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Special Needs Trusts, Conservatorships and Alternatives including Self Determination and Supported DecisionMaking Stephen W. Dale Esq. LL.M Attorney Dale Law Firm Trustee Golden State Pooled Trust 19th Annual Developmental Disabilities: An Update for Health Professionals March 56, 2020 Disclosures Nothing to disclose

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Page 1: Conservatorships and Alternatives Determination › 2020 › MOC20001 › SLIDES › 05_DALE...Special Needs Trusts, Conservatorships and Alternatives including Self Determination

Special Needs Trusts, Conservatorships and  Alternatives including Self Determination and 

Supported Decision‐Making

Stephen W. Dale Esq. LL.M

Attorney ‐ Dale Law Firm 

Trustee ‐ Golden State Pooled Trust 

19th Annual Developmental Disabilities: An Update for Health ProfessionalsMarch 5‐6, 2020

Disclosures

• Nothing to disclose

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The Olive‐Green Logbook 

In the 1950’s when I was a boy, my father and grandfather worked at Agnews State Hospital, a state 

institution dedicated to caring for persons with psychiatric disabilities. My father worked on the wards – 

the more clinical side of the institution. My grandfather worked the farm and in those days the farms 

were the foundation of State Hospitals. Only later did the State Hospitals transform themselves totally 

into clinical warehouses as the medical model replaced the mission of California’s State Hospitals that 

for many decades had provided a place of true asylum and community.  

In those days, the farms run by California State Hospitals for persons with mental illness operated more 

like small communities. This is not to say that barriers did not exist – for many they certainly did – but 

for many the farms at the institutions were a true asylum allowing persons with mental illness a place to 

find refuge and more importantly community. Many were free to come go as they pleased. It was not 

unusual that they would go away for months at a time, and not unusual that they would return. For 

those living in the cottages there were no fences and there were no restraints.  

The people with mental illnesses lived in cottages on the farm. They cooked, played games, worked and 

went to church together. There were no walls or fences, and most were free to come and go as they 

pleased. Never did I dream that things would ever be any different – but in fact I was witnessing the end 

of an era.  

During my boyhood – it was not uncommon that staff would bring their children to work from time to 

time. It wasn’t for any other reason than to show their children what they did. It was very common that 

staff had picnics – usually as part of the California State Employees Association (CSEA). We would hear 

the almost endless speeches from CSEA’s leadership of how the area of mental health care needs more 

attention and the quest for licensing the Psychiatric Technician.  

Each cottage housed between 12‐18 men. The cottages had no staff assigned to them other than to 

perform the tasks that were necessary to meet their needs. First my grandfather and I would go to the 

parts of the farms that he was responsible for to make sure all was in order. He would talk to each of the 

men as well as staff and ask them how they are doing. He would listen to their stories and share stories 

with them. On occasion the men would act strangely, talking to people that were not present, and 

twitching methodically. I would ask my grandfather why, and he would usually answer that it was just 

their way, and that I should not be afraid. He would tell me that they were just people not much 

different from anyone else. As I got older both my father and my grandfather often told me that serving 

the people at Agnews was of great importance – and something that was very honorable. This is a lesson 

I never forgot.  

My grandfather’s last duty of each day was to check the logbooks of each of the cottages and I 

remember him going from cottage to cottage looking for an olive‐green bound logbook left with pages 

carefully lined by hand, each log carefully placed neatly on a desk. I don’t remember the first time I 

accompanied him but I certainly do remember a routine.  

My grandfather would look at each logbook and transfer numbers to a clipboard he carried with him and 

record how many gallons of milk the cottage needed, how many eggs, how many loaves of bread, how 

many lunches for the men working in the fields, how many bags of laundry need to be picked up, and all 

the things these men needed for their daily needs.  After he recorded all these numbers he would go to 

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the main hospital and drop off the log to warehouse so the orders would be delivered to each cottage 

the next morning. 

One day we went to a cottage and the ritual of the log had not been followed. This cottage had a new 

resident named Foxy who had some problem that day that had kept him from completing the logbook.   

Foxy was distressed and kept repeating a series of words over and over. My grandfather was the most 

patient man I have ever met and he reassured Foxy that everything was ok – and beckoned him to 

watch my grandfather set up the log. Foxy sat and watched my grandfather as he told Foxy and me and 

that the other men are depending on him. He instructed Foxy to follow his instructions exactly. He 

emphasized that the wellbeing of each of the men are depending on him and this was a great 

responsibility. He asked Foxy if he was up for the challenge. Yes, Foxy replied – and he quickly focused 

on fulfilling his duties. Obviously, what I was about to observe was of great importance.  So, my 

grandfather took out a ruler and pen and instructed Foxy on how to line the book. In the upper right 

corner, we need a box large enough to have a line for each man. We need a block for any men going to 

clinic the next day and for how many are going off the grounds. Are there any visitors expected?  

