N
FLO
W T
O C
LO
SE
ON
LY
Lo -
dB
DE
SIG
N
FLO
W T
O O
PE
N O
NLY
STEP
6. M
ATE
RIA
L SE
LEC
TIO
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
1. F
LUID
CO
MPA
TIBI
LITY
2. O
PER
ATIN
G P
RES
SUR
E / T
EMPE
RAT
UR
E
3. C
OR
RO
SIV
E
PR
OP
ER
TIE
S
DU
E
TO
CO
NTA
MIN
AN
TS
(H2S
,C
HLO
RID
ES
, ETC
.)
4. Q
UAN
TITY
AN
D T
YPE
OF
SOLI
DS
(SAN
D, S
ILIC
A, C
ATAL
YST
etc.
)
5. I
NS
TALL
ATI
ON
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L C
ON
DIT
ION
S
6. T
YP
E
OF
ER
OS
ION
O
CC
UR
RIN
G
OR
EX
PE
CTE
D
(AB
RA
SIV
EP
AR
TIC
LE,
CA
VITA
TIO
N,
ER
OS
IVE
-CO
RR
OS
IVE
, O
R H
IGH
LIQ
UID
VE
LOC
ITY
IM
PIN
GE
ME
NT)
.
Cor
rect
mat
eria
l sel
ectio
n is
ess
entia
l for
rea
sona
ble
valv
e lif
e. P
roce
ss fl
uid
corr
osio
n,
high
ve
loci
ty,
eros
ion,
en
train
ed
parti
cles
, ca
vita
tion
or
othe
r
prob
lem
s ca
n co
mbi
ne t
o de
stro
y or
con
sum
ein
corre
ct s
peci
fied
mat
eria
ls.
Whe
re c
arbo
n st
eel
or s
tain
less
ste
el m
ater
ials
are
uns
uita
ble
for
corro
sive
proc
ess,
spe
cial
allo
ys s
houl
d be
sel
ecte
d ba
sed
on m
ater
ial c
ompa
tibilit
y w
ith
the
proc
ess
fluid
. Whe
re e
rosi
on e
xist
s, h
arde
r or m
ore
dura
ble
mat
eria
ls c
an
be s
peci
fied
to p
rolo
ng th
e va
lve
life.
SE
LE
CT
ION
OF
BO
DY
MA
TE
RIA
L
Body M
ate
rial
Tem
p.
Range
(Low
)
Tem
p.
Ran
ge
(Hig
h)
Application
AS
TM
A 2
16 G
r W
CC
(Carb
on S
teel)
-27°C
427°C
S
uited
for
use
in
air,
satu
rate
d/s
uperh
eate
d
ste
am
&
non
corr
osiv
e
oil
&
gases
at
modera
te t
em
pera
ture
s.
AS
TM
A 3
52 G
r LC
B
(Low
Carb
on S
teel)
-45
°C
34
3°C
F
or
low
te
mp
era
ture
ap
plicatio
n.
AS
TM
A 2
17 G
r W
C6
(A
llo
y S
tee
l)
-27
°C
53
7°C
H
igh
te
mp
era
ture
a
pp
licatio
ns
involv
ing hig
h pre
ssure
ste
am
&
o
the
r e
rosiv
e s
erv
ice
lik
e fla
sh
ing.
AS
TM
A 2
17 G
r W
C9
(Alloy S
teel)
-27
°C
56
5°C
H
igh
te
mp
era
ture
a
pp
licatio
ns
involv
ing hig
h pre
ssure
ste
am
&
o
the
r e
rosiv
e s
erv
ice
lik
e fla
sh
ing.
AS
TM
A 3
51 G
r C
F8
(Sta
inle
ss S
teel)
-254°C
815°C
B
asic
lo
w carb
on sta
inle
ss ste
el
use
d fo
r m
ajo
rity
o
f a
pp
licatio
ns
involv
ing c
orr
osiv
e f
luid
s.
AS
TM
A 3
51 G
r C
F8M
(Sta
inle
ss S
teel)
-254°C
815°C
M
odific
ation
of
CF
8
with
Moly
bdenum
added.
Due
to
it’s
superior
corr
osio
n
resis
tance,
CF
8M
is w
idely
used i
n c
hem
ical
pro
cessin
g industr
ies
Alloy -
20
-45°C
315°C
O
xid
isin
g
agents
, all
suplp
huric
acid
s a
t r
oom
tem
pera
ture
. H
aste
lloy C
-1
95°C
371°C
F
ree
Cl2
or
acid
s
solu
tions
or
cupric s
alts; oxid
izin
g a
gents
. H
aste
lloy B
-1
95
°C
37
1°C
H
yd
roch
loric,
ph
osp
ho
ric,
sulp
huric
acid
s;
wet
hydro
gen
chlo
ride g
as.
Mo
ne
l -1
95°C
485°C
A
lkalis,
Salts,
Foods,
Org
anic
s,
air fre
e a
cid
s,
red
ucin
g a
ge
nts
. N
icke
l -1
95
°C
26
0°C
H
ot
co
nce
ntr
ate
d c
au
stic,
alk
alin
e
or
neutr
al
salts
and
reducin
g
CA
ST
ING
V/S
. FO
RG
ING
SP
EC
IFIC
AT
ION
S
Gen
eral
Cla
ssifi
catio
n
Cas
tings
F
orgi
ngs
Car
bon
Ste
el
AS
TM
A 2
16 G
r. W
CB
/ W
CC
A
ST
M A
105
Allo
y S
teel
, 1
¼ C
r –
½ M
o A
ST
M A
217
Gr.
WC
6 A
ST
M A
182
Gr.
F11
Allo
y S
teel
, 2
¼ C
r –
1 M
o A
ST
M A
217
Gr.
WC
9 A
ST
M A
182
Gr.
F22
Allo
y S
teel
, 5
Cr
– ½
Mo
AS
TM
A 2
17 G
r. C
5 A
ST
M A
182
Gr.
5a
Ty.
316
A
ST
M A
351
Gr.
CF
8M
AS
TM
A 1
82 G
r. F
316
SE
LEC
TIO
N O
F T
RIM
MA
TE
RIA
L
Sta
inle
ss s
teel
is g
ener
ally
use
d as
the
stan
dard
plu
g an
d se
at r
ing
mat
eria
l in
cont
rol
valv
es.
