cong nghe len men cac sp trai cay

8/8/2019 Cong Nghe Len Men Cac Sp Trai Cay

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M UTri cy ti khng nhng l sn phm c gi tr dinh dng cao, m cn l

thc phm ti phc v trc tip trong i sng hng ngy nh cung cp vitamin,axit hu c, mui khong... cho con ngi. Do nc ta c kh hu nhit i m nnvic bo qun tri cy ti l rt kh, d b thi, hng sau khi thu hoch v vn

chuyn lm gim phm cht ban u ca tri cy. Do bn cnh vic bo qun tricy ti th vic ch bin cc loi tri cy cng c ngha ht sc quan trng nhmnng cao gi tr s dng ca cc loi tri cy v ph hp vi nhu cu, th hiu cangi tiu dng, ng thi to ra ngnh sn xut mi gp phn to vic lm n nhv tng thu nhp lm cho ngi dn.

T lu chng ta bit ch bin tri cy bng nhiu phng php to ra ccsn phm khc nhau nhng vn gi uc gi tr dinh dng v cung cp nng lngcho con ngi nh: sn phm tri cy p ng, tri cy nu chn, mt tri cy sykh, dch tri cy ln men to ra cc sn phm ru, c bit l ru Vang tricy. Mi loi tri cy sau khi ln men u c hng v thm ngon ring bit cho ta

cm gic sng khoi.Ru Vang - thc cht l sn phm dch nho ln men - tr thnh mt loiru truyn thng lu i cc nc c vng nguyn liu nho phong ph. Sau nyngi ta m rng s dng cc loi tri cy khc ln men. T c khi nimmi - ru Vang tri cy v ngy nay vic lm ra ru Vang tri cy ngy cng trnn ph bin. Trn th gii hin c hng trm loi ru Vang tri cy khc nhauc sn xut quy m cng nghip v quy m gia nh.

Ru Vang tri cy l sn phm uc a chung nhiu trn th gi v huht trong tt c cc bui l hi, cc bui tic gia nh, n l mt trong nhng ung khng th thiu c. Ru Vang tri cy tr thnh thc ung truyn thng

t xa xa ca ngi u - M. Hin nay, ngi chu cng lm quen vi ruVang tri cy trong mi ba n.Vi ngun nguyn liu sn c a phng tu tng ma, tng thi v m

chng ta to ra nhng sn phm ru Vang tri cy mong mun.Ru Vang tri cy c xem l nhng thc ung t nhin c li cho sc

khe v thc cht ch l nc tri cy ln men, c th dng lm thc ung hoc phach to thnh cc dng cocktail.

Ru vang l mt loi ru nh c ln men t dch p tri cy, l mt thcung c gi tr dinh dng cao, hng v thm ngon v c li cho sc khe conngi khi dng mt cch iu .

Trn th gii, nht l cc nc Chu u, ru vang c t lu i vc dng rt ph bin. Nhng nc ta, sn phm ru vang vn cha c quantm nhiu, qui m sn xut ch yu di dng th cng, ln men t nhin cha cc s khoa hc cng nh phng php hp l dn n nng sut cng nh chtlng sn phm cha cao.

Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, cng ngh sn xut ru bia cng c s pht trin mnh m. Trong qu trnh sn xut ru truyn thng, ru nhoc ln men t nhin do nhiu chng nm men c sn trn tri nho. sn phmn nh v t cht lng cao cn c cc quy trnh sn xut ph hp vi cc loi tricy nht nh v cc chng nm men ti u cho qu trnh ln men. Chnh v vy

ti TM HIU CNG NGH LN MEN CC SN PHM T TRI CY sa ra cc quy trnh ln men cc sn phm t tri cy thch hp nht.

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PHN I. TNG QUAN TI LIU1.1. Tng quan v sn phm ru vang.1.1.1. Tnh hnh sn xut ru vang trn th gii.

Ngi ta bit lm ru vang t 3000 nm trc cng nguyn. n thi trungc nhu cu v ru vang khong 150 lit/ngi/nm. Cho n nay trn th

gii c hng lot ru khc nhau v cng ngh ch bin ru vang pht trin mc rt cao, tr thnh ngh tht s mang li tnh thng mi ti nhiu quc giathuc Chu u, Chu Mnh: Php, Italia, M, Nga, c, c vi tng snlng gn 29 t lit/nm.

Trc kia ngun nguyn liu sn xut ru vang hu ht cc quc giach l qu nho chn thu hoch t mt s ging nho c tuyn chn k dnh ringcho sn xut vang v c trng mt s vng nht nh.

