CONTAINER TERMINAL OPERATIONS

SECTION 1SECTION 1

Containerisation and its Evolution

Development of Cargo HandlingDevelopment of Cargo Handling

– Bulk / Break Bulk– Unitization– Lash System– Palletisation– Containerisation

Containerisation – An innovative conceptContainerisation – An innovative concept

Containerisation is a system of intermodal freight transport using standard ISO Containers that can be loaded and sealed intact onto container ships, rail and road trailers.

History of ContainerisationHistory of Containerisation

• Initially used by railroads – small containers of 5’ to 10’ long, wooden and non-stackable.

• Towards end of World War II, US Army used standard containers ‘transporters’ with dimensions of 8.5 feet (2.6 m) long, 6.25 feet (1.91 m) wide, and 6.83 feet (2.08 m) high, made of rigid steel with carrying capacity of 9000 lbs

• April 26, 1956 Malcolm McLean loaded the first lot of 58 x 35’ containers aboard a refitted tanker ship named Ideal X from Port Newark to Houston. (Large size containers without need to open in transit from shipper to the consignee).

• 1950s - Port of New York Authority built Port Elizabeth Marine Terminal – World’s first Container Terminal.

Classification of ContainersClassification of Containers

• By Size:• 20 Feet• 40 Feet

• By type:• General Cargo Container• Open Top Container• Flat Container• Liquid / Gas Container• Thermal Container

Standardisation of Handling Equipment Standardisation of Handling Equipment

SECTION 2SECTION 2Container Terminal Operations

CONTAINER TERMINAL CONTAINER TERMINAL

A container terminal is a facility where containers are received, stored and then delivered. The containers entry and exit can be by sea, rail or road.

Typical Container TerminalTypical Container Terminal

Operating Zone For ShipOperating Zone For Ship

Stacking Area For Import And Export ContainersStacking Area For Import And Export Containers

SpecialSpecial ContainersContainersEmpty ContainersEmpty Containers

Exchange And Transfer Zone

Vessel

Container Terminal ActivitiesContainer Terminal Activities

Container Entry / Exit By RoadContainer Entry / Exit By Road

Container entering / exiting the Gate Complex and its details entered into the computer

Work Queue in VMTsWork Queue in VMTs (Vehicle Mounted Terminal)(Vehicle Mounted Terminal)

The software available generates the yard location of the container and displays it on the VMT fitted into the Container Handling Equipment

TOTAL : 3 F4, F9, SEND_________1.PCIU5799420 X3184 >> 33A15M 25 22.GECU3129003 X3482 >> 33A15T 25 23. TTNU9904748 X1234 >> 33A20B 28 4

Handling of the Container in YardHandling of the Container in Yard

Stowage Planning the vessel in SPARCSStowage Planning the vessel in SPARCS

NAVIS

COSMOS

CATOS…

Vessel Movements in Port - Berthing and SailingVessel Movements in Port - Berthing and Sailing

Vessel OperationsVessel Operations

Rail Side OperationsRail Side Operations

Parameters Commonly UsedParameters Commonly Used

Permissible Draft indicates the depth available at the port.

Productivity – GMPH (Gross Moves Per Hour), SMPH (Ship Moves Per Hour), BMPH (Berth Moves Per Hour)

Throughput is amount of container exchange occurred within a stipulated time frame. Normally throughput is calculated with the number of working days in a year.

Dwell time is the average time a container spends in the terminal.

Berth Occupancy indicates the percentage utilisation of the berth length.

Vessel Turnaround Time is the duration of vessel arrival at port to it’s departure.

…and many others.

Selection of Yard EquipmentsSelection of Yard Equipments

System System FeaturesFeatures

Tractor/ Tractor/ Chassis SystemChassis System

Straddle CarrierStraddle Carrier

Yard Gantry Yard Gantry Crane System Crane System (RTGC,RMGC (RTGC,RMGC

etc.)etc.)

Front End Front End Loaders (Reach Loaders (Reach stackers, Top stackers, Top Loaders, Fork Loaders, Fork

Lifts etc.)Lifts etc.)

Load Load UtilizationUtilization

Very Poor : 185 TEU / Hectare

Good : 385 TEU / Hectare

Very Good : 750 TEU / Hectare

Poor : 275 TEU / Hectare

Terminal Terminal Development Development CostsCosts

Very Low : High quality Surfacing not

Necessary

Medium : Hard Wearing Surface Needed

High : High load bearing surface needed for

crane wheels

High : heavy wear on terminal Surface

Equipment Equipment CostCost

High : large number of chassis required

Moderate : six straddle carriers per ship / shore

cranesHigh

Moderate : cost effective for low throughputs

Equipment Equipment Maintenance Maintenance CostCost

low High Low Medium

Manning Manning Level and Level and SkillSkill

High : more men But low skill Required

Low : less men High Skill Required

High : more men medium high skill

required

Medium : Men Medium Skill Requirement

Operating Operating FactorsFactors

Good Accessibility, Simple terminal

Operation

High Flexibility , Good Stacking

Good Land use, Scope For Automation

Versatile Equipment

SECTION 3SECTION 3

• GLOBAL SCENARIO – WHAT IS THE FUTURE ??