How
ever
, ot
her
mat
eria
ls
may
ne
ed
to
be
cons
ider
ed
for
appl
icat
ions
req
uirin
g th
e fo
llow
ing
char
acte
ristic
s:
Har
dnes
s
Cor
rosi
on r
esis
tanc
e
Ero
sion
res
ista
nce
Abr
asio
n re
sist
ance
Hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re s
uita
bilit
y
Har
dene
d tr
im fo
r se
vere
ser
vice
app
licat
ions
SE
LE
CT
ION
OF
TR
IM M
AT
ER
IAL
Genera
l C
lass
fn.
A
ST
M C
ode
Max.
T
em
p.
Lim
it.
Har
dn
ess
Genera
l Applic
atio
n
SS
31
6
Ba
r S
tock
: A
ST
M A
479
T
y. 3
16
C
ast
ings
:
AS
TM
A 3
51
Gr.
CF
8M
59
3ºC
14
HR
C
max
.N
on
-Ero
sive
, C
orr
osiv
e,
Mo
d.
Pre
ss.
Dro
p.
Most
co
rros
ion
resi
sta
nt
of
30
0 se
ries
Ty.
41
0 S
tain
less
S
tee
l
(Hard
ened
& Te
mp
ere
d)
Bar
Sto
ck:
AS
TM
A 4
79
Ty.
41
0
40
0ºC
35
HR
C
min
. C
orr
osi
ve &
Non-
Corr
osi
ve S
erv
ice
Ty.
41
6 S
tain
less
S
tee
l (H
ard
ened
& Te
mp
ere
d)
Bar
Sto
ck:
AS
TM
A 5
82
Ty.
41
6
40
0ºC
31
-38
HR
C
C
orr
osi
ve &
Non-
Corr
osi
ve S
erv
ice
No
.6 S
telli
te H
ard
Fa
cin
g
65
0ºC
38
-47
HR
CS
ligh
tly E
rosi
ve &
C
orr
osi
ve S
erv
ice
No
.6 S
telli
te S
olid
(<
2”)
65
0ºC
38
-47
HR
C
E
rosi
ve &
Corr
osi
ve
Serv
ice
No.5
Co
lmonoy
Har
d F
aci
ng
650ºC
45
-50
HR
C
E
rosi
ve &
Corr
osi
ve
Serv
ice.
Co
rros
ion
resi
stanc
e si
mila
r to
In
con
el.
No.6
Co
lmonoy
Har
d F
aci
ng
650ºC
56
-62
HR
C
E
rosi
ve &
Corr
osi
ve
Serv
ice.
Co
rros
ion
resi
stanc
e si
mila
r to
In
con
el.
Genera
lC
lass
fn.
A
ST
M C
ode
Max.
T
em
p.
Lim
it.
Ha
rdn
es
s
Genera
l Applic
atio
n
17.4
PH
S
tain
less
S
tee
l
Bar
Sto
ck:
AS
TM
A 5
64
Gr.
630
Ca
stin
gs:
AS
TM
A 7
47
CB
7C
U1
400ºC
40 H
RC
m
in(H
900)
32 H
RC
m
in(H
1075
)
Ero
sive
& C
orr
osi
ve
Serv
ice
CA
6N
MS
tain
less
S
tee
lH
eat
Tre
ate
d
Ca
stin
g:
AS
TM
A743
Gr.
CA
6N
M
650ºC
28 H
RC
m
in.
700-1
000
HV
Aft
er
Nitr
idin
g
Ero
sive
& C
orr
osi
ve
Se
rvic
e.
With
case
h
ard
en
ing,
exc
elle
nt fo
r
hig
h tem
pera
ture
se
rvic
e.
Ty.
4
40C
S
tain
less
S
tee
l. H
ard
ened
Bar
Sto
ck:
AS
TM
A276
Ty.
44
0C
400ºC
58 H
RC
V
ery
Ero
sive
& N
on-
Corr
osi
ve S
erv
ice
ST
AN
DA
RD
TR
IM M
AT
ER
IAL
FO
R M
IL V
AL
VE
S
SIN
GLE
SE
AT
ED
/ D
OU
BLE
SE
AT
ED
VA
LV
ES
:P
LU
G / S
EA
T : S
S 3
16 o
r
SS
3
16
with
Ste
llitin
g o
n s
eatin
g s
urf
ace
or
SS
316 w
ith c
om
ple
te s
telli
ting.
CA
GE
GU
IDE
D / M
ULT
I S
TE
P V
ALV
ES
:H
igh
Pe
rfo
rma
nce
ma
teria
l is
sta
nd
ard
as
these
va
lve
s a
re d
esi
gn
ed
speci
fica
lly f
or
seve
re s
erv
ice
con
diti
ons.
C
AG
E G
UID
ED
VA
LV
E
MU
LT
IST
EP
VA
LV
E
Plu
g :
17.4
PH
/ C
A6N
M
Se
at
: S
S3
16 +
Ste
llite
C
age :
CA
6 N
M N
itrid
ed
Plu
g : 4
40 C
S
ea
t : S
S3
16 +
Ste
llite
L
ine
r/S
pa
cer
: 1
7.4
PH
Oth
er
com
mo
n t
rim
ma
teria
l o
ffe
red b
y M
IL:
SS
30
4L
/31
6L
/31
6L
Ure
a
Gra
de/
HA
C,
HA
B,
Allo
y20,
Monel,
HV
D1,
Fera
lium
, In
cone
l, A
PX
etc
.
GU
IDE
BU
SH
Mat
eria
l A
pplic
atio
n
440
C
Mos
t com
mon
in C
arbo
n S
teel
and
C
hrom
e-M
oly
stee
l val
ves.
Ste
llite
6
Mos
t com
mon
in S
tain
less
Ste
el
valv
es
Car
bon
Ste
el /
Chr
ome-
Mol
y st
eel
valv
es in
hig
h te
mpe
ratu
res.
Gui
des
gene
rally
sho
uld
diffe
r in
har
dnes
s by
min
. 5-1
0 H
RC
from
the
stem
m
ater
ial
GL
AN
D P
AC
KIN
G
Mat
eria
l T
emp.
