consolidation of latin america, 1830-1920. i. independence movements independence movements based on...
TRANSCRIPT
Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920
I. Independence Movements
Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government Haiti
Originally a French colony called Saint-Dominigue First American territory to free itself African slaves rose up in revolt
Toussaint L’Oeverture – led and freed all enslaved Africans• Was captured and jailed by the French• Haiti went on to declare its independence in 1804
Venezuela Led by a Creole military leader, Simon Bolivar Declared independence in 1811, but would not
be completely free until 1821
I. Continued…
Other Spanish colonies Bolivar teamed up with another Creole military
leader, Jose de San Martin Defeated Spanish in many battles – freed Panama,
Ecuador, Columbia, Peru, Chile, Argentina Mexico
Independence movement originally began by lower classes (mestizos, Indians) and opposed by upper classes (creoles)
By 1820, Creoles feared liberal changes in Spain, declared independence (1821) in order to prevent loss of land, wealth
Brazil Won independence from Portugal with a bloodless revolution Creoles asked the king’s son for freedom
8,000 Brazilians signed petition
I. Continued…
LATIN AMERICA PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS
LATIN AMERICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS
II. Problems for New Nations
Many questions to deal with - social inequalities, political ideologies, role of the church, regionalism
Early independence leaders sought egalitarianism After independence, equality not always the case
Many new nations depended on “old ways” to keep economy going
Voting rights only for men Sociedad de castas did not disappear
Distinctions bases on race/ethnicity in full force
Political fragmentation New nations could be grouped into political blocks
Regional rivalries, economic competition, political divisions prevented unity
II. Continued…
Central and South America – series of unions that eventually dissolved Geographic barriers, long distances, poor transportation
Rise of caudillos Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force
Sometimes seized entire national governments Proved to be stabilizing factors when political fragmentation
become too muchCentralists vs. Federalists
Centralists called for strong central government Federalists called for regional governments
Liberals vs. Conservatives Liberals called for individual rights, more secular society Conservatives often argued for return of more traditional
colonial aspects (social classes, strong central gov’t)
III. Economies of Latin America
Support of Britain and U.S. allowed Latin America to enter world market Become dependent on trade with Europe
Wars hurt industries of Latin America 1820-1850 – economy became stagnant
As European economies grew, demands for Latin American goods increased Coffee, beef, minerals, grains
The Great Boom 1880-1920 – a surge in economic activity Resulted in expansion of cities, government projects Rivalries between nations increased
Conflicts over access to resources
III. Continued…
Leaders became more focused on capitalist markets As landowners met demand for goods and materials,
peasants lost ground (literally)
With flood of immigrants looking for work, new forms of labor and (disguised) servitude developed
IV. Social Changes
Societal changes slow to come Women gained very little – still expected to be wives and
mothers only Could not vote, hold public office, become lawyers Did have access to public education
Caste-like systems mostly ended, but the stigma of skin color and status remained Limited opportunities for many
Indigenous people still lived in poor conditions, with little upward mobility
Key Vocabulary – Ch. 25
Gran ColumbiaCaudillos CentralistsFederalistsMonroe DoctrineGuanoPositivismManifest destinyTreaty of Guadalupe-
HidalgoLa Reforma
Argentine RepublicFazendasCientificos Spanish-American
WarPanama Canal
Wrap-up: 5-minute Response
Even after independence, how did Europe continue to affect/influence Latin America?