CONSERVATION PLAN FOR FORHER BIOl.08ICAl. STATION (HQ 29) 31 PACIFIC STREET" WATSONS BAY

FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HOUSINO AND CONSTRUCTION

CONSUL TANTS:

Conservation Architect:

L.-.dscape Architect:

Author of report:

BriM "cOonald Architect Ply Lld

Brian McDonald Gi11ian Bar low

Anne Bickford Alexarxra Kel1y

Craig Burton

Brian McDonald

FORMER BIOL06ICAL RESEARCH STATION FROM THE NORTH EAST.

LOCALITY PLAN

Laing's or Green Pt.

Ku-burg-harra

FORMER BIOLOGICAL STATION

Inner South Hd. Burrowaree

~ South Ree o o

WATSONS

BAY

ACKNOWLED8Et1ENTS

Writing a technical dxument such as this conservation plan can be an onerous task or an Immensely rewarding experience. My thanks ~ to the members of the project team for making it an immensely rewarding experience. Each member contributed not only the skill and experience thet qual1fied them for their respective roles, but also QUickly developed a deep interest in the story of the former Biological Station and an enthousiasm for the work which J~' made my task as the director of the teem a very satisfying one:tTls a ~J.~ to work with Iy::>

mHeegues who are prepared to mmmit themselves so mmpletely to such a worthwhile objective.

Many others have contributed in d1fferent Wfl./S to the conservation plan. To Joenne McDonald, my !J'atitude for the weekend and late night time spent helping to produce draft and finel copies of the dxument.

others heYe given their time and knowledge, sometimes et short notice. I would Particular ly like to express my appreciation for the assistance given by Mr Rob de Miklouho Ms:lay, for his help in d1recting us to new Hnes Inqu1ry and for imparting some of the extensive information he has assembled about the life of his grandfather; Major Trevor Ma£wan, for providing b8cIc!J'OUnd about the Army's use of the building; and Bri~ler and Mrs e. F. Q)hen, for making their home so freely 8Yailable eEdl time we needed to measure, photograph or Inspect 1t

FineHy I can not overlook the the guidance and patience of Peter M8Cleren, who supervised 0, the conserv8fiOO plan for the Department of Housing and Construction.

Brlan McDoneld

24th December, 1986

PREFACE

On 16th April, 1986 the Department of Housing and CD\struction comm issioned Brian McDonald Architect pty ltd to provire a fun conservation plan of the property known as 31 Pa:ific Street, Watson's Bay.

The Department's brief required the conservation plan to apply to both the building and the ~nds. The consulants' attention was drawn to the early history of the building as a former Biological Station (believed to by the first in the southern hemisphere) by the noted Russian explorer and anthropologist Nlcolai re Miklouho Maclay; and to the possibility that the building is also linked to the architectural firm of B laett Brothers.

The building is currently used as a residence (Married Quarters MQ 29) for senior officers of the Department of Defence (Army). While there is no current proposal to transfer the property out of Commonwealth ownership, or alter its present use, establishment of the cultural significance of the place is seen as an important fa:tor in consitEring its future use and appropriate treatment.

The conservation plan is set out in two sections:

SECTION 1: CULTURAl SleNlFlrANCE

This section establishes suitable criteria for assessing the significance of the place and its comporient parts. This section also comprises analyses of the €bcumentary and physical evidence relating to the history of the place, the stages of evolution of the building and site, Its associations with prominent people or Important events and Its formal qualities.

SECTION 2: roNSERVATION POliCY

The second section of the conservation plan examines in retail the significance of all the elements of the building and site. This exam ination provides the basis for deter m ining the requirements for retention of Items of cultural significance; for recommendations on the most appropriate future use consistent with the retention of items of cultural significance; and for recommentEd schedules of conservation works and new works to provjde gujdel1nes for the future management of the place.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No

SECTION 1 : CULTURAL SI8NIFICANCE

1.1 Crileria for Assessmenl 1 1.2 Analysis of Evidence: The Area 2 1 .2.1 Introduction 2 1.2.2 Pre-£uropean Environment 2 1.2.3 European Seltlement: 1768-1790 3 1.2.4 European Settlement: 1790-1640 3 1.2.5 European Settlemenl: 1640-1617 5 1.2.6 European Settlement: 1676-1667 7 1.2.7 European Settlement: 1687-1927 q 1.2.6 European Settlement: 1927-present 9 1.3 Analysis of Evidence: Nicolai de Miklouho Maclay 11 1.3.1 Nicolai de Miklouho Maclay 11 1.3.2 Eslablistvnenl of a Biological Research Station at Waison's Bay 12 1.4 Analysis of Evidence: Military Officer's Residence 16 1 .5 Analysis of Evidence: The Building and Site 23 1.5.1 The Building 23 1.5.2 The Site and Garden 35 1.5.3 Areas of Archaeological Potential 35 1 .6 Swnmary of Conclusions 36 1.7 Statement of Signifance 37 1.7.1 lMdscape Setting 37 1.7.2 The Building 36

SECTION 2: COIISERVATlON PCl.ICY

2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.2.1 22.2 2.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4

Physical Condition The Site The Building Requirements for Retention of Significance External Requirements Client Requirements Recommendations for Future Use Statement of Conservation Policy laldscape Setting The Building Conservation Policy Implementation laldscape Setting Schedule of Conservation Works Schedule of Recommended New Works Schedule of Colours and Finishes

SECTION 3: APPENDICES

Appendix 1: list of Reference Sources Appendix 2: Addenda. Corrigenda

36 38 47 59 59 60 60 61 61 61 65 65 65 68 71

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Plates

I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. B. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. B. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. lB. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

24. 25. 26. 27. 26.

Site context drawing Kirkpairick's sketch plan drawings for 8iological Station Measured drawing: plans Measured drawing: north and south elevations Measured drawing: east end west elevations Measured drawing: sections 1881 Floor pi .... 1905 Drawing FA 164843 1905 Floor plan Drawing FA 164 8 42 Circa 1920's Floor pi .... Present day Floor plan Site context drawing Landscape analysis drawing Amoteted measured drawing: plans Annotated measured drawing: north and south elevations Amotated measured drawing: east and west elevations

Pre 1881 photograph - assumed lB70's 8iological Station from South Head 1880's Circa 1905 photograph 8iological Station from South Head- date unknown Fireplace in Room lIB Aerial photograph of Green Point 1931 View over Cemp Cove Beach View to north from verandah Landscape Unit 2 showing sandstone shelf Pacific street frontage showing fence types ii) and iv) Beach side picket fence and site terracing Coral trees on west boundary and in adjacent reserve North elevation View from north east showing roof form Replica of Miklouho Maclay foundation stone at north east corner pier South verandah showing out of character fence and concrete steps South verandah showing out of character fence and concrete steps West end of north verandah end laUice screen wan Room 63: formerly Biological Station store room Fireplace 1 Fireplace 2 Rooms U 11 and U 12 showing modern hoprizontal window '11 12 Enclosed verandah U4 showing 1881 weatherboards and blocked up original doorway Window '114: formerly french doors Bathroom Kitchen Laundry East elevation showing out of character external toilet addition

Page No

6 14 19 20 21 22 24 26 27 30 3L 32 39 40 62 63 64

4 B

11 26 29 33 41 41 43 43 45 45 46 46 50 51 51 53 53 56 56 56

56 56 69 69 69 10

SECTION 1: CULTURAL SI8NIFlCANCE

1. 1 CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT

The Army officer's married quarters at 31 Pm:1f1c Street W8tson's Bay and its setting have ple throtqt several stages of evolution since the establishment of the building as a Biological Statton tn 1881. Therefore, tt 1s essential to understand the relative si~1f1cance of the indiviul axnponents of the ·pla:e" to formulate guidelines for its future protection and m~enl The Australian Heritage Commission Act, 1975 and the NSW Heritage Act, 1977 define broad criteria for evaluating items of heritage si~ificance. The Australian Heritage Commtssion Act states that the National Estate consists of "Those pls::es .... that have aesthetic, historic, scientific or special value ......• The NSW Heritage Act fDjs ·architectural" and "archaeological· to the above definltlon. This Cmservation Plan presents evidence that qualifies the pla:e known as 31 Ps:ific Street, Watson's Bay as an item Df heritage significance (primarily on historic and scientific ~ounds and secondarily, on architectural and aesthetic ~ounds). These br[BJ descriptions are not U!quate to enable us to establish the si~1f1cance of the separate elements of the physical fabric of the building and the site.

Three categJries of criteria have therefore been _led from the methcxl described in "The Conservatioo Plan" the guide produced by the National Trust of Australia (NSW) 1 for evaluating the si~ificance of indiviul elements:

1. Ability to demonstrate;

2. Associ8tionallinks;

3. Formal or aesthetic qualities.

ABILITY TO DEMONSTRATE

This set of criteria deals with the evidence in items of the fabric or the site which demonstrate important social, scientific or aesthetic aspects, such as evidence of: a philosophy; customs; taste; desic;J\; usage; a process or technique; use of 8 material; or association with events or pet SOIlS.

ASSOCIATIONAlllNKS

Asso::iational1inks are not neteSSDI ily manifested in a physical WrIy but are the links established primarily from mcumentary or oral evidence between a building or pllD! and significant historical events, discoveries, or significant pet SOIlS.

FORMAL OR AESTHETIC QUAliTIES

These qualities C8Il be essessed in terms of scale, form, materials, textures, mlour, sps:e and the relationship of components. The concern is generally with how items look and how they are assembled whether they be a boundlry fence, or a cathedral.

'err ....... Seapll. mE CONsmtVATION PLAN. NlliooaJ Trust of Australia (NSW) 1985

I

DEGREE OF SIGNIFICANCE

It has been customary in recent Conservation Plans to cat~ise and evaluate elements of an item of heritage significance in areat detail with scales for measuring degree of significance up to seven levels. It is not considered appropriate in the case of this relatively simple building to ampt such an elaborate 5Ytem of evaluation. To describe the significance of elements of the building the foJJowing scale has been devised:

A of considerable significance; 8 of significance; C of no significance; X detrimental to heritage value

1.2 ANALYSIS OF EYIDENCE: THE AREA

1.2.1 INTRODUCTION

This brief history is divided into chronological periods that represent perceived changes to the site of the former Biological Research Station and its context within the landscape environment of South Head.

1.2.2 PRE-EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT

The environment of the site in this period was determined by the relationship between a ridJe of Hawkesbury sandstone running as a spur off South Head in an east-west directioo and the crowned river vaJJey (Port Jackson).

The post-glll:ial sea levels and the forces of the roastal process, particularly wind, water currents and WfNe action resulted in a weathered sandstone spur land form and deposited sand dunes2. The sandstone was part of an earlier geological uplift and warped sedimentary beds dipping westwards resulting in a weathered joint pattern running in a north-east! south­west orientation. The northerly aspect of the sand dune end estuarine beach together with the shelter of the coastal cliff end tmilands provided an ideal microclimate for human habitation.

fresh water seeping through the sandstone cHfs, ledges and eeoltn dunes was trapped in the form of allQlOO behind the frontal beach dune. The frontal dune was presumably formed by WfNe reflections off Middle Head and refrll:tion around South Head. This environment would hfN8 anowed two major plant communities to develop: those of 8 diverse nature adapted to the nutrient starved skeletal sandstone soils of the ledges and spur; and those adapted to the deeper samy soils of wind blown end coluvial depositions with px1 aa:ess to fresh water. The ltglOO area could have supported a plant comunity similar to 8 Httoral rainforest whilst the sandstone outcrops would hfNe supported 8 heath vegetation with low open woodland in pla::es with more ffNOUr6ble aspect ~fI{ from the salt 1a1en winds.

The continuation of the sandstone spur to the west formed a reef under the waters of the harbour, later known as Sow and Pigs Reef.

The area was abundant in providing shell fish and other food for the Aboriginal population (see SECTION 1.5.2 AREAS OF ARCHAEOlOGICAl. POTENTIAL).

2 Herbert. C. IDd Helby. I. Editorl. A GUIDE TO THE SYDNEY BASIN. NSW Gofer .... t Printer. 1980 pp 188-253

2

1.2.3 EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT: 1788-1790

The first British perception of the area appears to have been made by members of the First Fleet. 6oYernor Phillip and a select crew visited Port Jackson in the hope of finding a more suitable place for permanent settlement. They apparently stopped and rested in what is now C8rnpOJve.