Ran
ge
App
licat
ion
PT
FE
in s
tand
ard
bonn
et
PT
FE
in E
xten
ded
bonn
et
-27
deg
C to
180
deg
C
-195
deg
C to
232
deg
C
All
serv
ices
ex
cept
mol
ten
alka
li, h
ot
hydr
oflu
oric
aci
d an
d ox
ygen
Gra
phite
in s
tand
ard
bonn
et
Gra
phite
in E
xten
ded
bonn
et
-27
deg
C to
400
deg
C
-195
deg
C to
566
deg
C
All
serv
ices
ex
cept
str
ong
oxid
izer
s
Oth
er c
onsi
dera
tions
: Lub
ricat
or &
Isol
atio
n va
lve:
ess
entia
lly o
bsol
eted
by
mod
ern
self-
lubr
icat
ing
pack
ing.
In h
igh
tem
pera
ture
ser
vice
, sta
ndar
d bo
nnet
with
Gra
foil
is le
ss e
xpen
sive
th
an e
xten
ded
bonn
et w
ith T
eflo
n.
STEP
7. S
ELEC
T BO
NNET
TYP
E
Type
Te
mp.
Ran
ge
Stan
dard
bon
net
-27
deg
C to
400
deg
C
Exte
nded
bon
net
-195
deg
C to
-27
deg
C
- 400
deg
C to
566
deg
C
Othe
r con
sider
ation
s: Fi
nned
bon
nets
for h
igh te
mpe
ratu
re se
rvice
are
bein
g ob
solet
ed in
favo
ur o
f plai
n ex
tens
ion bo
nnet
whic
h ha
s equ
ivalen
t hea
t dis
sipat
ion p
rope
rties a
nd is
less
comp
licat
ed a
nd e
xpen
sive.
ST
EP
8. S
EL
EC
T B
OD
Y R
AT
ING
Onc
e yo
u ha
ve c
hose
n th
e bo
dy m
ater
ial y
ou c
an s
elec
t th
e A
NS
I bo
dy r
atin
g re
quire
d by
ch
ecki
ng
the
proc
ess
tem
pera
ture
an
d m
axim
um
proc
ess
pres
sure
aga
inst
the
appr
opria
te A
NS
I B16
.34
tabl
e.
Tem
p.
Wor
king
Pre
ssur
e in
psi
g
AN
SI
150#
AN
SI
300#
A
NS
I 60
0#
AN
SI
900#
A
NS
I 15
00#
AN
SI
2500
# F
C1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2
0 38
29
0 27
575
072
015
0014
4022
5021
60
3750
3600
6250
6000
0 93
26
0 23
575
062
015
0012
4022
5018
60
3750
3095
6250
5160
0 14
9 23
0 21
573
056
014
5511
2021
8516
80
3640
2795
6070
4660
0 20
4 20
0 19
570
551
514
1010
2521
1515
40
3530
2570
5880
4280
0 26
0 17
0 17
066
548
013
3095
5 19
9514
35
3325
2390
5540
2980
0 31
6 14
0 14
060
545
012
1090
0 18
1513
55
3025
2255
5040
3760
0 37
1 11
0 11
057
043
011
3587
0 17
0513
05
2840
2170
4730
3620
0 42
7 80
80
41
042
082
5 84
5 12
3512
65
2060
2110
3430
3520
0 48
250
50
17
041
534
5 83
0 51
5 12
45
860
2075
1430
3460
0053
7 20
20
50
35
010
5 70
0 15
5 10
50
260
1750
430
2915
1. A
ST
M A
216
Gr.
WC
C
2. A
ST
M A
351
Gr.
CF
8M
ST
EP
9.
SE
LE
CT
EN
D C
ON
NE
CT
ION
TY
PE
Th
read
ed
A
vaila
ble
thro
ugh 2
”, 6
00# l
b,
limited t
o c
orr
osiv
e
se
rvic
e.
Weld
ed
M
ost
applic
able
to h
igh p
ressure
, hig
h t
em
pera
ture
, hazard
ous f
luid
or
vib
rating s
yste
ms.
Socket
weld
(U
p to 2
”, s
pecify p
ipe s
chedule
)
Butt
w
eld
(A
bove 2
”, s
pecify p
ipe s
chedule
)
Fla
ng
ed
M
ost
com
mon c
onnection d
ue t
o e
asy i
nsta
llation /
re
mo
va
l.
Rais
ed F
ace (
In a
ll siz
es,
AN
SI
150#-A
NS
I 2500#,
excelle
nt
for
genera
l applic
ation a
nd m
ost
com
mon
co
nn
ectio
n u
se
d)
Rin
g Join
t (I
n a
ll siz
es,
AN
SI
15
0#
-AN
SI
25
00
#,
recom
mended
for
hig
her
pre
ssure
serv
ice)
Fla
ng
ele
ss
Com
mo
n in
lo
w p
ressure
rota
ry v
alv
es.
EN
D C
ON
NE
CT
ION
S F
OR
MIL
VA
LV
ES
RF
AN
SI
RT
JT
&G
F
FF
LA
NG
ED
P
N 6
,10,1
6
PN
25,4
0
PN
64
DIN
P
N 1
00
PN
160,2
50
PN
320,4
00
WE
LD
EN
D
AN
SI
BU
TT
WE
LD
Socket W
ELD
T
hre
aded
** -
BS
, JIS
ST
AN
DA
RD
S C
AN
BE
GIV
EN
Contr
ol
valv
e s
eat
leaka
ge c
an b
e a
n i
mport
ant
fact
or
in t
he s
ele
ctio
n o
f a
con
tro
l va
lve
. L
ea
kag
e c
lass
pe
r A
NS
I S
tan
da
rd B
16
.104
typ
ica
lly r
ate
s se
at
lea
kag
e.
AN
SI
Cla
ss I
V i
s st
an
da
rd f
or
most
meta
l se
ate
d c
ontr
ol
valv
es.
Tig
hte
r sh
uto
ff
can
b
e
ach
ieve
d
by
usi
ng
a
so
ft
seat
(AN
SI
Cla
ss
VI)
.
AN
SI
Cla
ss V
sh
uto
ff c
an
be
speci
fied f
or
ap
plic
atio
ns
req
uir
ing
tig
ht
shu
toff
in
ap
plic
atio
ns
wh
ere
a
so
ft
seat
can
no
t b
e
use
d
due
to
h
igh
te
mp
era
ture
.
eg.
Hig
h tem
pera
ture
ste
am
.
Cla
ss I
A m
od
ifica
tion
of
any
Cla
ss I
I, I
II o
r IV
valv
e w
he
re d
esi
gn
in
tent
is t
he
sam
e
as
the
basi
c cl
ass
, b
ut
by
ag
ree
me
nt
be
twe
en
use
r a
nd
su
pp
lier,
no
test
is
required.
