(continued from page 18)

transition back to bermudagrassOnce the playing season ends inJune these fields see minimal useuntil October When the soccer fieldwas overseeded the transition backto bermudagrass was difficult andoccurred just prior to the summercamps This put more stress on theturf and made preparations for theearly August season more difficult

The soccer field has not beenoverseeded since 1997 Potts saysWe begin using green turf dye onceevery two weeks when nighttimetemperatures start to fall below 50degrees We use a rate of one gallonof dye to 30 gallons of water to justdarken the color a bit This allowsthe plant to capture more of the lim-ited fall sunlight and grow at ahigher rate Were not sure exactlyhow it works but feel that it helpsin continuing the photosynthesisprocess as temperature and sun-light decrease We need to mowmore frequently and the field recov-ers more quickly in the fall when itis dyed Weve also noticed that thedye helps the turf emerge from dor-mancy more quickly in the springWeve occasionally used the samerate of dye in an application or twoin the spring to speed up the growthprocess

The staff is very cognizant of envi-ronmental issues and public percep-tion The integrated pest manage-ment system theyve developed usescontrol products only when levelspass the tolerance point Billbug con-trol has been applied on occasion Thesoccer fields dense turf requires littleweed control however we apply apre-emergent for winter annuals atthe end of September or beginning ofOctober

The soccer field is a team effortPotts credits the coaches for suchfield preservation measures as mov-ing the goalie practices around thefield and playing from side to sidealong the sideline to avoid excessivewear in the goalmouths He says Ifwet conditions are persistent theymay move practice to the sand-ba edtrack infield even occasionally hold-ing a night practice to accommodate

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Texas AampMs womens soccer team looks to score on North Carolina

scheduling Were also fortunate tohave an administration that under-stands the importance of properfield maintenance and gives us thetools and staffing necessary to dothe job

dedicated people who are committedto excellence The reward is the posi-tive feedback from players andcoaches who appreciate the resultswe produce for them

Potts and Goertz both give theirhighest praise to their staff Pottssays We have a staff of high-quality

Steve Trusty is Executive Directorof the Sports Turf ManagersAssociation (STMA) and Suz Trustyis STMA Communications Director

June 2001 21

Warm Season TurfgrassDise se ManagementKnowing which diseases can affect your fields during the

~--w_a_rm_se_a_so_n_c_a_n_he_Ip_y_o_u_id_e_nt_ify_a_n_d_c_om_b_a_tt_h_os_e_fo_e_s---1by Drs Ed A Brown (Plant Pathology)and Gil Landry (Crop and Soil Science) University of Georgia

pathogen the turf or the environ-ment to prevent or reduce the diseaseinfectionEven though there are more

than 70 diseases reported toattack turfgrasses less than

six commonly cause problems onsports fields These disease causingorganisms require specific environ-mental conditions to proliferate andinfect a turfgrass The disease trian-gle is used to examine the interactionbetween the disease causal agent(pathogen) the plant (host) and theenvironmental conditions required bythe pathogen to infect the turf Thissame triangle can be a means of for-mulating a plan to manage the

Since bermudagrass is the mainwarm season turfgrass used for sportsfields and since it is relatively resis-tant to most organisms the focuswill be on the more common organ-isms Also because a healthy turf isthe first step in managing potentialdisease problems a review of thecommon turf management practicesassociated with disease problems isimportant

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22 June 2001

Water management is probably themost common practice that can affectdisease problems Most of the time itis not excess water that causes prob-lems on sports fields but the lack ofwater Even though grass growthslows from moisture stress there isstill generally sufficient moisturefrom dew formation to enable thepathogen to proliferate on the weak-ened turf

Thus providing water when need-ed to maintain a healthy plant isimportant In fact simply irrigatingto encourage moisture-stressed turfis often enough to reduce the diseaseproblem Before sunrise is consid-ered the best time to irrigatebecause of low wind and tempera-ture and the removal of morningdew from turf leaves Irrigationbefore the dew has dried in themorning or before it forms at nightextends the period of free surfacemoisture and may enhance diseasedevelopment

Obviously water management isalso related to soil conditions Hardcompacted soils reduce turf rootingand increase moisture stress Thuscultivation to alleviate compactioncan reduce disease potential

Some thatch is desirable on sportsfields because it forms a cushionwhich decreases turf wear Thatch alsoinsulates the soil from high and lowtemperatures and reduces vaporationlosses of water from the soil surfaceHowever a thatch layer becomesundesirable when it exceeds a depth ofone-half inch Thatch then begins torestrict water and air movement intothe soil encouraging a shallow rootsystem It also provides an ideal envi-ronment for disease organisms Thusproper thatch management is essen-tial to disease management