A description of Port Jtckson was given by 6.B.Worgan3 in 1788:

• The shore is rocky end bold, forming many bluff heeds end overhanging precipices . ..... n SUlJl'JBSts to the imaaination ideas of luxuriant vegetation and rural scenery, consisting of gentle risings and depressions, beautifully clothed with variety of verdures of evergreens forming dense thickets and lofty trees appearing above these again, and now and then a p leesant chequered glade opens to your view .. Here a romantic rocky, cragw precipice over which a little pur ling stream m8lces a C8SCede, there, a soft vivid green, shaay lawn attracts your eye: such are the prepossessinQ appearances which the country that forms part of Port Jackson presents succesively to your views as you sail along it."

1.2.4 EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT: 1790-1840

South Heed was established as a lookout in 1790 by Q)ptain John Hunter. later Robert Watson was appointed as siplman and in 1801 was granted an area of land. In 1811 he was appointed Harbour Master and the naming of the bay commemorates this man whereas camp Cove is associated with 6overnor Phi11ip's landing there. camp Cove remained relatively isolated with much more attention being focussed on Watson's Bay4.

In 1792 a fishery was established to help feed the sick in Sydney Cove settlementS. The South HetII area of the harbour lJ!ined a reputation for the quantity and variety of fish caught there. The area was distinguished by its natural setting as well as its association with fishing and its strateoic location.

Another early grantee was Edward laing, a surgeon in the NSW Corps. laing's grant ( 12th February, 1793)6 lay to the north of Walson's and incorporated camp Cove and the point of land which became known as laing's POint7. It was this grant that formed the nucleus of the Watson's Bay subdivision and village structure which was largely inhabited by fishermen. The houses were init1al1y shanty structures and later were developed more formally as villas. The early structures were sited on the sandstone outcrops in preference to the sand area and this pattern was reflected in the evolution of the rOll:llayout,thus influencing subsequent development patterns.

3

~

5 6

7

Warpn. 6.8.- JOURNAL OF A FIRST FLEET SURGEON. fleliaUe. Library of AUltralian

History. Sydney. 1978.

Fillllli_. P .• EASI'ERN SUBURBS ALBUM- Atrand. Sydney. 1985 pp 53-64.

ne Fillllli ..... p.

journal of the Royal Australian Hiltorical Society. VoIIV. 1918. 329-365.

journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. VoIIV. 1918.

3

FIGURE 1 Oreen Point from South Head- assumed date 1870's

Laing sold his !Tant to Lieutenant Thomas Laymck for £60 six months after obtaining it and returned to England 00 16th December, 1794. The land changed hands several times in 8 short period. In July, 1795 the property was sold to a Mr Den and in September, 1795 it was sold to captain William Wright Bampton. After he died at sea in New Zealand the land was inherited by his son, Major Bampton.

1.2.5 EUROPEAN SETTLEt1ENT: 1840-1877

Permanent settlement in the area brought about the denudation of the indigenous flora. Domestic pts appeared to have played a major role in this process. The South Head environment was typified by sublime seascapes, steep sandstone cliffs and a landscape of much reduced indigenous vegetatioo cover with isolated clumps of heath, shrubs and mnspicuous sandstone outcrops. This character was heightened by further human impact and persisted through the latter half of the nineteenth century.6 9 10 Contrast was created between this sparse setting of rocks, grass and fences by the presence of "Clovelty" which was expressed as an intense area of horticulture development incorporating a fenced enclosure of stone pines, figs, bamboo and Norfolk Island hibiscus and pines (see Plate 1). The property originally belonged to Captain Thomas Watson with 8 marine villa built circa 1834 and later rented to Hanniba1 Morthur, who named the house "Clove1ly". It was purchased eventually by Macarthur, who may have provided most of the horticultural embellishments. After chang1ng hands, within the family, it was purchased by Sir John Robertson in 1877.

In the meantime the Watson's Bay area hfIj underp-le some change in that in the 1850's and 1860's the military had undertaken the fortification of South Head, a public ferry wharf was bunt at Walson's Bay together with the establishment of an hotel, Post Office and Pilot Statim. By 1869 8 horse drawn omnibus service was also provided from Circular Quay to Watson's Bay. This increase in mobility provided an increase in public visitatioo to the area for recreation. However the focus of attention was Watson's Bay, its hotel and private zoo as wen as the awesome quality of The oap, the site of the wreck of the shiP. "Dunbar ".

Laing's Point hfIj by this time obtained an obelisk, most probably bunt circa 1858 as part of a series of navigational markers located around the harbour. By 1868 Laings Point was also known as Green POint, and was the subject of the military's intentions for harbourside fortifications. It was therefore left undeveloped except for construction of a Torped:l Station 11 in 1878 until the site for the Zoological Station (as it was then referred to) was selected in 1879 by Nicolai Nicolaevich de Mlklouho M~lay.

At th1s time the char~er of the setting was one of exposure with almost a11 of the tree and shrub vegetation removed leaving 8 dominant land form of rock. faces, scattered sandstone rocks, grass and herbaceous plants, and the outlet to a fresh water 181}JOn.

Shanty dwe111ngs fringed the l81JlOO complete with paling and split two ran fences presumably to control grazing stock. More permanent dwellings existed along the line of Marine Parade Jailing from Watson's Bay towards camp Cove and the South Head fortifications. The vi11age char~ter was by then equally influenced by the military and the fishermen.

6

9

10

11

Small Pictur. File, Mitcbell Library.

Meqber, M., Editor, PAINTED PANORAMA 1800-1870, BllXland Gallery, Sydney, 1985 pp 96.103,109.

VOD Guerard, E., SYDNEY HEADS, 1865, Oil OD canYII, Art Gallery of NSW.

WillOD, G.C. SYDNEY HARBOUR FORTIFICATIONS ARCHIVAL STUDY, PART I, NSW National Part. and Wildlife Senic:e, 1985

PLATE.

SITE CONTEXT DRAW I NB: SOUTH HEAD AND WATSON"S BAY

~'P

~ ~J1irfIlEATH [J~-t"~ 1tI/IILJtwl;.MN

~

l' z

~=~~~ _ ••• ·UfIff~~~ ,.. UrIN(P

.. ...,.a.~

c::.S'~ 1> .WA~

F~ELL

I.J!iIilENP l'Y1 M1U"I1'«'< o!>lTbiG b c.~ ~ IJIt,lP

g~~ .. r C.t..l'VE.U-¥" I!i';~

~ 1If;;H~ _~I..A'(l'1.rr

R:~T

4%Df:>~ "'8lO~.t'I"III"""''''''

6

SITE CONTEXT

In 1854 the area surrounding the subject site hili passed to Mr R.M. Robey for £600. 12

Robey subdivided the property and sold off the allotments and all that was not sold by 1859 was purchased by S1r eeorge W1gan Allen for £300. The s1te or the B101og1cal Station was either excluded from laing's original grant or a::quired by the pernment at some later stage. It is recorded as being in pernment ownership when selected as the site for the Zoological Station by MfE1By'. The map taken from the Journal of the Royal Austar lian Historical Society (footnote 8 and Plate 1) suggests that the land on the east side of the point was not part of Laing's granl

1.2.6 EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT: 1878-1887

The site of the Zooloogical Station was gazetted in 1879 as lots 6.7 and 8 of the private town of Watson's Bay. 13 Previously M~lay ta:laslced the Parlces- Robertson Government to set aside bloclcs 5 end 6. A factor which mey heve influenced the increased. and altered. ar:ea of appropriation may have been the location of the natural drainage channel from the nearby 18I}XJI1. The S8I1dstone spur which comprises the minor pert of the appropriated land W6S a more sensib le site for development than the shifting samty terrain closer to the 18!JlOO outlet. The relocation of the building on the site and drastic revision of the plans by the architect before construction is referred to by Webster. 14

The southern portion at the junction of Pacific and Victoria Streets appeared to have an enclosed piece of ground together with a shanty dwe11ing adjm:ent to the heed of the 18lJlOO. 15 The point of the outlet is also the point of greatest W8Ve surge on camp Cove Beech where send is deposited as easi ly as it is enxfed.

The site selection and nature of development may well h8ve been influenced by M~lay's previous involvement with the zoological station at Tampet Senang. Selat Tebrau. Mal8'f8. where he described the setting for such a place: 16

"It is a small hill which forms a cape projecting into the Selat Tebrau ...... . n possess8S ....... two adYantaaes which I consider to be no small importance. namely the command of a fine view and a very complete isolation."

So too the Watson's BBy' site was located on a small hill form ing a cape extending into Sydney Harbour. Also the sense of isolation was evident in its distance from Symey Town.

The zoological building was not completed until <ktober. 1881 17. In MBy' of that year the siting is described in the Sydney Mail: 16

12

13

14

15

16 17

18

"The building stands on a slight eminence overloolcing camp Cove. There are lovely views from the balconies which extend on all sides of the building. •

jourDll of the Royal AU8tnJian Historical Society. VoIIV. 1918.329-365.

Cireeoop. F .• WHO TRAVELS ALONE. Murray. Sydney. 1944

Water. E.M .• 11IE MOON MAN. Melbourne Uni ..... ity Pr .... 1984

SaalI Pictures File. Mitcbell Libruy

Mitloubo MKlay. N .• Letter to Antoo Dobrn in NAruRE. Vol 12. Alii. 26. 1875.

Sydney Morni .. Herald. 12th October. 1881. Libruy of NSW.

Sydney Mail. 14th May 1881. Libruy of NSW.

7

FIGURE 2 Photograph of Biological Station from South Head in 1880·s. Mitchell library. Small Pictures File

8

The context of the site was one of isolation. The relative ls:k of use of the Zoological Station ensured that the sparse 18ndscape of the natural setting premminated apart from the cut and fill formation for pls:ing the building together with two symmetrically plod shrub plantings to the north and the timber gates and paling fence following the legal boundaries. Views of the harbour and in particular the panorama of Watson's Bay and Ms:lay's father-in law's -Clovelly" would have been extensive. later development has obscUred these views and transformed the natural setting.

Nearby at Green Point a Torpem Station h8j been established, and construction of an artillery battery as part of the harbour fortifications was under wf1ol. This necessitated the partial remode11ing of the top of the "eminence" and a realignment of fencing.

In 1885 the Biological Station (as it was then named) was urgently required for military purposes. 19

1.2.7 EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT: 1887-1927

Watson's Bay and Camp Cove became a residential area in the late nineteenth century. The biological station was absorbed fnto the fabric of Watson's Bay vfllage and lost its sense of isolation. In 1903 ·Clovelly" was demolished and the former biological station was from 1899 used for military officer's quarters, bringing to an end the reminders of the Robertsoo and Ms:lay associations with Watson's Bay.

With permanent residents the site developed from a natural setting to a cultural one with the estab lishment of a garden.

With poor soils In terms of nutrients and depth, terra::es were created to increase topsoil depth. The most conspicuous wall element created was the extant stone wall along the Camp Cove high water marlc at the north-east frontage (figure 3). Shrub planting appears to have been located adjacent to the building on all sides. It was in this period, probably after 1903 that the building was extended to the west20 and this affected a change in the boundaries with a new timber fence being erected. The land immediately adjacent to the new western boundary on laing's Point was set aside as a reserve to commemorate the landing of the first fleet. In 1927 an obelisk was erected to marlc Governor Phi11ip's first land fall in Port JOsoo.21

Greeter personal mobility stimulated by the motor car in post war Sydney gave cause for the construction of the garage structure and the altered road levels of Ps:ific Street to sxommodate suitable gras for cars and other vehicles. The Ps:ific street boundary of the site became a stone retaining wall with a paling fence on top. The installation of a gerage and the change of road level necessitated the removal of the older gates from Ps:ific Street and mncentrated development towards the laing's Point end of the site.

1.2.8 EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT: 1927-PRESENT

In the 1930's the Indian Coral trees (Erythrina x sylcesii syn. 'indica') were planted on the South Hall Military Reserve and at laing's Point. These plantings have created a new landscape character for the site context and have served to further integrate the site with the whole of the South Hall and Watson's Bay cultural 181dscape.

19 Resister of The Colonial Secretary's Letters. Letter No 85 3800, Arcbi •• of NSW.

20 DrawiDl FA 164 843, 1905. Deparlllellt of HousiDlIDd Coostruction Plan Arcbi ...

21 FilDilUlODtl, P .• EASTERN SUBURBS ALBUM, Atnnd, sydney. 1985 P 60.

9

This is also true of the Qll"den of the former biological station which has underWJllEl various changes in composlUon of plant species. Up to the 1960's the shrubby nature of the Qll"den persisted. At present the Qnry Island Palms (Phoenix C'a1ariensis). Coral trees and Frang1pani (Plumeria rubia) trees mmin&te. An of these could have been planted in the late 1930's and &re now starting to mature. providing 8 sense of priv~ for the occupants but at the same time obscuring the views from the buHding and compromising its historic direct visual relationship with the waters of Port Ja:kson.