Ngy nay do s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh sinh hc nht l lnh vcsinh ha, vi sinh vt v ngun nguyn liu sn xut vang cng chuyn dnsang mt s qu khc nh: du, m, s-ri, to, l, da, hng xim,

S pht trin cng ngh ch bin ru vang ti mt s quc gia trin th giith hin qua bng sau:Bng 1.1: Sn lng ru mt s quc gia trn th gii (lt/ngi/nm).

1.1.2. Tnh hnh nghin cu, sn xut ti Vit Nam. Vit Nam ngnh sn xut ru vang mi tht s bt u t nhng nm 80ca th k XX, c nh du t s hin din ca vang mang nhn hiu ca

Thng Long trn th trng ni a. Trc nm 2001, ru vang ca Php v chim lnh th trng nhng nay thi th khc, khi m ru vang ca Chil, c,

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Ty Ban Nha ang trn vo th trng Vit Nam, tp trung nhiu nht TP.HCM,km theo l chin lc qung b, tip th rm r cc nh hng, khch sn, siu th.

Vang sn xut trong nc cng ang cnh tranh quyt lit vi vang ngoinhp nh li th gi thp hn vang ngoi, khng phi chu thu nhp khu v ngitiu dng c thu nhp thp u c th mua mt chai ru vang ni vo dp tt khigi t bnh qun 30.000 50.000 ng/chai, thp hn 2-3 ln so vi vang ngoinhp loi trung bnh.

Theo Hip hi ru bia v nc gii kht Vit Nam, hin nay trong nc ckhong 10 doanh nghip sn xut ru vang, vi sn lng mi nm khong 12,5triu lt. Cc nhn hiu ru vang trong nc quen thuc vi ngi tiu dngnh vang Lt ca cng ty thc phm Lm ng, vang Thng Long, vang ng. Trong khi vang ngoi nhp cng ang tng mnh v s lng. Theo Tngcc Hi quan, trong nm 2003, hi quan ca khu s dng khong 8 triu temru nhp khu, tng gn gp i so vi nm 2002. l cha k nhng trnghp ru vang nhp khng chnh thc.

Ru vang Lt ca cng ty thc phm Lm ng chim c cmtnh ca ngi tiu dng trong nc vi cht lng n nh, hp vi s thch ngiVit v gi bn thp so vi vang ngoi, ph hp vi thu nhp ca a s ngi tiudng bnh dn. Mt cn b kinh doanh ca cng ty ny cho bit dp tt ny snlng ru vang ca cng ty tiu th tng mnh, c phn phi trong hu ht ccsiu th trong nc, nht l TP.HCM.

Hin nay khch nc ngoi c nhiu xua hng n Vit Nam ngy cngnhiu thng qua con ng lm vic v du lch. V vy nhu cu s dng ru vangtng ln ng k.

1.1.3. Phn loi ru vang.Nhiu ngi qun gi ru Vang l ru cht hoc ru nho. Theo gii tiu

dng th ru vang c phn lm bn loi: ru Vang bn, ru vang si tm,ru Vang mnh, ru Vang mi.

Ru Vang bn gm 3 loi: Vang , Vang trng v Vang hng c hmlng ru t 9 14%, thng c dng trong cc ba n gia nh. Ru vang

bn c sn xut t s ln men ca dch tri nho.Ru Vang si tm: Cn c gi ln khc l ru Sm Banh, c t 8% -

12%, thng dng vo dp lin hoan hoc ba n sang trng. Ru Vang si tm ldo b sung thm CO2, c sn xut t cc ging nho trng vng Champagnethuc nc Php.

Ru Vang nng: L loi ru Vang c pha thm ru mnh Brandy tng hm lng cn, thng t 17% - 22%. Ru Vang nng thay i nng gialoi ngt v khng ngt. Loi khng ngt c nng cn cao hn th dng lmVang khai v, cn loi ngt th dng trng ming.

Ru Vang mi: L loi ru c hm lng cn t 15% - 20% l Vang ccng ha thm mi thm.

Ru Vang nho c xp thnh 6 loi c ghi trn nhn chai:Loi 1. DRY: Rt nngLoi 2. SEC: NngLoi 3. DEMI SEC: Hi nng

Loi 4. MOELLEUX: Si tmLoi 5. DOUX: DuLoi 6. LIQOUREUX: Rt du.