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SymptomsThe fungus starts

to develop frommicroscopic fungalmycelium fragmentssurviving in thethatch and organicdebris and rapidlyforms a circular pat-

These large circular patches usually two to four feet in diameter tern The circularare typical symptoms of brown patch patches can be from

several inches to 20feet in diameter but

usually are between two to four feet indiameter Affected areas are thin in thecenter with sprigs of grass survivingand thinner at the margin of theadvancing outer edge of the ringDuring periods of activity the outeredge has a smoke ring that is grayishto reddish brown in color Fungusmycelium can be seen at the margin inthe early morning when the dew isheavy or water is present In bermuda-grass only the foliage is generallyaffected and the grass will recoverfrom healthy rhizomes

Finally managing soil fertility iscritical to maintaining a healthyplant and manipulating nutrientscan significantly reduce or increasedisease problems

With those general turf manage-ment principles covered the remainderof this article describes conditions thatfavor disease development symptomsof the disease and turf managementpractices for disease control

BROWN PATCHBrown Patch is caused by the fun-

gus Rhizoctonia solani which caninfect all warm season grasses Thisdisease can be devastating and is dif-ficult to control after developing Themost favorable disease conditionsoccur from April through October

Environmental ConditionsFavoring DiseaseWet leaves and soil favors growth

of the fungus A heavy dew alonedoes not usually promote diseaseunless the wet period is extended byrain or improper irrigation Highnitrogen (more than one pound of Nper 1000 sq ft) applications canexcessively stimulate the develop-ment of young succulent turf andcause brown patch to be more severeAlthough the most favorable temper-atures for infection are 80-85F thefungus can be active at 50F and up to90F Since the temperatures usuallydrop below 90F for much of any 24-hour period the fungus may contin-ue to be active all summer awaitinga favorable combination of tempera-ture nitrogen-induced succulentturf and water to infect This diseasemainly occurs in the summer

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However a differentstrain is now fre-quently being foundin the cool months ofthe fall and duringspring greenup

Control and ManagementTurfgrass management is impor-

tant in brown patch control Avoidhigh N applications (more than 1pound per 1000 sq ft) and avoid N ifthe disease is active Fungicides canbe applied as a preventive measureif the oncoming weather indicateswet conditions Curative applica-tions should be applied when firstsymptoms are observed The fungi-cide should be applied in a minimumof 120 gallons of water per acre Thisis important to provide foliage stemand upper root zonethatch coveragewith the fungicide

DOLLAR SPOTThe fungus Sclerotinia hom eo-

carpa (Lanzia sp and Melerodiscussp) causes dollar spot The severity ofdollar spot disease is determined bysoil moisture nitrogen and potassiumlevels and temperature

Environmental ConditionsFavoring DiseaseIdeal conditions for disease devel-

opment include the combination oflow nitrogen level low soil moisture

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The straw-colored lesions on the bermuda-grass which have developed from the leaf

margin and moved across the leaf eventuallygirdling the blade are from dollar spot

temperatures in the 60-80F rangeheavy dew or excess water

SymptomsEarly symptoms are straw-col-

ored patches one to three inches indiameter Infection can be severeand these damaged spots coalesce toform rather large areas where thefoliage is bleached to a tan towhitish or straw color There arestraw-colored lesions on the grassblades that develop from the marginof the blade across eventuallygirdling the leaf This fungus is pri-marily a foliage disease and a warmseason grass like bermudagrass gen-erally has no problem recoveringfrom the damage Overnightmycelial growth can be seen duringactive disease periods as cottonygrowth in the morning dew

Control and ManagementManagement practices that help

control this disease are the additionof nitrogen and providing adequatesoil moisture Obviously soil com-paction can increase disease inci-dences by restricting rooting Soilmoisture should be adequateenough for good growth Soil potas-sium levels should be maintained atmedium to high levels When thefirst symptoms are observed evalu-ate if a fungicide should be appliedIf so select a contact fungicide thatis not suspected of developing pestresistance and follow up after thelabeled recommended interval witha systemic fungicide for longerresidual control The fungicidesshould be applied in a minimum of120 gallons of water per acre Thiswill assure good coverage of thefoliage stems and the upper thatchor organic zone

24 June 2001

HELMINTHOSPORIUM DISEASESThere are actually several fungi

that cause this type of disease symp-tom These fungi include Bipolarisspp Exserohilum spp andDrechslera spp which were onceclassified as Helminthosporium sppThey are now considered to beHelminthosporium diseases This isto facilitate communication to notconfuse the issue with turf grass man-agers Some of these fungi can causeleaf crown and root diseases In mostcases bermudagrass is tolerant ofthese fungi although under stressand potassium deficient conditions itcan be affected