On the opposite page he lined the page methodically to have a place for what would be needed for the 

next day, how many gallons of milk the cottage needed., how many eggs, how many loaves of bread, 

how many lunches for the men working in the field, how many bags of laundry need to be picked up 

along with any other things these men needed for their daily needs.  I followed my grandfather for many 

years, I watched him direct his men on how to tend to the animals, how to prune the orchards, and how 

to harvest the crops. But at the end of every day, he would go to each cottage and transfer the 

information from each olive‐green logbook to his clipboard to drop off at the supply depot. 

Fast‐forward to 1973.  After I got my psychiatric technician license – I transferred to Napa State Hospital 

to a PM shift position on a unit called T11. My charge nurse told me that one of my jobs would be to set 

up tomorrow’s log and she could teach me how to do it. I was instructed to finish my charting early so 

my education would begin.  

I finished my charting at 9 pm leaving me plenty of time to learn this new skill. She pulled out an olive‐

green bound book, with pages all lined in methodically. I was mesmerized by this book – exactly what I 

had seen almost 2 decades earlier.  She told me that the following instructions must be followed exactly. 

First you create a box just big enough for all the staff scheduled. Then you create a series of boxes 

where we put the number of gallons of milk we need, how many eggs, how many lunches and how 

many dinners.  In a very strange way – I felt that there was a direct connection between my grandfather, 

my father, to Foxy, and to the many men that depended on each man fulfilling their duty.  

Fast forward once again. Today – I am an attorney and trustee that focuses on getting people with 

disabilities the things they need. We have no olive‐green logs, but in many ways nothing has changed. 

Our challenge today is how to provide the men and women we serve in the community with what they 

need. How do they get their milk and bread? How do they get to where they need to be? How do we 

ensure that they are free from abuse and neglect, and lead the best quality of life possible? While the 

hospitals are long gone as they should be, for me, the job has not changed.   

 

Stephen W. Dale  

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Learning Objectives

• Explore what a special needs trusts function is, how it works, and ways to minimize loss of control by the beneficiary

• Understand that the trustee of a  special needs trust is a fiduciary, and in most cases has no authority to make personal decisions.

• Review the basics of limited conservatorships

• Explore alternatives to a limited conservatorship including• Supported Decision Making

• Powers of Attorney

• Relying on the regional center to make medical decisions

• Health Directives

• Self Determination

• ABLE Accounts

PT2

Special Needs Trusts

A primer

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A Primer on Public Benefits

Benefits Based on Entitlements

• Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) 

• Childhood Disability Benefits (CDB)• Medicare• Special Education

Needs Based Benefits

• Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

• Medi‐Cal• Food stamps, legal aid, and 

utility payment assistance• Housing subsidies (H.U.D. 

or Section 8)

Supplemental Security Income

SSI is intended to pay for the beneficiary's food, and shelter and nothing more.

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The SSI rate as of January 2020 in California is $943.72 a month

Supplemental Security Income

Meet Definition of Disability

Income test determines how much is received.

Resource test determines eligibility

3 Part SSI Test

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Special Needs Trust Basics

• The Social Security Administration defines resources for SSI eligibility as cash and any other personal property that an individual owns or has the power to convert to cash, or not legally restricted from using for his or her support and maintenance.

• If an SSI recipient does not own an asset outright and is legally restricted from direct access to the funds, those assets are not considered a resource for benefits eligibility. 

Special Needs Trust Basics

• A special needs trust is a contract where the trustee has sole and absolute discretion over the assets in the trust and the beneficiary has none.

• In essence, a special needs trust is a form of a spendthrift trust 

• By directing assets otherwise intended for the individual to a special needs trust, you are preventing those assets from counted as an available resource thus preserving his or her eligibility for benefits.