Cla
ss I
I
Th
is c
lass
est
ab
lishe
s th
e m
axi
mu
m p
erm
issi
ble
lea
kag
e g
en
era
lly a
sso
cia
ted
with
co
mm
erc
ial
do
ub
le-p
ort
, d
ou
ble
-se
at
con
tro
l va
lve
s o
r b
ala
nce
d s
ing
le-
po
rt c
ontr
ol v
alv
es
with
a p
isto
n r
ing s
ea
l an
d m
eta
l-to
-me
tal s
ea
ts.
Cla
ss III
Th
is c
lass
est
ab
lishe
s th
e m
axi
mu
m p
erm
issi
ble
lea
kag
e g
en
era
lly a
sso
cia
ted
with
Cla
ss I
I, b
ut
with
a h
igher
deg
ree o
f se
at
an
d s
ea
l tig
htn
ess
.
NO
TE
: P
ress
ure
-ba
lan
ced
valv
es
typ
ica
lly m
ee
t C
lass
II
an
d C
lass
III
lea
kag
e
wh
en
use
d w
ith a
meta
l se
at
an
d m
eta
l or
resi
lien
t se
als
.
ST
EP
10.
SE
LE
CT
SH
UT
-OF
F C
LA
SS
RE
QU
IRE
D
Cla
ss IV
This
cla
ss e
stab
lishe
s th
e m
axim
um p
erm
issi
ble
leak
age
gene
rally
ass
ocia
ted
with
co
mm
erci
al
unba
lanc
ed
sing
le-p
ort,
sing
le-s
eat
cont
rol
valv
es
and
bala
nced
sin
gle-
port
cont
rol v
alve
s w
ith e
xtra
tigh
t pis
ton
rings
or o
ther
sea
ling
mea
ns a
nd m
etal
-to-m
etal
sea
ts.
With
glo
be o
r ro
tary
val
ve,
a bu
bble
-tigh
t
Cla
ss I
V le
akag
e ca
n be
spe
cifie
d us
ing
an e
last
omer
ic in
sert
conf
igur
atio
n
(com
mon
ly r
efer
red
to a
s a
soft
seat
). H
owev
er,
ther
e ar
e so
me
soft
seat
limita
tions
to re
mem
ber,
such
as
tem
pera
ture
and
pre
ssur
e.
Cla
ss V
This
cla
ss i
s us
ually
spe
cifie
d fo
r cr
itica
l ap
plic
atio
ns w
here
a c
lose
dco
ntro
l val
ve, w
ithou
t a b
lock
ing
valv
e, m
ay b
e re
quire
d fo
r lon
g pe
riods
of t
ime
with
hig
h di
ffere
ntia
l pr
essu
re a
cros
s th
e se
atin
g su
rfac
es.
Itre
quire
s sp
ecia
l m
anuf
actu
ring
asse
mbl
y an
d te
stin
g te
chni
ques
.Th
is
clas
s is
gen
eral
ly a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith m
etal
sea
t, un
bala
nced
sin
gle-
port,
sin
gle
seat
con
trol v
alve
s or
bal
ance
d si
ngle
por
t des
igns
with
exc
eptio
nal s
eat a
nd
seal
tigh
tnes
s.
NO
TE: P
ress
ure-
bala
nced
trim
can
ach
ieve
Cla
ss IV
or C
lass
V le
akag
e w
hen
used
with
a s
oft s
eat a
nd e
xcep
tiona
lly ti
ght r
esilie
nt s
eals
.
Cla
ss V
I
This
cla
ss e
stab
lishe
s th
e m
axim
um p
erm
issi
ble
seat
lea
kage
gen
eral
ly
asso
ciat
ed w
ith r
esili
ent s
eatin
g co
ntro
l val
ves
eith
er u
nbal
ance
d or
bal
ance
d
sing
le p
ort w
ith O
-rin
gs o
r sim
ilar g
aple
ss s
eals
.
Seat
Le
akag
e C
lass
ific
ati
on
s
(In
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
AN
SI / F
CI 70.2
)
Leakag
e c
lass
desig
nati
on
Maxim
um
le
akag
e
all
ow
ab
leT
es
tm
ed
ium
Te
st
pre
ssu
reT
esti
ng
pro
ce
du
res
re
qu
ire
d f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g r
ati
ng
II
0.5
% o
f ra
ted
capacity
Air o
r w
ate
r at
50 to 1
25
ºF (
10
to
52
ºC
)
45 to
60 psi
(3.1
to
4
.1
bar)
or
ma
xim
um
opera
ting
diffe
ren
tia
l w
hic
he
ve
r is
lo
we
r
Pre
ssure
is
ap
plie
d
to
va
lve
in
let,
w
ith
o
utle
t open to
atm
osphere
or
co
nn
ecte
d
to
a
low
h
ea
d-lo
ss
me
asu
rin
g
de
vic
e,
full
norm
al
clo
sin
g
thru
st
pro
vid
ed
b
y a
ctu
ato
r.
III
0.1
% o
f ra
ted
capacity
As a
bo
ve
As a
bo
ve
As a
bo
ve
IV0.0
1%
of
rate
d c
apa
city
As a
bo
ve
As a
bo
ve
As a
bo
ve
V
0.0
00
5 lite
rs
per
min
ute
of
wa
ter
pe
r in
ch
(m
m)
of
po
rt
dia
me
ter
pe
r p
si (b
ar)
diffe
rential.
Wate
r at
50 to 1
25
ºF (
10
to
52
ºC
)
Ma
xim
um
se
rvic
e
pre
ssu
re
dro
p
acro
ss
va
lve
p
lug
, not
to
exce
ed
AN
SI
bo
dy
ratin
g.
100
psi
(6.9
b
ar)
pre
ssu
re
dro
pm
inim
um
.
Pre
ssure
app
lied
to
va
lve
inle
t aft
er
filli
ng
e
ntire
b
od
y
ca
vity
an
d
connecte
d
pip
ing
with
w
ate
r a
nd
str
okin
g v
alv
e
plu
g
clo
se
d.
Use
n
et
specifie
d
ma
xim
um
actu
ato
r th
rust,
but
no
m
ore
, e
ven
if
availa
ble
d
uri
ng
test.
A
llow
tim
e
for
leakage
flo
w
to
sta
bili
ze
.
VI
No
t to
exce
ed
a
mo
un
ts
sho
wn in
C
lass V
I S
eat
Leakag
e
Allo
wa
nce
tab
le b
ase
d
on p
ort
(o
rifice)
dia
me
ter.