F18URE 3 Photograph fr ... South Head. circa 1905. n1tchell Library. 511811 Pictures File

10

1.3 ANAl. YSIS OF EVIDENCE: NICOLAI dB t1IKLOUHO t1ACLAY

1.3.1 NICOlAI dB t1IKLOUHO t1ACLAY

On 18th July, 1878 Nlcola1 de Miklouho-Ma=lay arrived in Sydney.22 On 29th July he advocated estBblishment of 8 Zoological Station 8t a meeting of the linnean Society of NSW and on 29 August J.C. Cox reai a paper prepared by Ma=lay on the need for a Zoological Station. A mmmittee appointed to consider the Zoological Station reported b8ck to the Society in September 1878 approving Ma=lay's proposa1.23

Ma=lay's srival in Sydney was preceded by a formidable reputation as a scientific researcher and explorer. He hfII established a reputation as an authority on marine animals, particularly sponges and sharks following publication of his research in the Canary Islands in 1866-67, rmd the Red Sea in 1869. In 1871 , he was the first European to live among the natives of the north east coast of New Guinea at Astrolobe Bay.24 This area oow bears his name; being referred to as the Ma=lay Coast. The anthropological and zoological researches begun on the Maclay Coast were continued in an expedition to south west New Guinea, two expeditions in Malaya, one extending into Siam (Thailand) and travels through the East IOO1es and parts of Micronesia.

During 1879 he was invited by WHliam Ma=leay to live in Elizabeth Bay House and use a smal1laboratory there. He also spent much Ume at the Australian Museum and seeking ~er priv8LY moved into a work room in an "old badly ventilated basement" at the initiative of the curator, Edward Ramsay, although he continued to collaborate with Macleey.25 Rsnsey is listed as 8 subs=riber to the Zoological Station but it is curious to note that Macleey is not. 26

Ma=lay's stature as a scientist was praised in a speech by Sir Herman B la on 30th O=tober , 1981 at the unvieling of the commemorative plQJe oow fixed to the south fo of the former Biological StaUon:21

"Consider the scientist. Mark his catholicity of interests ..... spollges, questions of racial origin, styles of native living, their foods, language forms, sketching and detailing scenery, flora, tm:I forms of men and women, mapping; and amid the hazards of inquiry, assault and death inflicted on his helpers; and plain courage in hunting mwn and capturing and bringing to justice the killer."

Ma=ley's s1gn1f1cance as a sc1ent1st, anthropologist and explorer was recognised more widely in Australia in the late nineteenth century; today, his role is probably anowled;Jed mainly by those who have an interest in these subjects. In the Soviet Union Ma=lay's work is held in high esteem by the scientific and Emiemic community.

22

23 24 2S

26

27

181 Webltar. E.M.

Sydoay Morol ... Herald. 'lit Auplt. 1878. Ubnry or NSW

181 Webltar E.M.

181 Webltar. E.M.

Report OD the BiolCIIlcaJ Stalioo by Willlam A. HawaII. Hoo Secretary od lt8llur ... or the T ......

Nenlettar of The Mitloubo- MKlay Society or AUltraJia. Vol. 3. Nol (9). Feb .• 1982.

11

The idea of a chain of Marine Zoology Stations was formulated with a colleague, Dr. Anton Oohrn at Messina in 1868.28 Mac1ay's purchase of land at Sa1at Tebrau "at the southernmost po1nt of As1a" has already been clescr1bed as a s1te very s1ml1ar 1n character to that of the proposed Sydney ZoologiC81 Stmion.29 Dohrn had suceeded in estoblishing 0 Morine Zoology StDtion m Nep1es which WDS opereting by 1874 30 end by 1878 Zoological stDtions h8d been estab lished at Newport, U.S.A., T rieste ( University of Vienna), north west T erschelling Island (Zoological Society of the Netherlands) and Cowrie, Scotland (Aberdeen University).

1.3.2 ESTABLISHMENT OF A BIOL06ICAL RESEARCH STATION AT WATSONS BAY

In March, 1879 Mac1ay chose the site at Watson's B8Y and started fund raising for a building. On 25th he wrote to the Colonial Secretary requesting dedication of the land for a Zoological Station.31 On 19th April, 1879 Trustees for the land were appOinted and on 3rd May appropriation of the land was approved by the Oovernment '

Maclay had established contacts in influential circles within a short space of time and as a result on the 19th June, 1879 the NSW Oovernment announced that it would provi~ £300 for the project if a like sum could be collected within a ye6r. In September oppeals for funds were issued in England and by 16th December, 1879 the site h8:1 been surveyed and tenders were caned in the Sydney Morning Herald.32

-TO BUllDERS- TENDERS are hereby required for the erection of a ZOOlOOlrAl STATION at Watson's Bay. 1st. For the foundations, &c., and br1ckwork. 2nd. For the finishing trEKEs. 3rd. Or the whole on one sum. For plans and specifications, apply to the office of the undersigned, to whom tenders are to be tDJressed on or before the 24th day of December. 1879.

JOHN KI~KPATRICK, Architect Temple Court Chambers"

The architect for the project was John K irkpatrick, who by the late 1880's and into the1890's was a very prominent architect in Sydney. Kirkpatrick was the architect for several important surviving buildings including the Colonial Mutual life Building, Martin Plo ( 1894), the Commonwealth Bank, PiU Street (1914) and Orandstands at the Sydney Cricket Oround. Although Thomas Rowe won the competition for the Sydney Hospital Buildings on MqJBrie Street, Kirkpatrick was commissioned by the !J)Vernment to finish the project. The design of the Operating Theatre and Chapel8t the rear is attributed to Kirkpatrick.33 34

28 188 Webster E.M.

29 NatUJ"e. Vol 12. Alii. 1875.

30 NatUJ"e. Vol 12. AUC. 1875.

31 R .. ilter of Colonial Secretary'l Letters. ArcbiV81 Authority. NSW

32 Sydney Mornina Herald. 16th December. 1879 p2. MitcbeJJ Library

33 freeland J.M .• ARCHITECT EXTRAORDINARY. John Horbury Hunt. Culel.1970

34 freeland J.M .• Tbe Matina of a Profeslion. Anaua and Roberllon. Sydney. 1971

12

Qrrespondence between Ma:lay and the firm of B la:kett and Son throws some confusion on the authorship of the building.35 C.R. 81a:kett is listed as a subscriber to the Zoolog;cal Station to the sum of £ 1.1.0. The correspondence bears dates in 1883, making 1t too late to be connected with the main construction stage of the Zoological Station. The estimates for amstruction appear to have been three different options for a cottage and kitchen (timber­£955.10.0, stone-£ 1965.0.0 and brick. and timber-rounded off to £ 1700.0.0) and there is a reference in an atta:hed SKetch to Victoria Street. Ma:lay is listed as living in Victoria Street in 1882 in Sands Directory.36 It is most likely th8t nothing came of Ms;lay's discussions with the Blnett brothers as he is not reported to be living at an Ed:fress in Victoria Street at any time after his return to Sydney on 10th June, 1883. The cottage discussed with the Blfdet's may have been intended to be the marital home after his intended marriage to Mlrgs-et Chrke. A:5 Ml£lay's perSOl1Dl finances were never hel!lthy it muld be DSSUmed that he simply could not afford to build a cottage in Victoria Street, or elsewhere for that matter. His subsequent housing arrangements bear out this conclusion.

The for~ing digression is neces58ry to establish th8t there was no link between the Biological Station andCyril and Arthur Blnel

Ma:lay haj left Sydney on the S8:iie Celler on 29th March 1979 to travel to New Celed:mia, the New Hebrides, the Admiralty Isl51ds, the Solomon Islands, South E8St New Guinea and the Torres Stra1t Islands. He also spent nine months travelling in Queensland and Northern NSW before returning to Sydney on 19th January, 1881.37

On his return Ma:lay was disappointed to learn that no progress had been md and only two thirds of the required £300 had been raised. He travelled to Melbourne to raise more money amd was also able to obtain contributions from Queensland and England. At this time the name of the project was changed to a Biological Station to appease the Botanists36 and this is the name which will be used from this point on in this OOcument.

The land proved too steep for economical building and the NSW Government was requested to ut a small aree of land. A letter from Colonel Richardson to the Colonial secretary dated 11 th February, 1881 mnfirms that the military had no objection to the enlargement of the site.39

Kirkpatrick. haj to drastically revise the plans. The alteration of the plans to 8l::OIT1mooate the new siting of the building probably explains why the building shows no evidence of the strutted cantilever verandah design illustrated in the Sydney Mail, 14th May, 1881.40 Even though the date of publication is later than the time the design was changed 1t is logical to a:JIlClude th8t the drawings published in May are the original sketch plans as they have no dimensions or constructional notes on them. These drawings would tmve been used to publicise the project when funds were being sought The drawings Kirkpatrick is reported to have "drastically altered" 41 would have been the working drawlngs WhlCh were almost certainly COf1S1dered

35

36 MilCbell Library. uDCualCJ8U8d manuscript index, ML MSS 1,6/1 Ix: pp661-684.

Sandl Directory, 1882. p290.

37 lee Weblter. E.M.

38 lee Webltar. E.M. 39 «)

41

... ilter 01 Colonial Secretary'l Letten. ArcbiY8I Authority 01 NSW. Letter No 8 I. I 04,

Sydney Mail. 14th May. 1881.

188 Webltar. E.M.

13

PLATE 2

ORIGINAL SKETCH PLANS PUBLISHED IN TH£ SYDN£Y MAIL I 14TH MAY I 1881

• =::~N"I.:ELEv'ATION OF:BIOLOGICAL STATION. £~: ~ __

BACK ELE,\"ATIO~, SHOWIXG BASEYENT STORY.

.A~I

Wotl Room (~TO'Tt \01."',,)

- --4fj--a--

12.,n

Balc.ny

.)'('3 W, ... 1100"'

: Il.~ ....... " .. ;)

o.

tw.I

B&.Icon.y

./'1'''­Work. Rot)lT\ (8c.H ~':"ur)

-~. 11.-

\'2..-11

14

unsuitable for publicity purposes. The earliest photograph recording the appearance of the building clearly shows the verandahs supported by the stone piers which st111 stand toditf (fig 2t12

At a public meeting on 15th June, 1881 00 the occasion of the foundation of The Australian Biological Association MCElay gave a report 00:43

"tt1e long trav8il which t8Ught him much eIbout lIrchitects end mntr8Ctors ...

The purpose of this meeting was to 8SSist in the formation Md registration of 811 Biological Stations in Australia and New Zealand and to elect a committee to control the finances and mtmgefTlent of the Sydney Biological Statim. M8Clay was elected Chairmm80d Director.

M8Clay travelled to south east New 6uinee with Commcmre Wilson, Senior Offi~ of Her Majesty's Naval Station on 10th August, 1881 returning on 28th September. By 12th <ktober he was working at the now completed Biological Station.44

MlElay's CEtivities at the Biological Station throughout 1882 ere not well recorded although it seems he was in Sydney for much of the time. His plo of residence is listed in Sends Directory as Victoria Street, Watsorl's Bay45 which means thet even if he was not residing full time at the Biological station he had re8Ityt access to it. In his report to the second meeting of the Australian Biological Society on 6th February, 1882, MlElay outlined his plans for the use of the building in such a way that it suwests he was in residence at that time:46

42 45

44

45 46

"I have much pleasure in stating before this meeting the building of the Biological Station at Watson's Bay was nearly completed in September last, so that on my arrival from New 6uinee I was able to take up my quarters therein. The six rooms of the upper floor end the bathroom of the ground floor ere readt for use, though four of these rooms ere still without furniture, while two rooms of the ground floor (the worlcroom No 5 and the store room) remain unfinished; the fence, also which has to enclose the block of lend set apart by the (bIernment for the Statim, has stm to be provided for."

"After my departure when the rooms now in use (a worlcroom and a bedroom) will be unoccupied, end when the coming year brings us amUe more money to furnish the remaining four rooms, due notice will be given to the public."

Mitcbell Library. Small Pictures FiJe

lee Webster E.M.

lee Webltar E.M.