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1.2. Tng quan v nguyn liu.1.2.1. Nho.Trong sn xut ru vang, nho l mt nguyn liu truyn thng rt c a

thch v c gi tr dinh dng cao. Nho c trng nhiu cc nc Chu u nhtl Php v M. nc ta nho cng c trng mt s tnh min Trung vang pht trin ngh trng nho vi y trin vng pha trc.

Trn qu nho c rt nhiu loi nm men c mt mt cch t nhin l nhn tchnh tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut ru vang nho ln men t nhin truyn thng.

Qu nho p c 85 95% dch qu. Nc nho ln men to ra mt loi ruvang c gi tr dinh dng cao, hng v c trng, thm ngon v mu sc rt p.

Nho c thnh phn ha hc trung bnh nh sau:- Nc: 70 90%- ng: 10 25% (trong ch yu l glucose, fructose v saccharose)- Acid hu c: 0,5 1,7% (ch yu l acid malic v factoric)- Protein: 0,1 0,9%- Pectin: 0,1 0,3%- Khong: 0,1 0,5%- Vitamin: C, B1, B2, PP- Cc hp cht mu: mu chnh l anthocyanin.- Cc hp cht thm v mt s hp cht khc.

Nho l loi qu l tng nht ln men ch bin ru vang v:- Nho cha nhiu ng, khong 15 20%, ng li di dng d ln

men, nhiu mui khong nht l K, P, Mg,Ca,S . Thch hp cho qu trnh ln mend dng, to ru cao, c ch c hot ng ca cc vi khun c hi, ru boqun c lu.

- Cht lng ru nho tt hn cc loi vang qu khc v c hng v m ,hi ha gia v ngt vi v chua ca axit, v cht ca tanin, li thm cc v phong

ph khc ca glixerin, axit amin, mui khong. Mu sc ru nho hp dn nh ccc cht to mu anto- xian, tanin v.v.- Sn lng qu nho trn n v din tch cao v hiu sut trch ly dch qu ln nncung ng di do nguyn liu cho cng nghip sn xut ru vang

1.2.2. Da.Da, thm hay cn gi l khm tn khoa hc l Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.,

thuc h da (Bromeliaceae). Da l loi cy tho c thn ngn nhng mang nhiur kh sinh, vi cc l di phn b u xe ra t pha hnh hoa th. Da va l thc

phm va c tc dng l thuc.Da c nh gi cao hn chui v cht lng: mi thm c sc, mu scqu hp dn, nhiu ng, ng thi chua cng cao, li nhiu nc, hp khu v.C th n km thc n nh mt loi rau. c bit trong qu da, c mt cht men l

bromelin gip cho vic tiu ha cc cht protein ging nh pepsin u , nnngi ta hay dng da lm mn n khai v. Thng th ngi ta dng da xo,nu canh vi tht, c. Ngn da non dng lm rau nu canh n c nh qu. Dac th dng thi lt n vi cm, cng c th dng mui da. La da chn, ngt, gt

b v, khot sch mt da, ct ra tng khoanh mng. Dng mui bt xoa ln mtcc khoanh da cho u ri vo keo y kn. Nu khng p mui th nc

mm vo ngm. Sau 3 ngy, ming da ngm mm, mui, ngi ta cho thm ti,t v ng ct vo trn u, dnh n vi cm.

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Do c nhiu cht ng (saccharose 12,43% v glucose 3,21%), nhiuvitamin A, B, C nn da l loi qu n b dng, d tiu ha, li tiu, ty c.

Da c nhiu sinh t C, cht x pectin v cht gum. Thnh phn dinh dngca 100gr da:

m: 81.3 - 91.2 (g)Tinh cht Ether: 0.03-0.29 (g)Cht x: 0.3-0.6 (g)

Nitrogen: 0.038-0.098 (g)Tro: 0.21-0.49 (g)Calcium: 6.2-37.2 (mg)Phosphorus: 6.6-11.9 (mg)Iron: 0.27-1.05 (mg)Carotene: 0.003-0.055 (mg)Thiamine: 0.048-0.138 (mg)Riboflavin: 0.011-0.04 (mg)

Niacin: 0.13-0.267 (mg)Ascorbic Acid: 27.0-165.2 (mg)