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The Ideal Trustee

Will use discretion in the best interest of the disabled beneficiary 

Must understand public benefits and keep up with changes in the law

Can wisely invest and conform to all statutory fiduciary requirements

Understands taxes Keeps perfect books Provides advocacy and prevents 

abuse Is immortal

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Financial• Can wisely invest and

conform to all statutory fiduciary requirements

• Understands taxes

Advocacy• Will use discretion in the best

interest of the disabled beneficiary

• Must understand public benefits • Provides advocacy and prevents

abuse

Accountability• Keeps perfect book• Carries insurance, is

bondable or has deep pockets

• Is immortal

Divide These Duties Into Three Categories

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Model 1The Trustee Directed by a Trust Advisory Committee

• The Trustee manages funds, makes distributions, does taxes, keeps records

• The Trustee is directed by a Trust Advisory Committee which gives guidance on distributions, can amend the trust  or replace the Trustee

• Can include a care manager to access the needs of the beneficiary to guide the management team.

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Trustee

Advisory Committee

Care Manager

Limitations of a Special Needs Trust 

• A Trustee of a Special Needs Trust is a fiduciary and not the beneficiaries' guardian of conservator 

• Can authorize payment for a beneficiary BUT has no authority to authorize the treatment itself.

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Establishing Incapacity

Establishing Actual Incapacity

• All persons over 18 are presumed to have the capacity to make decisions about their personal, financial and medical matters.  Prob. Code § 810(a).

• The “mere diagnosis of a mental or physical disorder” is not enough to establish “unsound mind” or lack of capacity to do a certain act.  Prob. Code § 811(d).

• To establish incapacity, it must be shown through clear and convincing evidence that the person cannot provide for his/her own personal needs.  Prob. Code § 1801(a). 

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Establishing Actual Incapacity

•A Petitioner must show that a deficit in atleast one of four mental functions rendersthe person unable to make andcommunicate decisions or to understandand appreciate the consequences of thosedecisions. Prob. Code §§ 811‐812, 1801.

• Four mental functions:• Alertness and attention;• Information processing;• Thought processes; and• Ability to modulate mood and affect.

Limited Conservatorships

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History of Limited Conservatorships

•Prior law allowed a person with a developmental disability to be conserved with very little due process

•Decisions were made by professionals and not family

•Reform was initiated in part because of the practice of sterilizing persons with developmental disabilities in State Hospitals

Things to Think About

• One of the many difficult decisions that a parent of a developmentally disabled child must make is whether or not to conserve their child when the child turns 18.

• Must balance between allowing your child to make choices for themselves, and authorizing someone to make decisions for them.

• Conserving a person is limiting their civil rights.

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Age 18

• Legal decision making authority of the parents ends regardless of the circumstances

• A person is not presumed incompetent merely because of a diagnosis of a developmental disability

Does Every Developmentally Disabled Person Need A Limited Conservatorship?• NO!• Depends upon the individuals

• functional abilities and needs• capacity to care for himself or herself as a “reasonably prudent” person.

• Consider whether an alternative to conservatorship is appropriate

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• A limited Conservatorship is a protective judicial proceeding for persons whose developmental disability substantially impairs their ability to care for themselves or their property.

What is a Limited Conservatorship?

How Is A Conservatorship Established?

• Requires a Petition to the Court, anda hearing, usually 60‐90 days later

• Conservatee must attend unless adoctor certifies he or she cannotattend for medical reasons

• Can be filed shortly before the 18th

birthday, or any time afterwards

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How Is A Conservatorship Established?

• Court investigator is appointed and will interview proposed conservatee

• Attorney is appointed for the proposed limited conservatee

• Regional Center report is required

• Proposed conservatee’s opinion is sought

The Role of the Regional Center

• Within 30 days after the filing of a petition, a proposed limited conservatee shall be assessed at a regional center  

• The regional center submits a written report of its findings and recommendations 

• Provides the court with guidance about the appropriateness of the conservatorship and the suitability of the proposed conservator, if not a natural parent of the proposed conservatee

• Regional Center recommendations are not binding on the court

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Powers a Limited Conservator of the Person can Petition for?

• Select the residence of the limited conservatee

• Have access to confidential records and papers

• To consent or withhold consent for marriage

• The right of the limited conservatee to contract

• To give or withhold medical consent

• To control social and sexual contacts

• Decisions concerning the education of the limited conservatee

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

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What is HIPAA Authorization?

• The HIPAA Privacy Rule (effective since April 14, 2003) introduced standards covering allowable uses and disclosures of health information, including to whom information can be disclosed and under what circumstances protected health information can be shared.

• The HIPAA Privacy Rule permits the sharing of health information by healthcare providers, health plans, healthcare clearinghouses, business associates of HIPAA‐covered entities, and other entities covered by HIPAA Rules under certain circumstances. 

• In general terms, permitted uses and disclosures are for treatment, payment, or health care operations.