5aDd1 Direc:t.ary. 1882, p290. Mitcbell Library

Sydney Morni .. Herald, 7th February, 1882. MitcbeIJ Library

15

It is clear from his remarks that Maclay did not anticipate a long stay at the Station in 1882, particularly because, at the conclusion of his aaress he foresh8OOwed a trip to Europe in the very near future. As things turned out he did not leave for Europe, mainly to return to Russia, until 23rd February, 1883. He was flNay from Sydney until 10th June 1883 when Oreenop records that he again took. up residence at the Biological Station.47 Sands Directory lists O.H.Barrow at the Biological station in 1883 and ma!{es no reference to Maclay for that year46 (this is understandable if he was flNay for six months)

It has been reported that in 1883 Maclay sometimes used for his correspondence a private letterhem which had been printed for the BiologiC8l Station. Research to date Ms not revmsled further information about O.H.Barrow. (no source available)

In February, 1884 Maclay married Margaret Clar!{e, the widlwed daufilter of Sir John Robertson, former Premier of NSW, and they lived at 'Wyoming" 25 Wharf R(Bj, Snails Bay, Birchgrove (the building still stands at this uress). Ma:lay travelled daily between his home and the Biological Station but eventually frustrated by losing so much of his valuable time travelling he moved his family in December to Watson's Bay.49 Sands Directory lists Maclay at Pacific Street, Watson's Bay in 1884, 1885 and 1886. He is listed in Sands Directory as being at "AivaM Marine Parade in 1886 and 1887.50 The Qruncil Rate Books show him at "Aiva", owned by Sir John Robertson in 1885-86 and 1886-87.51 This evidence supsts that Maclay, possibly with his family, first moved into the Biological Station. Then at some time in the latter half of 1885 the family may have moved to MAiva" in Marine Parade while Maclay himself still spent much time at the Biological Station until 23rd February, 1886 when he again sailed for Russia, not returning until 24th May, 1887. On the other hand the family may have lived at some Edt'ess nearby from the time of the move from Birchgrove, as the rules of the Biological Station restricted occupanty to men only.

On 30th March, 1885 the military authorities h8j applied to the NSW Government for a house to provide further accommodation at Watson's Bay and by 10th July the building and land t&I been valued for resumption. On 6th September, 1885 and again on 31 st March, 1886 the Australian Biological Association wrote to the Chief Secretary _ing when the Trustees could be warned as to the resumption tak. ing effecl52

51

52

I. Greenop. F •• WHO TRAVELS ALONE. K.S.Murray PubUlbiq Co .• 1944 Sandl Directory. 1883. p140.

188 Weblter. E.M.

Sandl Directory. 1884. pp 336.658: 1885. pp 333.518: 1886. pp373.656.372: 1887. p432.

Rale Bootl. 1884-85 to 1886-87. WooJlabra Council Cbambera.

-aailler of Colonial Secretary'l Letters. Letter NOI. 85 3800. 85 7784. 85 9943. 86 3483. Arc:biYtlll Authority NSW

16

, Ms:lay's return to Sydney in May 1886 was for ei~t days only, long enough to arr8f9 to return to Russia with Margaret and his two SOIlS. Alexander Nirolai and VlsHmir Allan. After his return to Russia he became very ill as a result of the many sicknesses and privations he tm experienced 1n h1s travels in the tropics and eventually died in the arms of his wife in St. Pelersburg (leningrll:l) at 8. 15p.m on 2nd April, 1888.53

There are no records of the occupancy of the Biological research Station after Ms:lay's cBparture in February 1886. On 26th July, 1886, Harry Oilliat, a Trustee and Committee Member (Sld the husband of Margaret M~lay's sister Amy who died on 16th July, 1886) wrote to the Colonial Secretary requesting the use of the Biological Station as a residence at a fair rental untn required for -the Public Service-.54 The military authorities had no objection to emiat's propo5Dl and it 8ppellrS that he rnif)' h8ve taken up residence there for a short period although there is no definite evidence of him living there.

He is listed in Sands Directory in 1885 55 and the Council Rate Book in 1884-85'56 et Victoria Street and there is no further listing until he appears et Ps:ific street ata property called ihe camp- in 1888 where he is recorded untn 1894.57 ihe camp· is recorded in Sends Directory as being to the north of the intersection of Ps:ific and Victoria Streets. In 1894 when Sends Directory divides Pactfic Street into east and west sides, HA 01111et is listed as living on the west side whereas the Biological Station is on the east side. In the Council Rate Book for 1885-86 the name of Harry Oilliet is crossed out and the owners name. Benjamin Bell, is pencilled in.58

53

54 55

56 57

58

Extnct8 r ..... Marpret MKlay'. Diari .. 1888-90. publ. Nenletter of the Miclouho­MKlay Society of Au.trali.. Vol 7 No 2 ( .... ill 26) May 1986.

See fIIilter of Colaaial Secretary'. Corrllpondence. Letter No 86 7500

SIodI Directory. 1885. p334 ... Council ble Bootl

... SIlDda Directory

... Council ble Boot.

17

1.4 ANALYSIS OF EYIDENCE: MILITARY OFFICER'S RESIDENCE

In 1903 the property was valued at £490 for the purpose of trnsfer to the Commonwealth.59

In 1908 the property was transferred to the <mtmonwealth at a final valuation of £600.60

The first recorded use of the building for an 8I"my officer's residence is in Sends Directory, 1899 where it is described as Green Point Quarters - Officers of NSW Artillery, although the occupant is not identified. In 1900 lieutenant C.W. lamb, NSW Regiment of Royal Australian Artillery is listed. The listings mntinue to 1933 and are scheduled below:61

1900 Lieut. C.W.lamb 1901 MrsC.W. Lamb 1902 Sergeant Thomas Walker 1903 Mrs H. Cox-Taylor 1904-1908 Captain WaIter Coxen Promoted to Major, 1906;

by 1929 the listing of the Military Board shows him as Quartermaster-6eneral, Major General WACoxen, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. and in 1931 he tal risen to the position of Chief of the General Staff.

1909 5eptimus W. Garling Captain H.J. Cox-Taylor is listed as Chief Instructor, School of Gunnery in 1909: Mrs Cox-Taylor W85listed at the house in 1903.

1910 No one listed at Green Point Quarters 1911 Robinson, Edward G. Captain H.J. Cox-Taylor is listed as

Chief Instructor, School of Gunnery 1912-1914 Major J.H. Hurst Major J.H. Hurst listed as Chief Instructor,

School of Gunnery 1915-1919 Major AR.P. Cross Major AR.P. Cross listed as Chief Instructor,

School of Gunnery 1920 Lieul P8trick Macfslane 1921 Captain H.C. McBride 1922-28 No listings at Green Point Quarters 1929-31 Major H.W. MacBride 1933 Captain J.S. Whitelaw

There are no 8V8i18ble records of military occupants between 1933 and 1974. The records at Victoria BarrlEks start at 1974:62

1974 1974-75 1975-79 1979-81 1981-84 1984 1985- present

Lt. Colonel Kenneth John Hill Lt. Colonellan David Mcfarlane Colonel Stanley John Maizey Q)lonel Martin Logan Sheehan Colonel lan Rignold Wills Q)lonel AJ. Fittock Brigadier G.F.Cohen

59 State PropertialrlDlferred to the Commonwealth, Report of the Committee. 1903: p12. Arcbi .. Authority 01 NSW

60 61

62

NSW ParUaaeatary Papen. 2nd ... iClll of 1908. Vol 2. Part I.

Sand. Directary. 1899-1933.

Recard. 01 occ:upaoc:y. Green Point Quartan. Victoria Blrrw::tI

18

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1.5 ANALYSIS OF EYIDENCE: THE BUILDING AND SITE

1.5.1 THE BUILDIN8

The Biological Station is 11sted individually on the Register of the National Estate by the Australian Heritage Commission and falls within the South Head Conservation Area.63

The National Trust of Australia 0Jes not list the building individually but it is within the Watson's Bay Conservation Area which was p ltJ::ed on the Trust's register on 27th February, 1978.64

The fonowing de5cription of the evolution of the building is based on drawings obtained from the archives of the Department of Housing and Construction, photographs from the Small Pictures File at the Mitchell library and personal investigations of the building fabric. For esse of reference the spaces in the existing building have all been assigned an alpha numeric axle for identification as shown on the measured drawings (Plates 3 to 6). The COde references are used to identify the locations of the works discussed in the text.

FIRST RECORDED DRAWING

The original design drawings for the building published in the Sydney Mail on 14th May, 1881 65 are the only pre 1900 drawings found. They show an upper floor of six rooms constructed in timber with a C8ntilevered and strutted balcony on all four sides. The balcony has a crossed balustru detail. The three rooms flEing the harbour are workrooms; the central rear room is shown as workroom or hall and the other two rooms are bedrooms. A hipped roof is shown over the east and west verandahs. There are paired angled fire pllEeS between the end rooms. The ground floor is shown as three rooms facing the harbour. These rooms are oonstructed in stone and are labelled, running from west to east: Stores, Work Room No 5 end Bath Room Etc. The rear ground floor level is not used due to the slope of the site but has supporting piers for the upper level. An external stair is shown against the wall in the north east corner of the verandah. The roof is a gambrel form drawn with a texture to suwest slate covering and having over es:h of the central rooms a glass skylight. The earliest photographs appeer' to show an iron roof and no physical evidence of a slate roof has 50 far been found. Plate 7 shows the floor plans of the building as first built interpreted from the original drawing, photographs and on-site evidence.

EARLIEST PHOTOORAPHIC RECORDS

The earliest photographic record (Fig 2) shows the bui lding to have been constructed almost exlEtlyas shown in the early drawings with one important difference. The verandahs are not cantnevered but are supported on the sandstone piers which are still there today. It has alrEBtyt been suggested in SECTION 1.3.1 that this design change was probably mu when it was decided to plece the building in a different part of an enlarged site. The photograph is too indistinct to show the roof material. A paling fence close to the western side of the building runs to the rocks on the water's edJe and behind the building and to the south east in a position roughly the same as the existing fence line which encompasses landscape Unit 2.

Examination of the existing physical evidence on the site reveals that the sandstone structure of the' ground level has changed very little except for the enlargement of winmw openings.

63

64 6S

Australian Heritqe Commission, REGISTER Of THE NATIONAL ESTATE.

National Trust of Australia (NSW), LISTING CARDS AND REGISTER

Sydney Mail, 14th May, 1881, Mitc:hell Libnry.

23

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The store room cbJr and the work room 5 cbJr may have been originally built in different locations to those shown in the first drawing. The store room is still being used for that purpose and appears to have retained the original board lined benches and cupboards. The dividing walls of the around Floor rooms were built in Umber with board l1nings. not in stone as shown on the drawing.

The upper level has been replanned several times but the basic structure of remaining walls and three of the firepl~ are as original even thouQh the finishes and fittings are not. The surviving fire pl~ have all been modified. ~iJings generally retain the original beEKjed T & a board linings and the positions of the former roonights are still evident in Rooms U2, U11 and U12.

The roof form over the eastern section of the building and the chimneys are still as original although the roof sheeting has almost certainly been changed at least once as according to works schedule records in 1942 the roofing was renewed in asbestos cement sheeting.66

A slightly later photograph (Fig. 4) shows the underside of the eastern verandah infilledand a stair at the north west end of the northern verandah.

1905DRAWINGFA164 B43

This drawing67 titled "South HeacI- Chief Instructors Quarters School of aunnery" and signed by E.W.J. Qakshot on 24th January, 1905 (Plate 8) is held in the archives of the Department of Housing and Construction. As the print c:kles not reproduce with sufficient clarity and some of the works shown were not executed, Plate 9 has been drawn to show the floor p lens of the building as it stood in 1905.

The drawing shows an edjition to the west to provide an edjitiOll8l Bed Room, Sitting Room with an ingle nook and bay winmw and a small Bath Room on the north west extension of the verandah. All of this edjitional accommodation was designed under a simple extension of the roof line and a lower south fm:ing gable over the Sitting Room. An enclosed external stair is shown attached to the eastern verandah. This unlikely and architecturally discordant element was first thought to be a very recent lIk1ition. A photograph taken at about this time (Fig 4) proves that the externel stair and north verandah roof were in fact built as shown in the 1905 drawing. A new fence line is shown on the west side of the building.

This drawing shows the rooms intended for scientific use allocated to mestic functions. The SlUth west bedroom has become a small dressing room having lost space to form a hall to the new extension. This change also eliminated a fireplace. The central south room became an Entry Hall and continues in that use todBy. The three northern rooms did not alter as shown in the drawing. There is no evidence in the structure to indicate that the internal stair to the proposed Kitchen and Scullery on the around floor was built. It is therefore very OOubtful that any of the alterations to the ground floor occurred, particularly as in the next phase of the building's history a Kitchen is shown in the south east corner room as if it had alN9ty been established there. This would also explain why the fireplace structure survives in the existing Kitchen and was not demolished as shown in the 1905 drawing.