Environmental ConditionsFavoring DiseaseThe ideal temperature for infection

is 77F but infection can occur from68-95F However Drechslera spp dis-eases can cause disease during coolertemperatures Infection by most ofthese fungi can take place at any timeduring the spring summer and fallprovided adequate moisture is avail-able Problem areas in turf are usual-ly associated with prolonged periodsof leaf wetness and nutrient imbal-ances which weaken the turf

SymptomsBlack to purple spots on leaves and

leaf sheaths with spots turning tan tobrown in the center The lesions areoften elongated running in the direc-tion of the veins of the leaf blade Rootand crown rot are also associatedwith these fungi These phases aregenerally associated with dry periodsduring the hot part of the summerand cause a collapse of the turf tissueresulting in thinning and declineLesions can be found on the stolonsand rhizomes under severe diseaseconditions

Control and ManagementFertilize with adequate amounts of

potassium and nitrogen Areas thatare shaded or protected by structuresor landscape may have more prob-lems so improving air movement inthese areas would be helpful

PYTHIUM BLIGHTBermudagrass is fairly tolerant of

Pythium spp infections if managedcorrectly Poor surface andor subsur-face drainage are often associatedwith this disease Pythium spp arewater molds and need exces water toinfect

Environmental ConditionsFavoring DiseaseOverseeded bermudagrass can

have Pythium spp problems but it isgenerally the cool season turf and notthe bermudagrass that has the prob-lem Over-fertilization to stimulateexcess young succulent turf and over-watering are usually associated withthese problem areas

SymptomsGreasy brown patches of turf an

inch or less in diameter increasing toseveral inches and turning straw col-ored Cottony mycelium on leafblades may be seen in the morningdew The roots and crowns can bedamaged These turf problems areusually found in low areas wheredrainage is poor Improving thenutrition may not cause the expectedgrowth response because there arelimited roots to translocate thenutrients

Control and ManagementDo not over-water or over-fertilize

After turf recovery aerify if necessaryto improve drainage Fungicides maybe useful in a fall overseeding pro-gram If a problem has been identifiedpreviously then consider a preventivefungicide application Use treatedseed for overseeding If warm weatherpersists after the oversee ding hasgerminated then a fungicide applica-tion may be recommended until coolweather persists and the threat ofdisease is over

Sports turf diseases can usually bebeaten by good sound managementMonitoring weather conditions andproviding the best possible manage-ment for the turf are the best diseasecontrols Being alert and able to iden-tify disease problems as they developand then knowing what preventativeand curative steps to take will reducethe potential of significant diseasedamage to a sports field

Finally relying on fellow profes-sionals your local county Extensionoffice well-trained suppliers or yourstate land grant university can helpyou manage turf problems

Drs Ed A Brown and Gil Landryare Professors of TurfgrassManagement at the University ofGeorgia Dr Landry a past president ofSTMA may be contacted at e-mailglandryugaedu

sports TURF bull httpwwwsportsturfonlinecom

Dealing With ExtremesHow to protect turf from the havoc of various weather conditionsand the se of fields for other events

by Dan Douglas Reading Phillies

Ask a sports turf managerabout extremes and his or herfirst thought is about the

weather They conjure up memoriesof spring floods while thousands ofkids are chomping at the bit to usethe fields after a long winter or thesurprise snowfall just before thechampionship football game in earlyNovember Certainly the drought afew years back cannot be forgottenPractically anywhere you go thelocals say If you dont like theweather wait a minute

Weather forecasters like to use theword normal-normal high temper-ature normal low temperature nor-mal rainfall and the like When is thelast time you had a day where theweather was normal Normal is real-ly the average of extremes As anexample in 1999 those of us in themid-Atlantic region suffered througha drought Then in early fall the rem-nants of hurricane Floyd droppedclose to a foot of rain on us As the cli-matologists closed the books on 1999they concluded we had normal rain-fall for the year

When dealing with these weatherextremes our biggest asset is ourexperience I realize that my 15 yearsexperience as a sports turf managerpales in comparison with many of mypeers I was talking with a golf coursesuperintendent the other day Theconversation naturally turned to theweather He has been in charge at thesame country club for over 40 yearsHe wasnt comparing weather condi-tions from year to year but ratherfrom decade to decade I humblyaccept that I am still a mere pup inthis industry With that said I willshare some of the lowlights of mysports turf career

The Need for Proper DrainageI began working for the Reading

26 June 2001

Dan Douglas is accustomed to dealing with the unpredictable weather patterns ofReading PA such as this October ice storm