Alternatives to a Conservatorship

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Meet Erica

• Meet Erica

• Receives SSI and Medicaid

• Has no experiencing making actual purchases during her entire life.

• Has significant challenges, but wit the right assistance fully capable of making her own decisions. 

Supported Decision Making (SDM)• When a young person with disabilities approaches the age of 18, the family is often mistakenly told that they must seek conservatorship (guardianship) or they will no longer be able to obtain information or provide guidance and support in the areas of healthcare, education and other services. 

• There are a variety of tools commonly used that allow families to continue to provide support to their loved ones. 

• While some people with disabilities may need assistance with understanding information, researching and weighing options and making decisions, conservatorship is the most restrictive option available to support these issues. . 

• Families are often unaware of potential complications of conservatorship or the alternatives available to support their loved ones.

https://health.ucdavis.edu/mindinstitute/centers/cedd/sdm.html

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Supported Decision Making (SDM)

• Supported decision making (SDM) allows people to obtain guidance and support without relinquishing their legal right to make decisions about their lives. 

• Using supported decision‐making, a person with a disability chooses a person or a team of trusted people to help understand, make, and communicate their decisions. 

• The person may rely heavily on their supporters when making decisions, but the decisions ultimately remain within their control.

• Supported decision‐making is a very flexible process; as the person gains experience, the areas in which they seek support and the people who they choose to support them may change.

https://health.ucdavis.edu/mindinstitute/centers/cedd/sdm.html

Supported Decision Making (SDM)

• Supported decision‐making may include the development of a written statement or formal contract that is written in plain language and is explained using the method the person receiving support understands most clearly.

• The agreement specifies the people who have been chosen as supporters, describes the role of the supporters and the areas that they have been asked to support with. 

• Having a contract can be useful to clarify the roles of the supporters and is helpful if the role of the supporter(s) is ever challenged by school staff, medical provider or other professionals.

• There are a range of established tools, ranging from HIPAA releases, power of attorneys, IPPs, and many others, that are frequently used within the supported decision‐making model.

https://health.ucdavis.edu/mindinstitute/centers/cedd/sdm.html

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Powers of Attorney

• A Power of Attorney, in California, is a written instrument where a person designates to someone else to act on the principal's behalf.

• The powers granted to an agent may be extremely broad or for a specific transaction.  

Durable Power of Attorney

• A DPA is a relatively easy, inexpensive way to give someone the ability to manage your financial affairs. 

• DPA does not give the agent legal access to the principal’s assets for the agent’s own use, and DPAs terminate upon the principal’s death. 

• The main disadvantage of the DPA is that it can be subject to abuse because the court does not actively supervise the agent. This is why it is extremely important to choose an agent you trust to capably handle your affairs.

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Advance Health Care Directives

• The Advance Health Care Directive, appoints an agent to make health care decisions for the individual who can no longer do so.

• Enables the principal to express his or her wishes about  life‐sustaining treatment, anatomical gifts, and other health care issues.

• It is quick and inexpensive.

• It can be undone as quickly if the individual objects

Limitations

•California law does not allow an agent to authorize • Commitment to or placement in a mental health treatment facility. 

• Convulsive treatment• Psychosurgery• Sterilization. • Abortion. • Mercy killing, assisted suicide, or euthanasia. 

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IPP Participation

• On occasion, a parent will initiate a conservatorship of the person because they are being excluded from the regional center process.

• This in most cases is just plain wrong and violates the Lanterman Act

• Family generally have a right to attend so long as it is appropriate

• For instance, if a child expresses they do not want their parent to attend – it is not appropriate

Authorized Representative Assigned by Area Board (Now the State Council)• If the rights or interests of a consumer is not properly protected or advocated, the local area board may appoint a person or agency as the Authorized Representative.

• The Authorized Representative may participate in IPPs and Fair Hearings

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• The director of a regional center or the director’s designee may give consent to medical, dental, and surgical treatment of a regional center client and provide for such treatment if the developmentally disabled person has no parent, guardian, or conservator legally authorized to consent .

Regional Center Director’s Authority to Authorize Medical Treatment under the Lanterman Act 

• Although the Lanterman Act does not specify or limit who might be qualified to be designated to make medical decisions, the designee is almost always a regional center staff member. 

Regional Center Director’s Authority to Authorize Medical Treatment under the Lanterman Act 

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ABLE Accounts

• Can be a tool to teach financial literacy

• Allows a SSI or Medi‐Cal recipient ability to purchase items without interfering with benefit eligibility

• Presumes the person with a disability has control, otherwise can be controlled by parent, agent under valid power of attorney or conservatorship. 