The physical evidence suggests that, because the metal panels in Room U4 appear to be the original finish from the time of its construction. the Wunder 11 ch metal wall and ceiling panels were installed in this phase. There are seven different types of wall and ceiling panels and three different types of frieze panel in the building:

66 Works Schedul81 Green Point and South Had. 1942. Victoria Barracks.

67 DrawiDl Fa 164 843, Department of HousiDlllDd Construction ArchiY8I

25

-SOUTH fiEruJ-fHlEf INSTRUCTORS QtJ7\RTIRS SCHOOL or GUNNERY

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28

ROOM CODE PANEL TYPE' LOCATION

U2 and part U 1 0 above picture rail

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DRAWING FA 164 B42

A drawing titled "South Head School of Gunnery Alterations and EMi:1itions to Chief Instructor's Quarters- 68 (Plate 10) shows a further lIkIition to the west to provide two new rooms end a Bath Room. This drawing is undated and aH attempts to determine its dBte have pnxluced no information. It can be safely said to be pre 1943 as the Gunnery school moved from South Head in that year.69 A clue to the dete of the works shown in the drawing is given by the construction of a new ftre pltl:e f8:ing into Room U8 which repl8:ed the ingle nook ftrepls::e shown f8:ing into Room U4 in the 1905 drawing. This firepltl:e (Fig 5) has a cast iron surround of a type made from 1900 onwards70 and a timber surround which is of a style more common to the perioo after World War 1 end into the 1920's.

The lIkIitions again were sympathetically designed and tD:Ommll1eted under an extension of the original roof form (P late 11).

FIGURE 5 Fireplace and surround RoolD U8, circa 1920.

68 69

70

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Drnrioa FA 1604 B 42 DepartllleOt or HousioalUld Coutruction Arcbives

Lea Sbarpe, Accommodation Works Bnlacb, V ictori. Barncta, personal COllUD8llt

EYans IlIA, THE PEDERA TION HOUSE. The Flannel Flower Presl, Glebe. 1986

29

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.,. 5 ", -N

Upper Floor Plan

DRAWl NOS RECORD I NO MORE RECENT CHANOESAND PRESENT DAY fORM71

Plete 12 shows the effect of a series of minor changes to the building up to the present dIty. The most significant alterations have been:

1945 (ORAWINOCEN 9580)

Reconstruction of the verandahs with a simple vertical balustrtlie detail replacing the former crosse1 timber (Eta11 shown on the previous draw1ngs. The verandah was infHled at the west end with boarding to rail height and fixed glass above. The full length of the eastern section of ver800Bh was enclosed by board linings to rail height with glazed screens above and tmrs at each end. The existing hopper wincklws were included in the infil on the east elevation.

The archita:::turally incompatible ground floor external toilet was also trljed at t~ eastern end. The cmr from Room U 13 was blocked up and the new cmr from the Kitchen (U 1 4) to the verandah was created. The wall between rooms U 11 and 12 has been removed and the long low winmw centred on its former position appears in the drawing. These changes h8j probab 1y been alreErl,t mtlie at this stage as there are no notes relating to the missing wall or the new wirmw requiring work to be li:lne. The same is true of the conversion of the former french Ii:Iors of U 14 to a wincklw, presumably to facilitate fitting out for kitchen benches )although no (Eta11s of Kitchen fit out ere shown).

The stair at the west end of the verandah was removed and a new stair was built in the present position.

Fl8URE 6 Aerial Photograph, 1931

71

Mitchell Library, Smal1 Pictures File

Drawi ... CEN 9580. CEN 1122. CF.N 1820. HA 81/250512. HA 821 1784/81.

DeparlaleDt of HouaiDl and Construction Archiyes

33

1958 (DRAWl NO CEN 1122)

This drawing shows construction of a new paling fence from a point near the south east corner of the bul1ding to the garage. This is the first time the aarage appears in any dnlmentery record. It 00es not eppe8r In en eerial photogreph taken In 1931.72

1963 (DRAWINGCEN 1820)

This drawing shows the installation of new wlnmws end mars to Rooms 62 end 3 end remova) of en old fuel copper in 61 (the former bathroom now a laundry) to be rep Ism by concrete tubs and a gas copper. It also shows a new fit out in U 14 (the Kitchen) which included removal of the mentel shelf of the former fire pls::e. .

The Bathroom was refurbished at this stage bringing it to its present condition. Ttte built-in wardrobes end cupboards in U3 end US were ronstructed at this time. Timber lattice was installed between the foundation piers to two bays on the north elevation end two bays on the south elevation. The fly screens were attached to all external mars and winmws.

The Bathroom fit out and the wardrobes are consi03red to be out of charECter with the heritage significance of the house end the design of the fly screen mars is poorly related to the extant original french mors. 1981 (DRAWING NA 81/2505/2)

This drawing deals with a range of minor maintenance end repair Items. The roof sheeting over the external stair end toilet at the east end is shown to be renewed as well as a number of repairs to the main roof. It is likely that the inappropriate sheet metel barges were tnIed to the building as part of this repair schedule.

1982 (DRAWINe NA 82/ 1184/B 1 )

In 1982 the Kitchen (Room U 14) was oompletely remodelled to bring it to its present form. This mmern fit out is consi03red to be completely out of chars:ter with the architectural end historic quality of the building.

72 MitcheU Library. s.aU Pictw. Pile.

34

1.5.2 THE SITE AND CMRDEN

The site and garden are described in detail in SECTION 2.1.1. In general the landform has been greatly altered since the property was f1rst Opted for residential use. The rrek shelves evident in the early photographs only appear in four places now as a result of terracing behind stone retaining walls to provide fK:CesSible lawn areas as first shown in the early photograph (Fig 3) which also shows low shrub plantings and the stone retaining wall behind the beach and the water side rreks.

The existing plantings are not considered to haVe any great significance. However some, such as the Coral trees and the Tecoma hedge found along the alignment of the original western boundary, are typical of an era. The Coral trees are integral with the culturallandsC8pe of the Watson's bay area and were introduced in the 1930's as part of the military's consolidation and identif1cation of their presence at South Hea1. This is also true of the garden of the former biological station which has under~ne various changes in composition of plant species. By the 1960's the shrubby nature of the garden perSisted. At present the Cenary Island Palms (Phoenix C8nariensis), Coral trees and Frangipani (Plumeria rubia) trees dominate. An of these could have been planted in the late 1930's and are now starting to mature, providing a sense of privacy for the occupants but at the same time obscuring the views from the building and compromising its historic direct visual relationship with the waters of Port Jackson.

1.5.2 AREAS OF ARCHAEOl08ICAl POTENTIAL

There are reports of evidence of Aboriginal recupation being found in the sand dune areas on and behind camp Cove beach. In prehistoric times and the time of contact with Europeans many Aborigines lived on the coast and left visible remains of their campsites and art works. South HeEI:I and Watson's Bay have been surveyed and rrek engravings are recorded along the track from camp Cove to South HefIj, mostly depicting f1sh and whales. The National Parks and Wildlife Service's register 00es include one site at the northern end of camp Cove Beach: 45-6-0096 -Cemp Cove Shelter" which is a rrek shelter with Aboriginal occupation deposit in it.13

It is highly unlikely that any areas of archaeological potential relating to Aboriginal occupation would survive on the subject site, as it is cut off from the sand dune terrain by the former drainage channel from the l8lJOO. The drainage channel area (Landscape Unit 2) had been much altered by filling by the time the Biological station was built. The ear1iast photograph of the Station still shows a low sandy re-entrant in this area but the l8}JOO appears to have been filled in and fences had been built across the line of the drainage flow (fig 2).

The buHding itself is on an area which consisted of bare rrek shelves thinly covered in part by grass (Landscape Unit 1). This area has been greatly modified by construction of the Biological Station and subsequent construction of retaining walls and filled terracing.

73 National Partl and Wildlife Senice. Reailter or Aborilioal Sit.

35

1.6 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS

The review of OOcumentary and physical evidence, and the application of the criteria aoopted for the assessment of significance demonstrates that there are a lar~ number of elements in the building and on the site which in their own right are of cultural significance; and taken together create a place of considerable historiC, scientiflc. environmental and aesthetic significance.

Although the building and the setting have under~ many changes since the establishment of the 8iol(JJical Station in 1881 the evolutionary process from establishment of an isolOBted fa::i1ity for scientific research on a bare haK11and inside the entrance to Port Jackson, to adaptation for use as a house for Gunnery Instructors and their families, through modifications to reflect the housing standards and tastes of different periods traces an important social history.

The main conclusions reached as a result of the foreqJing analysis are:

1 ) The setting ( within the property boundaries and on the fKjjacent areen Point Reserve) still retains remnant elements of the landform and vegetation of the pre­European chara::ter of the area.

2) The buildinQ still contains structural elements associated with its founder, Nicolal de Miklouho Ma::lay, and the architect, John Kirlcpatriclc. The stone wall behind camp Cove 8each also dBtes from this early period.

3) The f1rst stage of expanSion and adaptation to a residential use up to 1905 Is still recorded in the fabric of the building and the site landform, particularly the terrtEing of the northern garden area

4) The second stage of expansion and adaptation for residential purposes is still recorded at the western end of the building. The evidence points to this staI}! occuring shortly after the end of World War 1. Most of the significant garden plantings dBte from this period and into the 1930's.

5) Changes beyond this stage are ~nerally minor but many of them detra::t from the cultural significance of the place and none are considered to be of particular significance in terms of the criteria aoopted for analysis of Significance.

A major event in the later period was the complete reconstruction of the remaining sections of the original verandah on the north, east and south sides in 1945. This reconstruction was not to the original detail which is recorded in the original sketch plans and the 1905 drawing. The (iEumentary records do not provide eccurate enough information on which to base a reinstatement of the original details nor is this course of tEtion recommended as the context of the verandahs has chanQed too much and restoration would therefore not be a valid method of interpretation.

6) Items which seriously detra::t from the significance of the building and site are: inappropriate fences and concrete reataining walls; concrete paths and edJings; 8ath room, Kitchen and Laundry fit outs; the ID:Ied external toilet on the east elevation; sheet metal bar~ and fascias; and mroernisation of door and window openings.

36

1.7 STATEMENT OF SI8NIFlCANCE

1.7. 1 LANDSCAPE SETTINO

The site, and its landscape setting, retains elements which interpret the four main periods or si!Jjificance of the pla::e:

1 ) As a natural site before European impact.

2) As a cleared landscape with a premminance of exposed sandstone, grass, sand and water.

3) As a cleared cu1turallandscape with a sense of isolation provided by the former Biological Station as the only substantial structure at laing's ~oint.

4) As a culturallandscape treated as a garden setting to support a permanent residential occupation for military purposes.

The existing plantings are not considered to have any great significance. Documentary and physical evidence supports this conclusion. However, some are typical of an era. These are the Coral trees and the Tecoma hedge found along the alignment of the original western boundary. The Coral trees are integral with the cultural landscape of the Watson's bay area and were introduced in the 1930's as part of the military's consolidation and identification of their presence at South Head.

1.7.2 THE BUILDIN8

There are two important sources of the significance of the former Biological station at 31 Pacific Street, Watson's Bay. The first is that it was the first Biological Station in the Southern Hemisphere and was bunt at a time when there were very few such facilities worldwide. It was established due to the drive and initiative of Nicolai de Miclouho Maclay, who even at that time had gained a formidable reputation as a marine biologist, explorer and anthropologist. It was mainly his efforts which attracted funds from ~ernment sources and from public subscription.

Its second important source of slgnif1cance is the bu11ding's strong association with MlElay from 1881-1886, who did much of his work there when he was in Sydney. He was, if not the only scientist to use the building, its main user.

The building derives its siQflificance also from its long period of use as army officer's married quarters, for the greater part associated with the School of Gunnery estabHshed at South Head. One of the occupants, W.A. Q)xen, became Chief of the 6eneral Staff.

The building has no particular architectural or aesthetic significance save the remnants of the earlier Biological Station which stand as a tangible record of its origins and association with MlElay and the architect, John Kirkpatrick, who was later to be a very prominent architect responsib le for the design of major buildings in Sydney.

The elements associated with the building's adaptation to residential use are significant not so much for architectural reasons as for the way in which they renect the taste and 11festyle of the different periods of residential occupation.

37

SECTION 2: CONSERVATION POLICY

2. 1 PHYSICAL CONDITION

2. 1. 1 THE SITE

EXISTIN8 SITE CONTEXT

The site known as 31 Pacific Street, Watsons Bey end shown in Plate 13 can be perceived as having two distinct landscape units. These are:

1. That elevated portion of lend, fences, pavlngs, garden end building located on the Hawkesbury sandstone which is integral with laings Point;

2. The lower part of the site which forms the western edge of the Camp Cave Beach send dune together with the former Hne of natural drainage from the IBfPlO( now camp Cove Reserve).