TOP 10 TERMINALS TOP 10 TERMINALS

Rank (2007) Port TEU

Rank (2006) Port TEU

1 Singapore 27,932,000 1 Singapore 24,792,000

2 Shanghai 26,152,000 2 Hong Kong 23,539,000

3 Hong Kong 23,998,000 3 Shanghai 21,710,000

4 Shenzhen 21,099,000 4 Shenzhen 18,470,000

5 Busan 13,260,477 5 Busan 12,030,000

6 Rotterdam 10,256,829 6 Kaohsiung 9,775,000

7 Dubai 10,790,604 7 Rotterdam 9,603,000

8 Kaohsiung 10,650,000 8 Dubai 8,923,000

9 Hamburg 9,890,000 9 Hamburg 8,862,000

10 Quingdao 9,462,000 10 Los Angeles 8,470,000

SURVIVAL OF THE LARGEST…SURVIVAL OF THE LARGEST…

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

TEUs CAPACITY

1980 1990 2000 2008

YEAR

SIZE OF VESSELS Mid Panamax 2000 – 3500Large Panamax 3500 – 4500Post Panamax 4500 – 6000Large Post Panamax 6000 – 8000Super Post Panamax 12500+(Mega Vessels)

By 2011, Post Panamax Vessels will contribute 50 % of all container slots

SURVIVAL OF THE LARGEST…SURVIVAL OF THE LARGEST…Shipping Economics is driven by need to fill the vessel to achieve low unit slot cost…therefore –

1. More consolidation

2. Slot sharing…gradual exit of smaller vessels

3. Increase in bunker prices will accentuate cost difference

4. Ship call frequency to decrease due to larger ships and bigger parcel size

5. Reduced Port Calls as ports with low load factor will be dropped out.

SURVIVAL OF THE LARGEST…SURVIVAL OF THE LARGEST…

FUTURE SCENARIO

1. Regional Ports (Ports that serve intra continent of intra-regional (intra-asia) trades) may become regional hubs and attract more transshipment traffic

2. Feeder Ports (Ports that feed or receive cargo to and from regional port or major hub port) that are unable to feed to larger ships will be marginalised

SURVIVAL OF THE LARGEST…SURVIVAL OF THE LARGEST…

FUTURE SCENARIO

Ports will have to –

• Review it’s position as a Regional or Feeder Port

• Review their hinterland traffic and connectivity (rail and road) – Is it sufficient and well connected?

• Marine Infrastructure – Deep draft, Tugs

• Container Handling Equipments – Twin Lift, Triple Lift, Quad Lift.

• Yard Space – Larger space required for higher parcel size, especially for transshipment traffic.

• Advance Technology in all aspects – Vessel Planning, Yard Management, Gate Entry / Exit

• Administration – Bureaucracy, Customs procedures etc

New Mangalore

Tuticorin

Chennai

MBPT

JNPT Vizag

Kolkata Dock System

Haldia

Cochin

KandlaMundra

Container Terminals in Container Terminals in IndiaIndia

Pipavav

167651

185

1184060

21

254450

1128

71

425

East22%

West78%

Container Traffic – (2007-08)

‘000 TEUs

Indian Ports ScenarioIndian Ports Scenario

1. MAJOR PORTS

2. NON-MAJOR PORTS

3. PORT TRUSTS

4. CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES

5. PORT HEALTH

6. IMMIGRATION

7. POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS

8. TAMP

9. PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTICIPATION

New MangaloreKarwar

Major Sea Ports

Intermediate /Minor Sea Ports

Tuticorin

Chennai

NagapattanamKaraikal

Ennore

l

ParadipDhamra

GopalpurMBPTJNPT

Mormugao

DighiRewas

Jaigad

Kirtania

Vizag

KakinadaMachillipatnam

Krishnapatnam

Gangavaram

Nizampatnam

Kolkata Dock System

Haldia

KulpiSagar Island

Vallarpadam

Kozhikode

AlapuzhaVizhinjam

Azhikkal

Pipavav

Hazira

BharuchDahej

Positra

Okha

Maroli

DholeraVansi Borsi

Porbander

Tuna

Mundra

SummarySummary

• Containerisation has brought about the concepts of standarisation, fixed schedules, faster transit, and safe & efficient handling of cargo.

• Exclusive Container Port Terminal for the handling of Specialised Container Vessels with state-of-the-art handling equipments.

• Larger vessel sizes will require Mega Container Terminals with advanced infrastructural facilities..

THANK YOU