Air o
r nitro
ge
n
at
50 t
o
12
5 º
F
(10 t
o 5
2
ºC)
50
psig
(3
.4
ba
r)
or
ma
xim
um
ra
ted
d
iffe
ren
tia
l p
ressu
re
acro
ss
va
lve
p
lug
,w
hic
he
ve
r is
lo
we
r.
Actu
ato
r sh
ould
b
e
ad
juste
d
to
op
era
tin
g
conditio
ns s
pecifie
d w
ith
fu
ll n
orm
al clo
sin
g t
hru
st
applie
d
to
va
lve
plu
g
set.
Allo
w
tim
e
for
lea
ka
ge
flo
w t
o s
tab
ilize
and
use
su
itable
m
easuri
ng d
evic
es.
LEA
KA
GE
CLA
SS
FOR
MIL
VA
LVE
S (A
S P
ER
AN
SI/F
CI 7
0.2)
SIN
GLE
SE
ATE
D V
ALV
ES:
STAN
DAR
D :
CLA
SS IV
O
PTI
ON
AL
: C
LAS
S V
& C
LAS
S V
I
DO
UB
LE S
EA
TED
VA
LVE
S:
STAN
DAR
D :
CLA
SS II
O
PTI
ON
AL
: C
LAS
S IV
& C
LAS
S VI
CA
GE
GU
IDE
D V
ALV
ES
:
STA
ND
AR
D :
Cla
ss II
I,*C
lass
IV (E
last
omer
Sea
ls)
OP
TIO
NA
L :
CLA
SS
V
MU
LTIS
TEP
VA
LVE
S:
STAN
DAR
D :
CLA
SS V
O
PTI
ON
AL
: C
LAS
S V
I
STEP
11.
AC
TUA
TOR
SEL
ECTI
ON
The
purp
ose
of a
n ac
tuat
or is
to p
rovi
de a
forc
e to
allo
w th
e va
lve
to o
pen
and
clos
e as
req
uire
d. D
iffer
ent
type
s of
act
uato
r av
aila
ble.
The
one
you
sel
ect
may
dep
end
on th
e ap
plic
atio
n re
quire
men
ts a
nd/o
r th
e ty
pe o
f pla
nt w
hich
it
is to
be
supp
lied
to.
Pn
eum
atic
Ope
rate
d Sp
ring
Dia
phra
gm
P
isto
n C
ylin
der
E
lect
rical
E
lect
ro-H
ydra
ulic
M
anua
l Han
d W
heel
H
igh
Per
form
ance
Ser
vo A
ctua
tor
Spr
ing
Ret
urn
Type
PNEU
MAT
IC A
CTU
ATO
R
Sprin
g le
ss T
ype
Fail
Clo
se
SP
RIN
G D
IAP
HR
AGM
Sta
y pu
t (U
sing
Air
Lock
)
Fail
Ope
n
PN
EU
MA
TIC
AC
TU
AT
OR
Pn
eu
ma
tic a
ctu
ato
rs a
re g
en
era
lly s
imp
ler,
le
ss c
ost
ly,
an
d e
asi
er
to i
nst
all
and m
ain
tain
.
With
no ele
ctrici
ty,
and th
us
no sp
ark
pote
ntia
l, deplo
yment
of
pneum
atic
act
uato
rs i
n h
aza
rdou
s cl
ass
ifie
d a
reas
is a
po
pula
r ch
oic
e;
but
do
n’t
igno
reth
at
ma
ny
contr
ol v
alv
es
are
acc
ess
orize
d w
ith s
ole
no
id v
alv
es,
lim
it sw
itches,
or
ele
ctro
nic
contr
olle
rs.
Th
e s
implic
ity o
f p
neu
ma
tic a
ctua
tors
make
s th
em
easy
to a
da
pt
to f
ail-
op
en
or
fail-
close
d c
on
figu
ratio
ns.
How
eve
r, d
ep
en
din
g o
n t
he p
ne
um
atic
act
uato
rty
pe
, fa
il-in
-pla
ce c
on
figu
ratio
ns
can b
e c
om
ple
x.
Most
pla
nts
have
air
supply
lin
es
runnin
g
thro
ughout
the
pla
nt
maki
ng
itre
lativ
ely
easy
to c
on
ne
ct a
ne
w a
ctuato
r.
A.
SP
RIN
G D
IAP
HR
AG
M A
CT
UA
TO
RS
: are
co
mm
on o
n g
lobe-s
tyle
contr
ol
valv
es
requirin
g in
finite
posi
tionin
g.
They
usu
ally
incl
ude a
n o
pposi
ng s
pri
ng t
op
rovi
de
fa
il-sa
fe a
ctio
n.
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
OF
DIA
PH
RA
GM
AC
TU
AT
OR
SO
VE
RP
IST
ON
CY
LIN
DE
RA
CT
UA
TO
RS
S
imp
le in
con
stru
ctio
n,
no m
ovi
ng p
art
s, m
uch
less
main
tenance
.
P
isto
n r
equires
frequent
changes
of
‘O’ r
ings
and s
eals
, In
th
e e
vent
of
any
O r
ing d
am
age,
air w
ill le
ak.
A
ny
slig
ht m
ois
ture
co
nte
nt
in t
he a
ir c
an c
orr
ode t
he c
ylin
der
insi
de,
any
pitt
ing in
the c
ylin
der
will
sta
rt a
ir le
ak
and d
am
age t
he s
eals
.
F
ail
safe
act
ion in
here
nt
for
dia
phra
gm
act
uato
rs,
Back
up s
yste
m
required f
or
pis
ton c
ylin
der.
Back
up
sys
tem
with
volu
me t
ank,
3-w
ay
tra
nsf
er
valv
es,
NR
V,
etc
. co
mplic
ate
s th
e in
stru
me
nta
tion s
yste
m.
O
nly
sp
rin
g d
iap
hra
gm
ha
s a
bili
ty t
o a
ct w
itho
ut
a p
osi
tione
r. S
pri
ng
ranges
that
ma
tch c
ontr
olle
r outp
ut si
gnal r
anges
doesn
ot
require
posi
tioner.
B. P
IST
ON
Pne
umat
ic p
ress
ure
is s
et o
n on
e si
de o
f th
e pi
ston
pla
te a
nd v
arie
don
the
ot
her
to e
ffect
mot
ion.