LANDSCAPE ELEttENTS

The existing site has been analysed into 18lldscBpe units, elements and particular landscBpe ttems Identified 8I1d mapped as a site survey (Plate 14). The landscBpe elements are:

1. Natural rock outcrops

2. 5and deposits

3. Sandstone retaining wans

4. fences: i) timber picket painted ii) timber paling ili) metal mesh iv) lapped timber fence v) timber lattice screen painted

5. Concrete paving end edging

6. Plants

7. Views

i) trees ii) shrubs ili) herbs iv) climbers v) grass

(T) (5) (H) (C) (6)

38

, ?

PLATE 13

SITE CONTEXT

WA,SON 6

39

i~ /1

t

/

, I I

) I I

I I T40 ( i

\ I nO I I

\ I

1 ) InO

1 I

! I \

\ I ( I nO (

I \ , ,

\

41

FI8URE 7 View over ca.p Cove Beach

FI8URE 8 View to north frOlR verandah

INVENTORY Of LANDSCAPE ITEMS

Each landscape item is identified on the Landscape Analysis drawing by a code reference. Items which are ronsidered to be prejudicial to the cultural significance of the site are identified in the inventory with recommended action.

CODE LANDSCAPE ITEn CortnENT ACTlOII

PLANTS

TREES

Tl-6 EryUV'ina indica 1930's period Retain T1 Unidentified severely pruned. poor cond'n Remove TB Phoenix canariensis T9 Agonis flexuosa Poor cond'n. obscures views· Remove TtO-11 Phmeria rubra and significant link with harbour Remove Tt2 Phoenix canariensis Phoenix will cause damage to Remove

paving and ret. walls in the future Tl3 Pitlosporum undulatum Retain Tt4 Agonis flexuosa Retain Tt5 5yzgium sp. Retain Tt6 Eucalyptus sp. Isolated specimens. do not Retain and T17 Eucalyptus sp. relata to other elements in the strengthen by

physical setting copse planting of indigenous plants

T1B-19 ErylIV'ina indica Retain

SHRU6S

51 Pitlosporum undulatum Retain 52-7 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Retain 58-14 Hydrangea macrophylla Retain 515 Falsia japonica Retain 516-17 Coprosma sp. Retain 51B-19 Phoenix Canariensis Poor specimens. detract from Remove 520 PiUosporum undulabm the physical setting Remove 521 Cassia sp. Remove 522-25 Nerium oleander Retain 526 Melaluca hypericifolia Retain 527-29 Plumeria rubra Poor specimens. inappropriate Remove

to the physical setting S30 EryUV'ina indica Retain 531 lantana camera Weed species. obsares part of Remove

site and exist. rock shelves. fubl'e management problem

532 Acokanthera spectabilis Retain S3J Coprosma §p. Retain 534-36 Rosa sp. Retain 537 Camellia sp. Retain

FIGURE 9

FIGURE 10

LlIIMIsn,. Unit 2 she_illt sandstone shelf

Pacific Street frentage she_iog fences Iy,e i) alNl iv)

43

44

CODE LANDSCAPE ITEn CotVtENT ACTION

HERBS

H1 Nephrolepis sp. Retain H2-4 Clivel sp. Retain HS-8 Nephrolepis sp. Retain H9 Hederl helix Retain HIO Geranium sp. Retain HII-13 Nephrolepis sp. Retain H14 Convolwlous sp. Weed species Md future Remove HIS Trldascanlil §p. and mixed weed sp. management problem Remove

CLIMBERS

CI-2 Tecoml sp. Retain C3 Parsonsi. slramine. Retain C4 80uglin villel sp. Retain CS Ficus pumil. Retain

C6 Convolulous sp. Weed species future Remove management problem

C7 Lonicer. sp. Retain

GRASSES

Gl Cynodon Retain G2 Stenotophorum secum datum Retain G3 Pennisetum c1andaslinum Retain

FENCES

i) Timber picket fence painted Retain ii) limber paling fence Retain iij) Metal mesh fence Delracts from setling Replace with

more symplthetic design

iv) Clipped limber fence On Pacific Street Frontaoe Replace unsympethelic modern intrusion on setting

v) Timber laUice screen painted Retain

SANDSTONE RETA.N.N6 WALLS

1) Coursed rock. face to Pacific Street Associated with raising of Retain boundary road J8V8I- assumed post WIll 1

2) Random rubble to Camp Cove Associlted with early staoe of Retain boundary IdIplion of property to military

residenlill use. High significlllCe.

3) Random rubble garden terrlCe IS above Retain retaining walls

FI6URE 11 Picket fence .INI site lerreciRt

FI6URE 1

CODE LANDSCAPE ITEn

CONCRETE PAVING AND ED6ING

Pathways. paved ., .. on upper lerrace on northern side of building. 6erden edging as concrete kerbs. Concr.l. base 10 bomdry against laing Reserve and part. of Pacific Streel.

SAND DEPOSITS

Forming prt of the former dune as well as an integral parl of the natural process of the Camp Cove 8.1Ch.

ConnENT

These .. e unsympathelic materials and detract from the the culb .. al significance of the place. particularly the concrete garden edgings and boundary retaining walls.

This area can become inundated by WtNe surges during high tiCtes and stormy weather causing depositions behind the fence line.

ACTION

Replace with materials consislenl with the early phase of residential use of the property.

Appropriate beach erosion management measures.

IIA TURAl. SANDSTONE OUTCROPS

Four areas ... shown in the analysis plan. including .xposed rock Strfaces on the lower parl of the sile (landscape unil 2).

VIEWS

Views northwards over Camp Cove and Towards South Head are significanl in terms of the setting of the former 8iological Station.

Highly significant IS Retain and ensure demonstrating .Iements of the the rock surfaces sile as il was when the 8iological .,e nol covered; Station was first established and Explore parl of nab .. al selting. possibilities lo

revul more nalural rock oulcrop surfac.s.

Originally the vi.ws from the verandahs and balconies of the former 8iological Station were significant from all aspects. Views have been obscured and

Remove selected plants to ISsisl in opening up views ISBn interpretation of the original setting.

Ind reduced to narrow vistas or obliterated altogether as on the southern side of the building. Adjacent building development on the southern side of Pacific Street Ind plantings in laing Reserw have masked views out whilst the encroaching boundary fence llso imposes on the quality of the prospect. (See Plates 7 and 6 for the existing views.)

.f6

47

2.1.2 THE BUILDIN8

The building, as it stands in 1986, is in sound structural condition. Minor roof leaks have been reported by the Army's ReQional Engineer. SyOOey and a brief inspection of the roof ~ confirms that there are some holes in the roof sheeting. The significance of the individual elements of the building is evaluated s::cording to the criteria esteb lished for this Conservation Plan in SECTION 1.1. To identify the locations of elements the spaces contained within the building heYe been identtfted by en alpha numeric code: U for upper floor level and e for 'Found floor level. for convenience the assessment is set out in the following table:

Doors and winmws are also numbered for reference purposes ( see Plates 15, 16. 17).

Loc.tio. It.m Altilily Assoc. F ..... I ... CDmmenl la lints .nUlelic "1DHSt. ... Ulin

EXTERIIAl

ROOF Form A ralain Sheeting C replaced end altered Chimneys A A A relain gutters and downpipes C replaced and altered

FASCIAS North Elev. B B retain ANDBARGE West Elav. B BandX replace metal barge S.W. BOARDS with timber to match orig.

South Elav. B BandX replace metal barge over bay window with timber to match orig.

East Elav. B B retain

VERAtC)AHS North Elev. C BandX reconstructed 1945 replace metal barge at west end

South Elav C B reconstructed 1945 East Elev. C B reconstructed 1945

EXTERNAL East Elev A CandX pre 1905. relined at STAIR later date. replace metal

barge with timber

EXTERNAL East Elev. X X intrusive element. TOILET relocate under noor

WAlLS North Elsv. A A A wboards from orig 1661 I.FPER construct. to 2/3 of elav. FLOCR West EIsv. B B wboards from c. 1920

South Elav. A A A WboIrds from 1661 and pre 1905.

East Elev. B C 1945 reconstruction

48

FIGURE 13 North elevaU ..

FIGURE

49

Lee.li_ Il .... Altilily As_c. F ..... I ... Commenl le lints ..sUa.lic "1HUl. ... lilies

WALLS North EJav. A A A stone wans and piers 6RQN) from 1661 const'n FLOOR modified door and

window openings. South EJav A A A stone foundation piers East Elav. A A A stone piers, replica of

Maday foundation stone

DOORS 01-3 C C modified from orig. D4 A A A pre 1905 OS X X mOdern door D6 X X . half glazed 07 - 015 X X 016 A A pre 1905 017 A A A door from 1661 ori9,

stage, repl. fly screens

WlNOOIIS W1-3 C C modified from orig. W4 X X modified, reinstate

former french door WS-I0 B C 1945 reconstruction W11 A C ori9. window modified.

New bottom sash. pelmet architrave.

W12 C Window added before 1945.

W14 A A Pre 1905 W15 8 8 Circa 1920 W16 -18 B B Possibly pre 1905

windows re-used W17 X X Badly altered W19 8 8 Circa 1920 '1120-22 A A Pre 1905

SOUTH STEPS X X ugly and discordant GAS80XAND elements, replace with PlANTER moI"eappropriatedesign

LATIICE SCREEN 8 8 north garden, retain

FIGURE 15 Replin of Hitlouho H_cl_y found_lion sione

FIGURES 16. 17 South ver.nd.h .nd p.ss.ge showing out of ch.ncter fence. concrete reuining w.1I .nd concrete steps

51

lee.U .. Il •• Altilily A!I!IK. F ..... I ... Canalaant le lints .nthelic .... ensl. .-lIlIes

INTERIIAL

G1 Floor C X repl. vinyl liIas with Terra Cola tiles

W.IIs (slone) A A B repl. gloss painl finish Wall (boards) A A A original 1661 Ceiling X X batlens modern delail Shower X X inlrusive modern delail Laundry lub C C Lighl filling C C bare globe

62 Floor C C carpel on concrete W.IIs (slone) A A B peeling kalsomine paint Walls (timber) A A A original 1661 Ceiling A A A underside of floor Shelf w. wall X X remove Lighl filling X X inapropri.te flotro batten

63 Floor C C concrete Walls (slone) A A B peeling kalsomine paint w.ns (timber) A A A original 1861 Ceiling A A A part of boarded ceiling

removed, melal ceiling rose. 681. steel vent'n dud requires further research.

Benches and A A A Biology Slation store Cupboards room fillings Light filling C C bare globe

U1 Floor C C verandah boards. 1945 Wans A A A 1661 weatherboards Ceiling C C 1945 reconstruction

U2 Carpet C C Floor boards A A A top surface not seen, in

good condilion underneath Walls A A Melal panel types 1. 2. 6 Skirting A A Ceiling A A A boards. closed skylight. Door 02 A A A 1861 door 8. archilrllV85 Doors 016.23 A A C. 1905 doors 8. arch. Door D6 X X modern door Light Filling X X Rice paper pendant

FIGURE 18

FIGURE 19

West .... or north verand" and laUice scr .. n .. 11

RINNa 63: ror .. r 8iological Stali .. st .... r ..