Self‐Determination• As authorized in Welfare and Institutions Code, Section 4685.8

• The Self‐Determination Program is a delivery system. • It consists of services and supports which are totally selected and directed voluntary by consumers/families through person‐centered planning, so that the goals of his or her Individual Program Plan (IPP) can be met. 

• Participants will be provided with a budget based on the previous year’s history of funding for services. The budget allows participants to purchase the services and supports they want.

• For the first three years, 2,500 people will be selected to participate statewide. This is called the pilot phase. 

• After the 3 years, the Self‐Determination Program will be open to everyone who receives regional center services.

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Last Thoughts

• Approach should focus on the individual

• Decision‐making rights should never be restricted without considering less least restrictive alternatives.

• In many cases you can mix tools• Example – even with a conservatorship – supported decision making can still be implemented

• This is an area of development – and we can expect changes in the near future.

Special Needs Trusts, Conservatorships and  Alternatives including Self Determination and 

Supported Decision‐Making

Stephen W. Dale Esq. LL.M

Attorney ‐ Dale Law Firm 

Trustee ‐ Golden State Pooled Trust 

19th Annual Developmental Disabilities: An Update for Health ProfessionalsMarch 5‐6, 2020

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WELFARE AND INSTITUTIONS CODE - WIC DIVISION 4.5. SERVICES FOR THE DEVELOPMENTALLY DISABLED [4500 - 4885] (Division4.5addedbyStats.1977,Ch.1252.)

CHAPTER 5. Regional Centers for Persons With Developmental Disabilities [4620 -

4669.75] (Chapter5addedbyStats.1977,Ch.1252.)

ARTICLE 2. Regional Center Responsibilities [4640 - 4659.2] (Article2addedbyStats.1977,Ch.1252.)4655. The director of a regional center or his designee may give consent to medical, dental, and surgical treatment of a regional center client and provide for such treatment to be given to the person under the following conditions:

(a) If the developmentally disabled person’s parent, guardian, or conservator legally authorized to consent to such treatment does not respond within a reasonable time to the request of the director or his designee for the granting or denying of consent for such treatment, the director of a regional center or his designee may consent on behalf of the developmentally disabled person to such treatment and provide for such treatment to be given to such person.

(b) If the developmentally disabled person has no parent, guardian, or conservator legally authorized to consent to medical, dental, or surgical treatment on behalf of the person, the director of the regional center or his designee may consent to such treatment on behalf of the person and provide for such treatment to be given to the person. The director of a regional center or his designee may thereupon also initiate, or cause to be initiated, proceedings for the appointment of a guardian or conservator legally authorized to consent to medical, dental, or surgical services.

(c) If the developmentally disabled person is an adult and has no conservator, consent to treatment may be given by someone other than the person on the person’s behalf only if the developmentally disabled person is mentally incapable of giving his own consent.

(AmendedbyStats.1979,Ch.730.) 

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ATTENDING PHYSICIAN MEDICAL CLEARANCE/STATEMENT

FOR MEDICAL CONSENT BY ALTA CALIFORNIA REGIONAL CENTER

ACRC (10/2013)

I, , (requester), have attempted to contact the legally

authorized consenter for ‘s procedure. The client either

has no legally authorized consenter or I was unable to contact the legally authorized consenter

. after a reasonable time period.

Dated: __________________________________________

(Signature of Requester)

I, , am the attending physician/surgeon/dentist for

, who is a client of Alta California Regional Center. I

have examined this patient, and I recommend that he/she undergo the following necessary

medical/surgical/dental procedure:

I declare that, in my opinion, the above recommended procedure is necessary for the well-being of this

patient and the patient is receiving no medication or form of treatment that would contraindicate the

provision of this requested procedure. I request that Alta California Regional Center provide consent for

the procedure, pursuant to Welfare & Institutions Code section 4655, which authorizes the designee of

the Regional Center Director to give medical consent when there is no parent, guardian or conservator

legally authorized to do so, or when a developmentally disabled person's person, guardian, or

conservator does not respond within a reasonable time to the request of the Director or his designee for

the granting or denying of consent for such treatment.

Dated: _______________________________________ (Signature of attending/physician/surgeon/dentist)

I, , the Designee of the Director of Alta California Regional

Center, hereby provide consent for the above recommendation(s) by the attending

physician/surgeon/dentist of as authorized by Welfare & Institutions

Code Section 4655.

Dated:

(Signature of ACRC Director's Designee)