Phillies in 1991 I inherited a fieldthat was constructed in 1950 and hadbeen abused for over 40 years Fieldconstruction concepts were a tad dif-ferent 50 years ago than they aretoday Take right field for instanceThe warning track sloped from thefence toward the outfield Every timeit rained the water washed onto theplaying surface from behind the out-field wall One day in late July unbe-knownst to me a contractor sprayedan herbicide behind the outfield wallA heavy thunderstorm blew in short-ly thereafter and within a few dayswe had about 3000 square feet of deadturf in right field You cant get anymore extreme than death Ryegrassand green paint allowed me to limpinto fall when needless to say majorregrading occurred and a certainchemical applicator was fired

Adequate drainage is a major com-ponent to the success of every athlet-ic field The best time to address the

drainage of the playing surface is dur-ing construction A complex drainagesystem is nice but a field constructedwith an appropriate slope and propergrading will be able to withstand theworst deluge

Snow tends to create havoc attimes During the baseball season Itreat snow as white rain The infieldis tarped and I helplessly watch theradar My approach to snow isMother Nature put the snow thereso she can take it away If the tem-peratures dont rebound enough tomelt the snow then we dont want tobe playing baseball in those condi-tions anyway

The Need for Efficient IrrigationMy first year in Reading featured a

very dry summer With plans to installan in ground irrigation system thatfall I did what I could to keep thegrass growing with garden hoses Itbecame a frequently repeated night-

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An occasional April snow is treated aswhite rain and the field cover is used to

keep the infield dry until nicer weather con-ditions return

long vigil I would set up a sprinklerin the outfield give that spot a gooddeep soaking then move the sprinklerto a new location I would never getenough water on the field but it didkeep the turf alive and by the end ofthe night I at least felt like Id tried totake control of the situation

The 1999 season was a whole dif-ferent story Following a very dry falland spring came a hot summer TheGovernor declared a drought emer-gency in late July and nobody knewwhat that meant to them Eventuallyan archaic set of regulations began toappear which essentially stated thatathletic fields could not be wateredat all Practices for fall sports weregetting underway during the heightof the drought and many schoolboards had discussions about fieldsafety and even considered postpon-ing the start of the fall sports seasonFortunately the hurricane struckand we went back to dealing withdrainage issues

The drought was a public relationsjuggernaut for the organization andmyself Technically we could not applyany water to the playing surfaceRealistically we had to and did I wason the evening news explaining therelationship between water and playersafety and how we had cut our usageby over 50 The public was under-standing (especially the head of ourlocal water authority) until I told areporter off camera that we use 15000gallons of water during an irrigationcycle and she went on the air and saidwe use 150000 gallons per cycle I hadsome phone calls the next day

Most of us in the turf industry werecaught off guard when the drought

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GPU Stadium is also used for other events such as concerts Here Dan and his crew makepreparations to protect the infield from concert-goer abuse

emergency was declared We thoughtour usage would be restricted but noteliminated Check with your state tofind out what regulations you willhave to follow if a drought emer-gency is declared in your area ThePennsylvania Department of Envi-ronmental Protection decided toupdate the regulations after thedrought and the latest version is a lotmore athletic field friendly

The Need for ControlLike it or not none of us can do

anything about the weather exceptcomplain about it There are othersources of extremes though Many ofour stresses occur because our fieldsare used in ways they are notdesigned for Concerts are an excel-lent source of ulcers for me Ilearned long ago that I need to bethe one calling the shots during theconcert set-up and tear-down Weused to allow the equipment truckson the field but after one backedthrough a barrier and parked in anewly sodded area they are nowkept in the parking lot and we fork-lift the equipment to the stage Aroadie once called me an anal-retentive gardener Yes I am Myfield my rules

Over the years a lot of situationsoccurred or were about to occur thatI had not had previous experiencewith My peers came to my rescueWhen a situation presents itself thatyou are not comfortable with grab

the STMA membership roster andcall someone who has handled theproblem in the past Our industryprides itself on sharing informationwith one another The best advice Ireceived in college from a professorwas that I dont need to know every-thing but I do need to know whereto go to get information (I wish hehad told me that before my lastsemester)

An observation I have made is thatthe fields that were in good shapebefore some extreme event hit werethe fields that handled the stress thebest Take all the necessary stepsyour budget allows to insure thatyour fields are in the best possiblecondition Have a plan in place fordealing with whatever MotherNature or management can throw atyou Phone your peers and gatherinformation in preparation for anevent you havent had the experienceto handle yet

The best part about extremes isthat they make normal feel special

Dan Douglas is Stadium GroundsSuperintendent for the ReadingPhillies Double A Baseball Club inReading Pennsylvania Hes Presidentof the Keystone Athletic Field ManagersOrganization (KAFMO Chapter ofSTMA) and was key to the formation ofthat Chapter Hes a frequent speaker atturf conferences and contributor to turfpublications

June 2001 27

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