53

Lee.li_ Item Altility AsSK. F ..... I ... Camment la lints HSUaeUc MlHIISt. ... lilies

U3 Carpet C C Floor Boards A A A 8sU2 Skirting A A Walls A A A boards possibly 1661 +

pre 1905 Ceiling A A A 1661 boards Door 017 A A A only surviving 1661

french doors, remove pelmet

Doors 023,24 A A C. 1905 + architraves Wardrobes X X out of charicter light fitting X X 1940's pendant

U4 Carpet C C Floor boards ? ? not inspected Walls A A metal panel types 5, 6,10 Skirting A A Ceiling A A metal panel type 7, metal

ceiling rose Door 016 A A C. 1905, rep!. fly screen Door 025 A A C. 1905 Wardrobe X X out of character light Fitting X X 1940's out of character

US Floor B B carpet on boards Walls B B boards Skirting B B Ceiling B B boards Door 27 B 8 Window W1B,19 8 8 remove pelmets Wardrobe X X out of character light Fitting X X 1940's

U6 Bathroom X X out of character. refurbish

Door 029 8 A Panelled + large fanlioht

U7 Floor 8 8 carpet on boards Walls 6 6 boards Skirting 8 8 Ceiling B B boards Doors 028.30 8 8 Windows W15. 16 6 8 W .. drobe X X out of character light Fitting X X out of character

55

Loe.li_ It •• Allility ASS8C. F ..... I ... CDmm.nt le lints .nUlolic llelllH5t. ...lilies

U6 Floor A B not inspected Walls B C fibre cement and battens Skirting C C Ceiling B B bords Door 026 A A. Door 14 X X modern fly screen W14 A B Fireplace :5 B A C.1920

U9 Floor B B cllrpe1 + boards. no1 ·SlISc:ted <

Walls B B bords Skirting B B Ceiling B B bords Light Filling X X 1940's out of character

U10 Floor A A A c..-pet on boards. IIKIerside in good condilion

Walls A A melll panel lypes 1.2. boards at west end

Skirting A A Ceiling A A A 1881 + c. 1920's boards Light fittings X X 1904's pendants

U11 + U12 Floor A B asU2 W.11s A A melll panellypes 3.4.9 Skirting A A Ceiling A A A 1881 boards. fined

remnant of skylights Doors 02.22 A A A 1 BB1 panelled doors Doors 011.12 X X Modern. repl. to match

D17 Door 020 X X sliding. repl. to match 02 WindowW12 X X modern window. affects

si(JIificance Fire pI ICe 2 A A A+X surround and hearth

intact. grale gulted Light fittings X X 1940's

FI6URE 20

Fir.pl.c. 1 showing -ges log-

FI6URE 21

Fir.pl.c. 2 gull ... with ....... d Umb.r surro."

FIGURE 22

Rooms U11 end U12 showing mod.rn window W12

56

~7

Lec.lin Ilem Altilily Assoc. Fer .. 1 er C.nunenl te Unts .esUlellc "lDDII5l. .-lilies

U13 Floor A B asU2 Walls C C plaster, modern picture

rail Slc.irting X X modern bullnose Ceiling C C plaster + .mod. plaster

cornice Door 19 A+X A A+X door 1 BB " .. ch. bullnose Window Wl1 A+X A A+X 1661 window, modern

.. chi1rave, pelmet & new bottom sash

Fire place 1 A+X A A+X orig·. surrOUfl$! & cast iron. -gas log- + modern liles on he .. th

Light fitting X X 1940's

U14 Kitchen X X Kitchen fittings out of ch.-act.,.

Door D9 X X Modern 112 glazed WindowW4 X X ugly conversion of orig.

french doors Fire place A A B 1 BB 1 chimney breasl stm

intact Light Fitting X X nuorescent

U15 + 16 Floor C C 1945 boards Walls (inner) A A A 1661 boards Walls outer C C 1945 infil Ceiling C C 1945 reconstruction Doors D7,6,9 X X Modern nush doors

U16 Floor C C 1945 boards Walls A A A 1661 boards Ceiling C C 1945 reconstruction Balustrade C C 1945 reconstruction

U19 Floor C C carpet on 1945 boards Walls (iMer) A A 1905 boards Walls (outer) C C 1945 infil Ceiling C C 1945 reconstruction Doors 014,15 X X modern nush doors

FIGURE 23

Verandah U4 showing 1881 weatherboards and blocked up original doorway

FI8URE 24

Window W4. formerly french doors

2.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR RETENTION OF SI8NIFICANCE

2.2.1 EXTERNAL REQUIREMENTS

The building is classified as a single dwe11ing according to Ordinance 70 of the Local 60vernment Act. As it generally romplles with ordinance 70 no lDiitional works would be required.

Alison McCabe, the Area Planner, Woo11ahra Municipal Council, was consulted about the Council'S development controls on the site and in the surrounding area. The site is zoned "existing recreation" under the Woo11ahra Planning Scheme Ordinance. This zoning is retained in the Draft Local Environmental Plan for the Watson's Bey Area. This zoning accepts the existing residence on the site as an existing "non-conforming use". Further residential development on the site is not permitted under the current and proposed zonings. If it is intended, in the future, to build more housing on the site other than minor alterations end lDiitions to the existing residence, and if the normal procedures for development consent are to be strictly observed, it would be necessary to have the site rezoned by a Local Environmental Plan.

The surrounding area is zoned residential except for the end of Green Point which is part of Sydney Harbour National Park. The existing residential zoning permits a minimum a110tment Size of 675 SQ. metres. The draft Local Environmental Plan alters the surrounding area to an A65 residential zone which will permit a110tments of 400 SQ. metres. The area of the site is 2120 SQ. metres. The Q)I.lncil in exercising its planning controls is entitled to take into account the provisions of a Draft Local Environmental Plan (Section 90 of the Environmental Planning and assessment Act, 1979) and these draft planning controls are often recognised in the Lend and Environment Court as valid, depending on the circumstances of the case.

The Draft Local Environmental Plan contains height controls (maximum 8.2 metres), boundary setback controls and a facades polity. It also embodies provisions for declaration of Conservation Zones, one takes in the site of 31 Pl£ific Street, which is also listed individually as an Item of the Environmental Heritage.

If further residential development was envisaged on this site the local council would expect the form of development to at least comply with the minimum provisions of the Draft Local Environmental Plan with respect to the neighbouring residential zoning.

for reasons associated with the significance of this site it is strongly recommended that the Council's minimum provisions for residential development on the adjacent land are only pertly appropriate for development control on the subject s1te. The height, setback and facade controls ere most likely relevant but the draft Local Environmental Plan would allow two subdivisions within Landscape Unit 2, (the lower fiat part of the site to the east of the former Biological Station). Two subdivisions are considered excessive end prejudicial to the heritage significance of the site. This matter is expanded further in Section 2.3 RECOMMENDED FUTURE US[

2.2.2 CLIENT REQUIREMENTS

The Army's requirements for the future use of the bullding have been discussed with Major Trevor MecEwan, Ratal Australian Engineers, Forest lOOJe Depot. The army has a shortage of suitable famlly accommodation for senior officers and wishes to continue to use the property as a residence for a Brigad1er 6eneral and family. The m1litary authorlties have stated that no work is proposed within the boundaries of the site untll this Conservation Plan Is rompleted and amptecJ by the pernmenl

The V8B1t area of land to the south east (Landscape Unit 2) has been the subject of recent publicity in the local press.74 An article in the Wentworth Courier expressed the concern, about plans by the army to bulld more housing on the undeveloped section of the site, of local residents, the local councll, and others having an interest in the early history of the site as a Biological Station, .

While development of this land to house army personnel has been considered in the past, there are no speciflc plans in existence at present to revelop the site in the manner reported. It is understood that the military authorities are looking to this Conservation Plan to show whether the undeveloped section of the site has any cultural or environmental significance.

2.3 RECOMMENDED FUTURE USE

The recommended future use of the site and buildings is as a family residence for senior army officers. The future maintenance and repair of the property should be strictly sxording to the gutdellnes set mwn in this BnJment. Most particularly, all survtvtng items interpreting the former use of the building as a Biological Station and the condltion of the site before, and at the time of the first stage of the evolution of the building, are to to be retained and protected.

The undeveloped section of land to the southeast, in landscape Unit 2, is not oonsiderecJ to be of major cultural or environmental significance. Part of this area could be used for residential revelopment of one subdivision of 100 - 600 SQ. metres, subject to the following conditions:

1. Am! building in this part of the site should be located towards Victoria Street.

2. The exposed sandstone rock shelf in landscape Unit 2 should not be disturbed or covered by building ronstruction, paving or landscaping.

3. Any building on this part of the site should be relatively low and not intrude into the visual catchment of the existing house at 31 Pfl:ific Street.

4. Any building development should be specially tEsigned to observe to the heritage and environmental constraints of the site. Its architectural qualities must be ronsistent with the historic architecture of the former Biological Station and be appropriate to the general architectural charfl:ter of the Watson's Bay! camp Cove area.

5. Wool1ahra Council's draft minimum subdivision controls for the a::Ijfl:ent residential zones are not oonsiderecJ to be stringent enough for this site on heritage ronservation grounds. The maximum extent of development on the south east end of the site could only be one medium sized house.

74 Weotwortb Courier. 10tb September. 1986.

60

6. The current and proposed zoning of the stlKtt area will not permit any further residential development. If e011t1onal residential development on the former Biological Station site is proposed discussions with local and State authorities should take pl~

2.1 STATEMENT OF CONSERVATION POLICY

2.1. 1 LANDSCAPE SETTlN6

The setting should be treated as a plll:e which balances the remnants of a naturallandsc8pe with the cultural landscape which marks the phases of European habitation generally up to the 1930's.

The cultural landscape treatment should be restricted to Landscape Unit 1 (the garden).

Generally the philosophy of creating an informal, more natural setting will assist in providing a viable residential property with an appropriate setting for the interpretation of a former signiflcant use, the Biological Station.

2.1.2 THE BUILDIN8

The building should be put back into the condition it would have been in at the time when its evolution from a Biological station to a military officer's family residence was complete enouQh to provide adeQuate residential amenities and when the architectural char~ter of all of its elements was, although of different periOOs, consistent and harmonious. This corresponds to the state of the building at the stage identified as circa 1920 and shown in the plan at Plate 11

It is nEaSSBry to accept some of the changes which have occured since that time because they replll:e former fabric in such a wrt{ that to replll:e it to what is assumed to be the original detail would be meaningless in the current context. for this reason it is recommended that the 1945 reconstruction of the verandahs and the associated infl11 should be accepted (with minor modiflcations) as a later change which although of no architectural distinction, is not seriously detrimental to the interpretation of significance of the surviving historic fabric.

It would be appropriate to reconstruct those parts of the verandah which have not been completely displaced by the western extensions of the house to reproduce the original design, if at some future time accurate cttumentary evidence is found, eg., the architect's original working drawings.

61

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2.6 CONSERYATION POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

2.6.1 LANDSCAPE SETTlN8

Remove weed species and rationalise existing grass areas by removing selected areas to expose more rock surfa::e; where rock surfll:eS are not near the surfa::e replant sections with indigenous shrubs and ground covers. This treatment could act as a "natural" ed]e between the two landscape units of the site.

Remove trees and other plants as identified in the INVENTORY Of LANDSCAPE ITEMS for clarity of interpretation, to create more usable space and to partially reinstate significant v1ews.

2.5.2 SCHEDULE OF CONSERYATlON WORKS

The fonow1ng schedule of conservation works 1s descr1bed 1n general terms only and may be reed in conjunction with the annotated measured drawings at Plates 15, 16 and 17 and SECTION 2.1.2 of this Conservation Plan.

Lacalion Item

EXTERNAL TOILET

UNDER ust FLOOR SPACE

VERANDAH

Sheeting

Barges. flSCilS

Gutters and downpipes

STONEWORK

PAINTING

Recommended.arks

GenerallyovarhJul. secure loose fixings. rectify Inlts at west end. rebuild poorly made nlShing at jtllCtion of south verandah Ind south flCing gable

RepllCe metal barges with timber to match erly flSCilS. repllCe birdwire to more appropriate detail

Generally clean out and overhaul. check gutter falls and down pipe discharges.

, Remove and reinstate board linings to match existing boards on enclosed external stair

Remove loose weld mesh and unblock grated drain at the66 south

corner

Replace poor quality timber flScias to verandah noor. improve detail of timber blocking between joists over walls

Generally remove areas of cement rendering and cement pointing Ind repoint with lime rich mortar.

Repaint all previously painted surfaces to the reconvnended colour selection scheme

65

Gl Floor

Wills

Ceilings

G2 Wills

Floor

G3 Walls

Fittings

Ceiling

lPPER Wills. ceilings FL<XR SPACES GENERALLY Floors

Light fittings

Doors

Rec .... mended works

RepllCe vinyl tiles with selected terrl cota tiles

Remove gloss plint and recOlt with wlter based nit ICrylic.

Reline with beaded l50mm boarding

Remove paint Ilyers including kllsomine and recOlt in nit Wlter based acrylic.

Remove carpet and IIY selected terra cota tiles

Prepare and repaint to selected colour scheme

Generllly clrry out joinery replirs and replint IS for walls

Record galv, metal ventilation duct and reinstate l50mm beaded boards to match existing. replint

Replint to selected colour scheme. Preserve metal penal linings where affected by rust

Investigate condition of upper surfaces of noorina boards and if acceptable sand and polish noors in U2. 3.9.10.11.12.13: install selected neutral carpet in Bedrooms (eg.. 8erber).

Remove incompatible light fittings and install selected fittings in keeping with the charlCter of the house (eg .• french gll5s shades. enamelled metal shades or fittings from the 1920's period.