Adv
anta
ges
are
fast
res
pons
e, f
lexi
bilit
y hi
gh p
ower
-to-
size
rat
io. D
isad
vant
age
is p
ositi
oner
pre
requ
isite
and
lack
of i
nher
ent f
ail s
afe
actio
n.
C. C
YLI
ND
ER
Pne
umat
ic p
ress
ure
acts
on
the
cylin
der
plat
e ca
usin
g st
em m
ovem
ent,
an
oppo
sing
spr
ing
prov
ides
ret
urni
ng f
orce
. P
rimar
y us
e 'is
for
on-
off
serv
ice.
A
dvan
tage
s ar
e hi
gh
pow
er-t
o-si
ze
ratio
an
d po
sitiv
e fa
il sa
fe
actio
n.D
isad
vant
age
is th
rottl
ing
requ
ires
doub
le a
ctin
g po
sitio
ner.
D.D
OU
BLE
AC
TIN
G C
YLI
ND
ER
Sim
ilar
to p
isto
n ac
tuat
or b
ut g
ener
ally
util
izes
a d
oubl
e ac
ting
posi
tione
r to
vary
the
pne
umat
ic p
ress
ure
on b
oth
side
s of
the
pla
te.
Adv
anta
ges
and
disa
dvan
tage
s ar
e th
e sa
me
as th
e pi
ston
act
uato
r.
E. E
LEC
TR
O H
YD
RA
ULI
C
Dou
ble
actin
g se
rvo-
valv
e lo
ads
and
unlo
ads
hydr
aulic
pre
ssur
e fr
om b
oth
side
s of
a p
isto
n pl
ate.
Adv
anta
ges
are
fast
res
pons
e an
d hi
gh p
ress
ure
drop
capa
bilit
y. D
isad
vant
age
is e
xter
nal h
ydra
ulic
sou
rce
requ
irem
ent.
F. H
AN
DW
HE
EL
Som
etim
es e
mpl
oyed
with
con
trol
val
ve b
odie
s fo
r a
prec
ise
man
ual c
ontr
ol o
rw
hen
a pn
eum
atic
act
uato
r is
to b
e ad
ded
late
r.
ST
EP
12.
SE
LE
CT
ION
OF
AC
CE
SS
OR
IES.
1.
PO
SIT
ION
ER
(V
alv
e m
ou
nte
d)
A p
ositio
ner
is a
devic
e,
pneum
atic,
ele
ctr
o-p
ne
um
atic o
r d
igita
l, w
hic
h,
by
usin
g a
contr
ol sig
nal pre
cis
ely
positio
ns t
he m
ovin
g p
art
s o
f a c
ontr
ol valv
e in
accord
ance w
ith t
he s
ignal va
lue.
Positio
ners
may b
e u
sed for
the follo
win
g r
easons:
Perm
it g
reate
r accura
cy &
pro
cess c
ontr
ol
Ma
inta
in p
ositio
n r
eg
ard
less o
f ch
an
gin
g f
orc
es
Handle
hig
h a
ir p
ressure
s
Incre
ase s
peed o
f opera
tion
Perm
it faste
r speed o
f re
sponse
Change c
hara
cte
ristics
Pro
vid
e s
imple
adju
stm
ents
inclu
din
g s
plit
rangin
g
A.
Pne
um
atic -
most
com
mon t
yp
e:
Usually
, opera
tes o
n a
3-1
5 p
si in
put
sig
nal (3
-9,3
-27,6
-30,9
-15 a
lso u
sed)
B.
Ele
ctr
opneum
atic -
Opera
tes o
n a
4-2
0 m
A input
sig
nal
2.
EL
EC
TR
OP
NE
UM
AT
IC T
RA
NS
DU
CE
R (
Mo
un
ted
on
or
off
th
e v
alv
e)
Used t
o c
onvert
a 4
-20 m
A e
lectr
ical in
put
sig
nal to
either
a 3
-15 p
si or
a 6
-30
p
si p
ne
um
atic o
utp
ut sig
na
l.
The p
neum
atic o
utp
ut
sig
nal
is u
sed e
ither
to d
irectly a
ctu
ate
the v
alv
e o
r is
used a
s a
positio
ner
input
sig
nal.
3.
CO
NT
RO
LL
ER
:It
is a
devic
e w
hose i
nput
is i
ndic
ative o
f th
e v
alv
e o
f and
pro
cess
variable
and
whose
outp
ut
initia
tes
va
lve
positio
n
changes
tom
ain
tain
th
e s
et-
po
int
va
lve
of
tha
t p
roce
ss v
aria
ble
.
A. P
ressure
Contr
olle
r :
Mounte
d o
n o
r off
va
lve
B.
Tem
pera
ture
Contr
olle
r :
Mounte
d o
n o
r off
va
lve
C.
Liq
uid
level contr
olle
r :
Mounte
d o
n liq
uid
conta
inin
g v
essel
4. S
OL
EN
OID
VA
LV
E (
Val
ve m
ou
nte
d)
Co
mm
on
ly
3-w
ay
typ
e
valv
e
use
d
in
on
-off
se
rvic
e:
wh
en
so
leno
id
isenerg
ized,
air s
upply
is
applie
d d
irect
ly t
o t
he a
ctuato
r co
mple
tely
openin
g o
rcl
osi
ng
the
valv
e:
wh
en
de-e
nerg
ized,
act
uato
r pre
ssure
is
ve
nte
d
toatm
osp
here
allo
win
g
the
act
uato
r sp
ring
to
fully
st
roke
th
e
valv
e
to
the
opposi
te p
osi
tion.
Sole
noid
valv
es
are
use
d i
n a
s th
e c
ontr
ol
mech
an
ism
to o
pen o
r cl
ose
the
valv
e in
on/o
ff a
pplic
atio
ns
wh
ere
a p
osi
tioner
is n
ot
req
uire
d.
5. V
OL
UM
E B
OO
ST
ER
(V
alve
mo
un
ted
)
Pneum
atic
devi
ce w
hose
outp
ut
volu
me i
s gre
ate
r th
an i
ts i
np
ut
sig
na
l th
us
incr
easi
ng v
alv
e s
tro
king s
peed.
