CONTEMPORARYENGLISH GRAMMAR

STRUCTURES AND COMPOSITION

CONTEMPORARYENGLISH GRAMMARSTRUCTURES AND

COMPOSITION

ByDavid GreenB.A. (London)

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CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND COMPOSITION

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Preface

This book has been written to meet the widespread demand for a modern approach to English Grammar and Composition. It represents a synthesis of the traditional and the structural methods of teaching English Grammar. These two methods are, of course, not mutually exclusive, but complementary. While the structural method will drill into the student the linguistic skills necessary for using certain patterns of expression, a systematic study of the fundamentals of Grammar will help to co-ordinate such skills, and give a comprehensive grasp of modern English usage.

Part I of the book contains a study of the various parts of speech, both from the theoretical and functional points of view. Whereas Part II is concerned with the structure of the sentence, its analysis and synthesis, Part III comprises four chapters dealing with verb patterns and basic structures. Most of the important sentence patterns—both literary and conversational—have been presented in this section in a simple and analytical manner. With a little practice, the student should easily be able to acquire adequate skill to use these structures in his own conversation and writing.

Part IV deals with Vocabulary—Word-Formation, Synonyms and Antonyms, Words often Confused, One-Word Substitutes, etc.—and Composition, which includes Paragraph Structure, Letter-Writing, Expansion, Précis-Writing, Essay-Writing, Paraphrasing and Writing Stories from Outlines.

The book carries 161 exercises covering all the main elements of Grammar, Structures and Composition. These carefully framed exercises will, no doubt, be found most useful for classroom work.

It is hoped that in view of its special features, Contemporary English Grammar, Structures and Composition will serve as a textbook for Higher Secondary and College classes throughout the country.

Part I. Grammar and Usage 1. The Sentence 3 2. Parts of Speech 8 3. Nouns-I 12 4. Nouns-II 17 5. Adjectives 25 6. Comparison of Adjectives 30 7. Articles 39 8. Pronouns 45 9. Demonstrative, Indefi nite, Interrogative, Distributive and Reciprocal Pronouns 54 10. Relative Pronouns 60 11. Verbs 66 12. Verbs—Mood and Tense 74 13. Concord or Agreement of the Verb with the Subject 85 14. Non-Finite Verbs 90 15. Strong and Weak Verbs 101 16. The Auxiliaries 113 17. Modal Auxiliaries 119 18. Anomalous Finites 134 19. Adverbs 142 20. Prepositions 151 21. Conjunctions 158 22. Interjections 168

Part II. Sentence Structure 23. Simple, Compound, Complex and

Compound-Complex Sentences 171 24. Analysis of Simple Sentences 174 25. Clauses 182

Contents

26. Analysis of Complex Sentences 193 27. Analysis of Compound Sentences and

Compound-Complex Sentences 197 28. Synthesis of Sentences 202 29. Transformation of Sentences-I 210 30. Transformation of Sentences-II 218 31. Sequence of Tenses and Direct and Indirect Speech 225 32. Punctuation and Capitals 233

Part III. Structures, Literary and Conversational

33. Verb Patterns and Structures-I 243 34. Verb Patterns and Structures-II 254 35. Verb Patterns and Structures-III 265 36. Verb Patterns and Structures (Mainly Conversational) 281

Part IV. Vocabulary and Composition

37. Word-Formation—The Use of Prefi xes 295 38. Word-Formation—The Use of Suffi xes 299 39. Word-Formation—Compound Words 305 40. Synonyms and Antonyms 308 41. One-Word Substitutes for Phrases and Clauses 316 42. Words Often Confused 323 43. Words with Appropriate Prepositions 331 44. Paragraph-Writing 341 45. Letter-Writing 346 46. Précis-Writing 360 47. Expansion of Passages 367 48. Essay-Writing 372 49. Paraphrasing 380 50. Writing Stories from Outlines 388

Part IGrammar and Usage

Look at the following groups of words:1. Birds fly in the air.2. Read this book carefully.3. How cold it is today!4. What is his name?You will notice that each of these four groups means something definite

and each makes complete sense. Each is a complete sentence. A Sentence may be defined as a group of words which makes complete sense.

KINDS OF SENTENCESThere are four different kinds of sentences. Examine the following:

1. He is a good cricketer.2. His name is Amarnath.3. Amarnath comes from East Punjab.These three sentences are simple statements of fact. They state or

assert or declare something and, therefore, they are called Assertive or Declarative Sentences.

Now, read these sentences:1. Shut the door.2. Please, get me a glass of water.3. May God bless you!

3

The Sentence

1

4 CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND COMPOSITION

You will notice that the first is a command, the second is a request, and the third expresses a wish. A sentence which expresses a command, a request or a wish is called an Imperative Sentence.

Now, look at the following sentences:1. What a fool he is!2. How generous of you to have helped him like that!3. What a pity you couldn’t come!These sentences express a strong and sudden feeling: of amuse ment or

anger in the first sentence, of appreciation and grati tude in the second, and of sorrow and sympathy in the third. A sentence which expresses such a sudden, strong feeling is called an Exclamatory Sentence. An Exclamation Mark (!) should always be put at the end of such a sentence.

Here are a few sentences of a different type:1. Have you done your homework?2. Where do you propose to go in the summer holidays?3. Did you not hear the bell?As you can see, all these are questions. A sentence which asks a

question is called an Interrogative Sentence. It should be followed by a question mark (?).

All sentences should begin with a Capital Letter and end with a Full Stop an Exclamation Mark or a Question Mark, according to the type to which they belong.

Exercise 1Build up sentences with the words in the substitution tables given below, taking one word from each column.

1.

HaveHas

youtheyIhe

doneseenheard

yourtheirmyhis

homework? picture?song?

2.

How

charmingwonderfulcoldprettygrandwarm

waterpicturegirlviewpartyweather

theis!looks!appears!

THE SENTENCE 5

Subject and PredicateA sentence has two main parts—the Subject and the Predi cate. The Subject must contain a Noun or a Pronoun and the Predicate must contain a Verb.

Look at this sentence:The sun set behind the western hills.The first part of the sentence, ‘The sun’ names the thing about which

something is said. The second part—‘set behind the western hills’—tells something about ‘the sun’. The naming part is called the Subject and the telling part is called the Predi cate. Usually the Subject of the sentence comes first and the Predicate follows.

Sentences can be divided into Subject and Predicate in the following manner:

Subject Predicate

1. The river flowed swiftly.

2. Mahatma Gandhi taught Truth and Non-Violence.

3. Two American astronauts landed on the moon.

4. The peaks of the Himalayas are covered with snow.

5. The Shah of Iran visited India recently.

Sometimes the subject may be in the middle of the sentence or at the end, as in the following sentences: 1. How are the mighty fallen! 2. After the dinner came the dance. 3. Beyond the valley was a row of hills. 4. Gone are all those golden dreams.

In Imperative Sentences the Subject is usually omitted; Open your books. (This means ‘You open your books.’ The subject you is understood and not expressed.)

Thank you. (This means ‘I thank you.’)Help me, please. (‘You help me, please.’)

Contemporary English GrammarStructures and Composition

Publisher : Laxmi Publications ISBN : 9789351381273 Author : David Green

Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/11076

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