Replace 06. 9, 20 with panelled doors to match the existing doors

Replace D7. 6. 10, 14. 15 with framed ledged and part braced half glazed doors.

Replace D 11.12 with french doors to match 017

Remove nyscreen from 06. install ny screens of more compltible design to Dl1. 12, 14. 16. 17 and reinstated french door at '114

Replace architraves to D16 (Kitchen side). 19,20, 11.12

66

Windows

U6 \111115

Ull FirepllCe 2

U12 \111115

Fireplace 3

RecDlRmended werts

Ease and adjust 111 windows.

Repllce \1117 with window IS original for C. 1920 IS evidence by crude patching of weatherboards around window (probably 1905 window re-used). install obscl.Fe glass acid etched.

Replace \114 with french doors to match 017

Remove \1112 and carefully patch internal and external wall linings. melal panels may have to be specially moulded to match (eg .• fibre glass)

Remove pelmets from \1111. lB. 19.

Repllce architrave to \1111 to match orig.

Replace fibre cement and bitten Will linings with boards to mltch lfi.7

Provide cast iron firepllCe and restore to working order. joinery repairs to limber surromd and mantel

Replace picll.Fe rlil with moulding to match UB. Replace skirting to match original. repllCe cornice with simple limber seolia end malte good plaster 5I.Fflce

Remove -gas log- fire and reinstate ClSt iron fireplace to working arder. replace hearth tiles with more appropriate tiles.

67

2.5.3 SCHEDULE OF RECOMMENDED NEW WORKS

The recommended new works are those works considered necessary to repla::e existing items which are prejudicial to the cultural significance of the building. The proposed new works are not intended to reproduce, replicate, or substitute for, lost details, materials or finishes. The philosophy Edlpted for the proposed new works is that they should be more architectural1y mrnpatible with the historic fabric of the house than the elements they replace without attempting to adopt any specific historic architectural style. It is not intended that the items of new works should compete with existing historic elements of the building as manifestations of 8lrI architectural style. In many cases they are works required to maintain today's expectations of residential amenity and to recognise the requirements of the Department of Defence for senior officer's family housing.

Location Item

U6 Bathroom

U3,4 ,5,7 Wardrobes Cupboards

U14 Kitchen

61 Laundry

DOWNSTAIRS TOILET

SOUTH ENTRY

Comment

Refurbish to a design more in keeping with the character of the house and up to present standards of bath room fit out.

Remove existing wardrobes and cupboards, reconsider locations and provide fittings more in keeping with the character of the house

Refurbish Kitchen to a design more in chars:ter with the heritage significance of the house, replan the Kitchen to enable W 4 to be restored to french IDlrS to match D 17

Redesign laundry and shower fit out to relate better to the chars:ter of the house.

Repla::e the existing mwnstairs toilet; two options have been identified and should be the subject of a further design stlD/:

1) Adjacent to the laundry in the underfloor space

2) In the laundry

The existing south entry mrnprising a raised concrete path, stairs, planter boxes and gas box is considered to be very ~trimental to the heritage qualities of the building. These items should be demolished and replaced with a simple new e1", of an entry made from hardwoo1 deck1ng and steps made from hardwood open treads, or stone. The gas box should be relocated elsewhere out of sighl

68

fl8URE 25

Bathrooll

FIGURE 26

Kitchen

FIGURE 21

Laundry

69

f L~

70

FIGURE 28 East elevetion showing added external toilet

2.5.4 SCHEDULE OF COLOURS AND FINISHES

Normally 1n projects such as th1s one, pa1nt lfr)ler sampl1ng 1s 00ne to determine the sequence of colours and paint types used on the building's surfaces. From this evidence a colour schedule for use in future maintenance programmes is determined.

In this case it is considered innappropriate to investigate paint lfr)lers in this WflY for two reasons:

, . Most of the materials and surfaces dating from the significant periods of the building's development have been replEK:ed, covered over or were never painted. The external face of the sandstone has never been painted. The internal face of the sandstone has unfortunately, been covered over by paint. The verandahs and the roof sheeting have been completely renewed. While there are elem'ents such as some of the original weatherboards and ceiling boards which mflY reveal earlier colour schemes it is considered that not enough elements belonging to the significant stages of the building's development remain to establish a comprehensive interpretive colour schedule that would have any meaning.

2. The building is in use as a family home. An investigative programme of paint layer sampling would be disruptive to the occupants and detrimental to the appearance of the house.

The architectural style of the house house is derived mainly from its late Victorian and Edwardian elements. It is recommended that the colour scheme to be used for future maintenance of the property should be charecteristic of the most recent architectural period at which it maintained a high degree of aesthetic unity. Even though a sign1f1cant period of the evolution occured about 1920, this event is of more significance chronologically than in terms of architectural style.

Therefore the proposed colour scheme is one which ls representative of the Edwardian Period. The reference source for the colour schedule is "Colour Schemes for Old Australian Houses" by

lan Evans, Clive lucas and lan Stapleton.75 It is not the only appropriate colour scheme and is stJgJested as a guide. It can not be stressed too strongly that fIlr'I future colour scheme for the former Biological Station should be determined by a specialist Conservation Architect with reference to the recommended period of the building's development to be interpreted. The colour code references ere from British Standards colour cards 2660 and 381 C.

75 EYIUlI, I., LoeD, C., Stapleton, I., COLOUR SCHEMES POR OLD AUmALlAN HOUSES, The

Plannel Plower Pr •• , Sydney ,1984

71

SCHEDULE OF COLOURS AND FINISHES

EXTERIOR

Slonework to ground floor Weatherboards Architraves. Window frames. transoms and mullions Door frames. transoms Front door. fanlight sashes French doors Window sashes Verandah posts. balustrade rlils.verandah beam Balusters Soffit of verlndah roof Exposed rafters and blocking pieces Gable woodwork (louvres. struts and bellcast infill) EIMtS 50ffits Barge end flscil boards Gutters Downpipes

INTERIOR

unpainted Biscuit 369 light beige 366 light beige 366 Light beige 366 Gulfred 473 Biscuit 369 Biscuit 369 Gulf red 369 light beige 366 Elu-d8-niI216-light beige 366 light beige 366 light beige 366 light beige 366 Gulf red 473 to match SW'rounds

Colour schemes and decoration for interiors in the perioo 1900-1915 included pressed metal panels and elaborate plaster ceilings. Australian flora motifs were used for plaster and metal ceilings painted in subdued natural colours. The wall frieze might be painted the same colour 8S the ceiling.

Colours used for walls and ceilings included pastel shades of buff or blue-grey. Joinery was painted, varnished or stained. Typicalinterlor colour schemes described in "Colours for Old Australian Houses" which could be fllBpted for this building are:

ENTRANCE HALL

DINING ROO1

BEDROO1

Walls Walls. moulds brackets etc Joinery

Ceiling. wan frieze Md cornice

wans- body Walls- frieze wans- mouldings Joinery Ceiling. ceiling rose end cornice

W.l1s- body Walls- mouldings Joinery

Ceiling and cornice

81ue 8088 light cream 3033 Varni,shed in Service Brown 4f99 light cream 3033

Deep indian red 448 Off white 4046 Off white 40-46 French grey 630 White

Pink beige 3034 Grey green S060 Grey green 5060 Md pale cream 4052 White

72

LIST OF REFERENCE SOURCES

NEWSPAPERS. dOURNALS. UNPUBLISHED WORKS

Australian Herilage Commission. Register of the National Eslate Bibliography of Resources on Sydney Harbour National Park. Historian. A.HR.S National Parks and

Wildlife Service Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. Vo1.IV. 1918 Linnean Society. Proceedings of. Ser. 1. Vol.3. 29th July. 1676; Ser .1. Vol.3. 26th August. 1676;

Ser.1. Vo1.3. January. 1879; SIr.1. Vo1.6. 23rd February. 1861. Mitchell Library Microfilm. Sydney

Mitchell Library. Sydney. uncatalogued manuscript index. Ml MSS 156/l1x pp 661-684 National Parks and Wildlife Service. Register of Aboriginal Sites National Trust of Australia (NSW). Listing cards. Mitchell Library. Sydney Nature. Vol.l2. Aug •. 26. 1675. Miklouho Mac1ay. N. letter to Anton Dohrn Nature. Vol.l2. 6th May. 1875; Vo1.12. 2nd September. 1875; Vol.20. 25th September. 1879;

Vo1.24. 4th August. 1661; Vol. 24. 22nd September. 1661; Vol.27 15th February. 1663. Mitchell Library Microfilm file. Sydney

NSW Parliamentary Papers. 2nd Session of 1906. Vol 2. Part 1 Newsletter of the Miklouho-Mlc1ay Society of Austrllil. Vo1.7 No 2. (series 26) May. 1986 Newsletter of the Miklouho-Mac1IY Society of Australia. Vol.3 No 1 (series 9) February. 1982 Newsletter of the Miklouho-Maclay Society of Australil. Vo1.2 No 3 (series 7) August. 1980; Vol.2

No 3 (series 7). August. 196 ,; Vol.2 No 4 (series 6) October. 1981; Vol.7 No 3 (series 27) August. 1966

Rate Books 1664-1666. 1666-1667. Woollahra Council Chambers Records of occupancy. Green Point ~arters. Victoril BarrlCks. Paddington Register of the Colonial Secrelary's letters. Archives of NSW Report on the Biologicll Station by William A. HlSwell. Hon. Secretary and Trel!Rrlr of the Trust. State Properliews transfered to the Commonwealth. Report of the Committee 1903. Archives

Authority of NSW Sydney Mail. 14th May. 186 1. Library of NSW. Sydney Sydney Morning Herlld. 31st August. 1878. Library of NSW. Sydney Sydney Morning Herlld. 16th December. 1879. Library of NSW. Sydney Sydney Morning Herlld. 7th February. 1882. Library of NSW. Sydney Wentworth Courier. 10th September. 1966 Wilson G.C. Sydney Harbour Fortifications ArchiVlI Study. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Part 1 March. 1965.

LIST OF REFERENCE SOURCES

NEWSPAPERS. JOURNALS. UNPUBLISHED WORKS

Australian Heritage Commission. Register of the National Estate Bibliography of Resources on Sydney Harbour National Park. Historian. A.H.R.S National Parks and

Wildlife Service Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. Vol. IV. 1918 Linnean Society. Proceedings of. Ser.l. Vo1.3. 29th July. 1878; Ser.1. Vo1.3. 26th August. 1878;

Ser.l. Vo1.3. January. 1879; Ser.l. Vo1.6. 23rd February. 1881. Milchelllibrary Microfilm. Sydney

Milchelllibrary. Sydney. uncatalogued manuscript index. Ml MSS 156/lIx pp 661-684 National Parks and Wildlife Service. Register of Aboriginal Sites National Trust of Australia (NSW). listing cards. Mitchelllibrary. Sydney Nature. Vo1.12. Aug •. 26. 1875. Miklouho Maclay. N. letter to Anton Oohrn, _ Nature. Vo1.12. 6th May. 1875; Vo1.12. 2nd September. 1875; Vo1.20. 25th September. 1879;

Vo1.24. 4th August. 1881; Vol. 24. 22nd September. 1881; Vol.27 15th February. 1883. Milchelllibrary Microfilm file. Sydney

NSW Parliamentary Papers. 2nd Session of 1908. Vo12. Part 1 Newsletter of the Miklouho-Maclay Society of Australia. Vol.7 No 2. (series 26) May. 1986 Newsletter of the Miklouho-Maclay Society of Australia. Vol.3 No 1 (series 9) February. 1982 Newsletter of the Miklouho-Maclay Society of Australia. Vol2 No 3 (series 7) August, 1980; Vol.2

No 3 (series 7). August, 1981; Vol.2 No 4 {series 8) October. 1981; Vol.7 No 3 (series 27) August. 1966

Rate Books 1884-1886. 1886-1887. WoolI*a Council Chambers Records of occupancy. Green Point ~arters. Victoria Barracks. Paddington Register of the Colonial Secretary's letters. Archives of NSW Report on the Biological Station by William A. Haswell. Hon. Secretary and Treasurer of the Trust. Slate Properliews transfered to the Commonwealth. Report of the Committee 1903. Archives

Authority of NSW Sydney Mail. 14th May. 1881. Library of NSW. Sydney Sydney Morning Herald. 31st August. 1878. library of NSW. Sydney Sydney Morning Herald. 16th December. 1879. Library of NSW. Sydney Sydney Morning Herald. 7th February. 1882. library of NSW. Sydney Wentworth Courier. 10th September. 1986 Wilson G.C. Sydney Harbour Fortifications Archival Study. NSW National Paries and Wildlife Service. Part 1 March. 1985.

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