6. A
IR S
ET
(V
alve
mo
un
ted
)
Supply
air p
ress
ure
reduci
ng r
egula
tor
(with
inte
rnal
filte
r and r
elie
f va
lve)
use
d in
co
nju
nct
ion w
ith a
ny
of
the
ab
ove
air c
on
sum
ing
de
vice
s. A
ir filt
ers
are
use
d u
pst
ream
of
the
posi
tioner
to r
em
ove
oil,
mois
ture
and f
ore
ign m
ate
rial
from
th
e p
roce
ss a
ir e
nte
rin
g t
he p
osi
tione
r.
7. L
OC
K U
P V
AL
VE
(V
alve
mo
un
ted
)
Pneum
atic
rela
y w
hic
h l
ock
s in
the a
ctuato
r pre
ssure
during l
oss
of
pla
nt
air
supply
causi
ng t
he v
alv
e t
o f
ail-
in-last
-posi
tion.
8. T
RA
NS
FE
R V
AL
VE
(V
alve
mo
un
ted
)
Pn
eu
ma
tic r
ela
y u
sed
in
co
nju
nct
ion w
ith a
volu
me
tan
k to
tra
nsf
er
volu
me
ta
nk
pre
ssure
to a
sp
ringle
ss a
ctuato
r to
ensu
re p
rop
er
valv
e f
ailu
re d
uri
ng
loss
of
pla
nt a
ir.
9. V
OL
UM
E T
AN
K
Mo
un
ted
on
or
off
th
e v
alv
e;
cap
aci
ty t
an
ks o
r a
ccu
mu
lato
rs u
sed
to
sto
re a
irpre
ssure
f o
r tr
ansf
er
to a
springle
ss a
ctuato
r to
ensu
re p
roper
valv
e f
ailu
red
uri
ng
loss
of p
lant a
ir.
10.L
IMIT
SW
ITC
HES
Val
ve m
ount
ed:
Mec
hani
cal
devi
ce w
hich
trip
s el
ectri
cal
switc
hes
at s
etpo
sitio
n of
val
ve s
troke
.
11. T
RAV
EL S
TOP
Mou
nted
in
the
actu
ator
; m
echa
nica
l st
ops
whi
ch v
alve
tra
vel,
gene
rally
to
prev
ent f
ull c
losu
re
12. L
O-D
B P
LATE
& C
AR
TRID
GES
Mou
nted
dow
nstre
am o
f val
ve m
ultis
tage
, mul
ti po
rt de
vice
s w
hich
effe
ctiv
ely
redu
ce v
alve
noi
se u
pto
20 d
bA b
y in
crea
sing
the
valv
e ou
tlet p
ress
ure.
13. H
AND
WH
EELS
(Val
ve m
ount
ed)
Han
dwhe
els
allo
w th
e va
lve
to b
e sw
itche
d fro
m a
utom
atic
to m
anua
l con
trol.
Som
etim
es u
sed
as a
bui
lt-in
trav
el s
top.
SE
VE
RE
SE
RV
ICE
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
HIG
H P
RE
SS
UR
E D
RO
P
H
IGH
VE
LO
CIT
Y
EX
TR
EM
E T
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
H
IGH
NO
ISE
E
RO
SIV
E
C
AV
ITA
TIO
N
F
LA
SH
ING
Se
vere
se
rvic
e g
en
era
lly a
pplie
s to
applic
atio
ns
show
ing a
ny
one o
r m
ore
of
the
ab
ove
chara
cterist
ics.
Seve
re s
erv
ice a
pplic
atio
ns
can b
e d
etr
imenta
l to
yo
ur
valv
e a
nd
surr
ou
nd
ing
equ
ipm
ent,
an
d g
rea
tly r
ed
uce
th
e v
alv
e s
erv
ice
lif
e,
if th
ey
are
not
take
n in
to a
cco
un
t w
he
n s
izin
g a
nd s
ele
ctin
g a
valv
e.
CA
VIT
AT
ION
A l
iqu
id f
low
ca
n g
en
era
lly b
e t
rea
ted a
s b
ein
g i
nco
mp
ress
ible
if
the
re i
s n
o
vap
ou
r fo
rmatio
n.
How
eve
r, v
apour
bubble
s are
pro
duce
d i
f th
e l
oca
l st
atic
p
ress
ure
fa
lls b
elo
w t
he
flu
id v
ap
ou
r p
ress
ure
. In
th
e e
ven
t th
at
the
pre
ssure
re
cove
ry i
s su
ffic
ient
to r
ais
e t
he s
tatic
pre
ssure
above
the v
apour
pre
ssure
, th
en t
he v
apour
bubble
s w
ill c
olla
pse
th
is p
roce
ss b
ein
g k
now
n a
s ca
vita
tion.
Colla
psi
ng v
apour
bubble
s re
lease
ext
rem
ely
hig
h le
vels
of
energ
y and n
ois
e.
If t
he
se b
ubble
s im
plo
de i
n c
lose
pro
xim
ity t
o a
solid
surf
ace
then t
he e
nerg
y re
lease
d t
ears
aw
ay
the m
ate
rial
leavi
ng a
rough,
pitt
ed s
urf
ace
. F
rom
the
ou
tsid
e,
this
e
ffect
ca
n
sou
nd
like
a
hig
h-p
itch
ed
his
sin
g
for
inci
pie
nt
cavi
tatio
n, to
a m
eta
llic
rattlin
g s
ound f
or
fully
deve
loped c
avi
tatio
n.
P1
PV
PV
C
P2
The e
ffect
s of
cavi
tatio
n (
dependin
g o
n it
s se
verity
) in
clude t
he follo
win
g:
Pitt
ing a
nd e
rosi
on
No
ise
& v
ibra
tion
Corr
osi
on
Va
lve f
ailu
re
A c
om
bin
atio
n o
f th
e a
bove
Cavi
tatio
n d
am
age m
ay
be c
ontr
olle
d b
y usi
ng h
ard
ened m
ate
rials
in v
alv
eco
nst
ruct
ion o
r by
usi
ng a
cavi
tatio
n r
ed
uci
ng/e
limin
atin
g trim
in the v
alv
e.
FLA
SH
ING
If t
he d
ow
nst
ream
pre
ssure
on t
he p
roce
ss f
luid
is
equal
to o
r le
ss t
han i
tsva
pour
pre
ssure
, th
e v
apour
bubble
s cr
eate
d a
t th
e v
ena c
ontr
act
a d
o n
ot
colla
pse
, re
sulti
ng i
n a
liq
uid
-gas
mix
ture
dow
nst
ream
of
the v
alv
e.
Th
is i
sco
mm
only
calle
d f
lash
ing.
