independence movements & decolonization ch. 33-ish
TRANSCRIPT
Patterns:Patterns: World War I – World War I – Anti-Colonial Movements BeginAnti-Colonial Movements Begin
WWI weakened European colonizers WWI weakened European colonizers – Shattered perceptions of greatnessShattered perceptions of greatness– Failed promises of self-determinationFailed promises of self-determination
While WWI strengthened coloniesWhile WWI strengthened colonies– Expanded administrative & industrial Expanded administrative & industrial
opportunitiesopportunities– Solidified public supportSolidified public support
PatternsPatterns: World War II – : World War II – Nationalism AcceleratesNationalism Accelerates
WWII sapped resources & will of WWII sapped resources & will of Europe to maintain coloniesEurope to maintain colonies
U.S. & USSR condemned colonialismU.S. & USSR condemned colonialism
PatternsPatterns: Independence: Independence
Mass support based on promises of Mass support based on promises of better lifebetter life
Masses rarely benefitted from Masses rarely benefitted from independenceindependence
IndiaIndiaGrowing NationalismGrowing Nationalism
Earlier colonization = earlier nationalismEarlier colonization = earlier nationalism
INC with modest goals & support initiallyINC with modest goals & support initially
Increasingly resented hardshipsIncreasingly resented hardships
Amritsar MassacreAmritsar Massacre
1 of 2
Growing NationalismGrowing Nationalism Gandhi broadened nationalist movement Gandhi broadened nationalist movement
– Civil disobedienceCivil disobedience
– InclusiveInclusive
Opposing ViewsOpposing Views
– Muslim LeagueMuslim League
2 of 2
Winning IndependenceWinning Independence
WWII yields negotiationsWWII yields negotiations
PartitionPartition– Secular (Hindu-dominated) IndiaSecular (Hindu-dominated) India– Muslim PakistanMuslim Pakistan– Ethnic violenceEthnic violence
1 of 2
Winning IndependenceWinning Independence
IndiaIndia– DemocraticDemocratic
– Growing middle-classGrowing middle-class
– Problems of social classes & diversity remainProblems of social classes & diversity remain
PakistanPakistan– Endemic economic & political instabilityEndemic economic & political instability– East Pakistan secedes East Pakistan secedes → Bangladesh→ Bangladesh
2 of 2
Ghana (Tropical Africa)Ghana (Tropical Africa) Growing NationalismGrowing Nationalism
WWI caused shortages & exploitation in WWI caused shortages & exploitation in Africa sparking nationalist groupsAfrica sparking nationalist groups– Led by western-educated elitesLed by western-educated elites
WWII deepened resentment & hardships WWII deepened resentment & hardships while adding industrywhile adding industry
Winning IndependenceWinning Independence
WWII WWII → civil disobedience & gradual transfer of → civil disobedience & gradual transfer of power power to nationaliststo nationalists– NkrumahNkrumah
Nkrumah’s GhanaNkrumah’s Ghana– Ambitious gov’t development schemesAmbitious gov’t development schemes
– Problems yield authoritarianismProblems yield authoritarianism
Algeria (Settler Africa)Algeria (Settler Africa)Growing NationalismGrowing Nationalism
European “superiority” shatteredEuropean “superiority” shattered
Economic desperation & tension w/ white Economic desperation & tension w/ white settlers settlers → violent independence→ violent independence
Winning IndependenceWinning Independence
British KenyaBritish Kenya
French AlgeriaFrench Algeria– Guerilla warGuerilla war
– 1 million French cling, then flee1 million French cling, then flee
VietnamVietnamGrowing NationalismGrowing Nationalism
Harsh French colonizationHarsh French colonization
WWI sparks movements:WWI sparks movements:
– VNQDDVNQDDDestroyed by French repressionDestroyed by French repression
– CommunistsCommunistsHo Chi MinhHo Chi Minh
Winning IndependenceWinning Independence
WWII WWII → f→ free communist North Vietnamree communist North Vietnam
French re-colonization & Cold War tensions French re-colonization & Cold War tensions spark warspark war– North Vietnam, Viet Minh, Viet CongNorth Vietnam, Viet Minh, Viet Cong
vs.vs.– South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem, U.S.South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem, U.S.
Communist unificationCommunist unification– Recent Chinese-style developmentRecent Chinese-style development
South AfricaSouth Africa
Long settler history & ethnic divisions Long settler history & ethnic divisions led to tight gov’t control by whitesled to tight gov’t control by whites
Afrikaner Nationalists used white Afrikaner Nationalists used white supremacy to pass supremacy to pass apartheidapartheid– System of racial segregationSystem of racial segregation
HomelandsHomelands
1 of 2
South AfricaSouth Africa
Rich, repressive S. Af vs. black nationalismRich, repressive S. Af vs. black nationalism
– African National Congress & MandelaAfrican National Congress & Mandela
1980s: internal & international pressure 1980s: internal & international pressure
1994: Apartheid ends1994: Apartheid ends– President MandelaPresident Mandela
2 of 2
Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution
1876-1910: Diaz’s repressive dictatorship1876-1910: Diaz’s repressive dictatorship– Export based growth Export based growth → tension→ tension
1910-1920: 1910-1920: Civil War & RevolutionCivil War & Revolution– Turmoil as Villa & Zapata push for peasant-Turmoil as Villa & Zapata push for peasant-
based reforms: land reformbased reforms: land reform Obregon & Constitution of 1917Obregon & Constitution of 1917
– Secular, social justiceSecular, social justice
1920- : PRI1920- : PRI– One-party ruleOne-party rule– Redistribution of landRedistribution of land
Interwar YearsInterwar Years
Liberal democracy & free-trade questionedLiberal democracy & free-trade questioned
– Nationalism from economic dependenceNationalism from economic dependenceStudents, Depression necessitate changeStudents, Depression necessitate change
– Authoritarianism echoes European FascismAuthoritarianism echoes European Fascism
Heavy U.S. involvementHeavy U.S. involvement
Cold War – CommunismCold War – Communism
1950s & 1960s:1950s & 1960s:Governments swing toward communismGovernments swing toward communism
– Cold War brings foreign involvementCold War brings foreign involvement– Guatemala & United FruitGuatemala & United Fruit
CubaCuba– U.S. influence & Batista U.S. influence & Batista → → Communism & CastroCommunism & Castro
– Castro’s communist Cuba:Castro’s communist Cuba:Failed economy; Successful social programsFailed economy; Successful social programs
– Che GuevaraChe Guevara
Cold War – U.S.Cold War – U.S.
1960s & 1970s1960s & 1970s::Conservatives & U.S. counter communism Conservatives & U.S. counter communism w/ military rulew/ military rule
– Stability w/o economic or political progressStability w/o economic or political progress
1980s-today1980s-today::Democracy spreads but communist Democracy spreads but communist sympathies remainsympathies remain