The r
esu
lt is
a t
wo
-ph
ase
mix
ture
at
the
va
lve
ou
tlet
and i
n t
he d
ow
nst
ream
pip
ing.
Velo
city
of
this
tw
o-p
hase
flo
w i
s usu
ally
very
hig
h
and
resu
lts
in
the
poss
ibili
ty
of
ero
sion
of
the
valv
e
and
pip
ing
com
ponents
. F
lash
ing
dam
age
is
chara
cterise
d
by
a
smooth
, polis
hed
appeara
nce
. F
lash
ing d
am
age m
ay
be c
ontr
olle
d t
hro
ugh u
se o
f th
e f
ollo
win
g:
Contr
ol v
elo
citie
s
S
peci
al V
alv
e d
esi
gn ie
. exp
anded o
utle
t
Use
hard
ened m
ate
rials
in v
alv
e c
onst
ruct
ion
P1
PV
PV
CP
2
The cage guid
ed desig
n of
trim
is
used exte
nsiv
ely
on hig
h duty
flashin
ga
pp
licatio
ns w
he
reb
y f
low
is d
irecte
d o
ve
r th
e p
lug
to
dis
sip
ate
th
e e
ne
rgy
with
in t
he
co
nfin
es o
f th
e t
rim
. E
xp
eri
en
ce
has a
lso
sho
wn
th
at
in c
ase o
ffla
sh
ing
it
is g
oo
d p
ractice to
use a
sin
gle
sta
ge o
f pre
ssure
letd
ow
n.
NO
ISE
It is
co
mm
on
ly th
ou
gh
t it is
th
e con
tro
l valv
e w
hic
h ra
dia
tes n
ois
e to
th
e
atm
osp
he
re.
In f
act, t
his
is n
ot
the
case
: C
ontr
ol
va
lve
no
ise
is g
en
era
ted
by
turb
ule
nce
cre
ate
d
in
the
valv
e
an
d
rad
iate
d
to
the
su
rro
un
din
gs
by
the
do
wn
str
ea
m
pip
ing
syste
m.
Ma
jor
so
urc
es
of
co
ntr
ol
valv
e
no
ise
a
re
me
ch
an
ica
l vib
ratio
n
of
the
valv
e
co
mp
on
ents
, a
nd
hyd
rod
yn
am
ic
an
d
ae
rod
yn
am
ic f
luid
nois
e.
Mechanic
al
nois
e c
an
re
su
lt f
rom
vib
ratio
ns c
ause
d b
y t
he
ra
nd
om
pre
ssu
re
flu
ctu
atio
ns w
ith
in t
he
valv
e b
od
y a
nd
flu
id i
mp
ing
em
ent
up
on
th
e v
alv
e p
lug.
Vib
ration
ca
n
als
o
be
p
rod
uce
d
by
valv
e
co
mp
on
en
ts
reso
natin
g
at
their
na
tura
l fr
eq
ue
ncy.
Reso
na
nt
vib
ratio
n p
rod
uces h
igh
le
ve
ls o
f str
ess t
hat
may
pro
duce
fatigue
failu
re
of
the
valv
es
com
ponents
. N
ois
e
pro
duced
by
me
ch
an
ica
l vib
ratio
n is
u
su
ally
w
ell
belo
w 1
00
d
BA
a
nd
is
d
escrib
ed
a
s a
mechanic
al ra
ttlin
g.
Mechanic
al nois
e is u
sually
secondary
to t
he d
am
age t
hat
ma
y r
esu
lt to t
he
vib
ratin
g p
art
/s.
Cavitation n
ois
e s
imila
r to
a r
att
ling s
ou
nd
, as i
f g
rave
l w
ere
be
ing
ca
rrie
d i
n
the f
luid
str
eam
is h
ighly
localis
ed t
o t
he r
egio
n i
mm
edia
tely
dow
nstr
eam
of
the
ve
na
contr
acta
. R
ed
uctio
n o
r e
limin
atio
n o
f ca
vita
tion is u
su
ally
ne
cessa
ry
to r
ed
uce
ph
ysic
al
da
ma
ge
to
valv
e c
om
po
ne
nts
an
d t
he p
ipin
g s
yste
m,
and
to r
ed
uce
th
e S
PL (
so
un
d p
ressure
leve
l).
Flas
hing
noi
se o
ccur
s w
hen
a po
rtion
of
the
fluid
vap
oris
es w
ithou
t th
e
subs
eque
nt b
ubbl
e co
llaps
e th
at o
ccur
s in
cav
itatio
n. N
oise
res
ults
fro
m t
he
dece
lera
tion
and
expa
nsio
n of
the
two-
phas
e flo
w s
tream
. Gen
eral
ly, f
lash
ing
nois
e is
sig
nific
antly
low
er th
an c
avita
tion
nois
e, b
ut e
rosi
on is
ofte
n a
serio
us
prob
lem
Hyd
rody
nam
ic n
oise
is c
ause
d by
turb
ulen
t liq
uid
flow
vel
ocity
fluc
tuat
ions
that
resu
lt fro
m t
he r
apid
dec
eler
atio
n of
the
flu
id a
s th
e flo
w a
rea
incr
ease
s
dow
nstre
am o
f th
e ve
na c
ontra
cta.
Liq
uid
flow
noi
se is
gen
eral
ly lo
w a
nd is
usua
lly n
ot a
noi
se p
robl
em.
Aer
odyn
amic
noi
se i
s th
e m
ajor
sou
rce
of v
alve
noi
se f
or g
aseo
us s
ervi
ce.
The
nois
e le
vel i
s ge
nera
lly a
func
tion
of fl
ow s
tream
vel
ocity
and
mas
s flo
w
rate
. As
the
gas
flow
thro
ugh
a co
ntro
l val
ves
acce
lera
tes
as it
app
roac
hes
the
vena
con
tract
a, h
igh
nois
e le
vels
can
be
gene
rate
d ev
en t
houg
h th
e ou
tlet
velo
city
may
be
as lo
w a
s M
ach
0.4.
Aer
odyn
amic
noi
se le
vels
can
be
abov
e
100
dBA
and
rea
ch a
s hi
gh a
s 15
0 dB
A i
n ce
rtain
ser
vice
s. N
oise
and
cavi
tatio
n ca
n be
red
uced
or
elim
inat
ed b
y st
agin
g th
e pr
essu
re d
rop
thro
ugh
the
valv
e.(s
ee b
elow
)