Da cn c cht bromelain, mt loi enzyme thy phn protid ging nhpapain ca u , c tc dng lm mm tht v cho tht v thm ngon. Br cng haygy ra d ng da cho ngi tiu th. Da ng hp cn gi c sinh t C nhng

bromelain b hi nng thiu hy.1.2.3. Chui.H Chui (danh php khoa hc: Musaceae) l mt hthc vt mt l mm

bao gm cc loi chui tiu v chui l.Chui l mt loi rau qu c thnh phn ca hu ht nhng vi cht cn thit

cho s bin dng ca c th. Ngoi ra chui c th iu ho hot ng ca h thnkinh v lm gim nguy c nhng bnh v tim mch do hm lng Potassium tnhin rt cao c trong chui.Thnh phn dinh dng ca 100 gram tht chui cung cp 92 kcal- Protein: 1,03g- K: 396 mg- NA: 1 mg- Calcium: 6 mg- Fe: 0,31 mg- Mg: 29 mg

- P: 20 mg- ZN: 0,16 mg- Cu: 0,104 mg- Mn: 0,152 mg- Se: 1,1 mg- Vitamine C: 9,1 mg- Thiamin: 0,045 mg- Riboflavin: 0,1 mg

- Niacin: 0,54 mg- Pantothenic Acid: 0,26 mg- Pyridoxin: 0,578 mg- Folate: 19 mg- Tryptophan: 0,012 g- Threonine: 0,034 g

- Isoleucine: 0,033 g- Leucine: 0,071 g- Lysine: 0,048 g- Methionine: 0,011 g- Phenylalanine: 0,038 g- Valine: 0,047 g- Arginine: 0,047 g- Histidine: 0,081 g

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http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danh_ph%C3%A1p_khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_(sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc)http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_m%E1%BB%99t_l%C3%A1_m%E1%BA%A7mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu%E1%BB%91ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chu%E1%BB%91i_l%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danh_ph%C3%A1p_khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_(sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc)http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_m%E1%BB%99t_l%C3%A1_m%E1%BA%A7mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu%E1%BB%91ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chu%E1%BB%91i_l%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1


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1.2.4. H vi sinh vt.- Vi khun: Hiu kh bt buc.Vi khun thuc ging: Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Microcicus, v vi khun ln

men Acetic thuc ging Acetobacter.- Nm mc: Hiu kh bt buc thng hin din trong giai on ln men

chnh.Nm mc thuc ging:Aspergiluss, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Botrytis- Nm men: C 4 loi nm men t nhin khc nhau: Metschnikowia,

Hanseniapora, Hensenula v CandidaNm men b sung c s dng nhiu nht l Saccharomyces cerevisiae ph

bin trong ln men ru vang chim 80% trong tng s Saccharomyces. H enzymca chng nm men ny: C enzym invertase c kh nng kh ng saccharosethnh glucose v fructose. C kh nng kt lng nhanh, kh nng to ru: 8 -10%so vi th tch.

Saccharomyces uvarum: To cn: 12-13% so vi th tch.Saccharomyces chevalieri: To cn: 16% so vi th tch.Saccharomyces oviform: Pht trin tt trong nc nho v cc loi tri cy

khc, chu c cn cao, to cn: 18% so vi th tch.c im chung: Nhit thch hp pht trin 18 25 0C, c ch sinh sn

nhit 350C, ngng sinh sn nhit 400C.

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PHN II: QUY TRNH LN MEN RU VANG NHO2.1. Qu trnh ln men.2.1.1. Cc iu kin ca qu trnh ln men.

Nng ng: Thch hp nht l 20 28%, nu cao hn th nng lc lnmen gim v ngc li nu thp s khng to c iu kin cho qu trnh ln men.

Trn thc t, nng ng 30 35% th s ln men b nh ch.Oxy: nm men l loi vi sinh vt h hp ty tin v ch trong iu kin ymkh n mi tin hnh ln men ru, nu trong mi trng cha nhiu oxy n s oxyho ng, CO2 v nc ng thi sinh sn rt mnh, do khi mun c ru cnto iu kin ym kh, cn mun sn xut sinh khi nm men th phi to iu kinhiu kh.

pH mi trng: C ngha quan trng trong qu trnh ln men, pH = 2,8 4,2 l thch hp nht.

Nhit : Thch hp nht l t 28 300C, khong 500C v di O0C th lnmen b nh ch. Trong thc t ngi ta ln men nhit 4 280C.

Nng ru v CO2: C tc dng kim hm s sinh sn cng nh kh nngln men ca nm men. S sinh sn ca nm men b chm li khi nng ru ctrong mi trng l 2% v s b ngng li nng ru 5%. a s nm men chln men c ti nng ru 12 14%, vic thot kh CO2 c tc dng tt nqu trnh ln men. S thot kh CO2 s lm cho mi trng ln men lun lun bkhuy ng, ko di c trng thi l lng ca nm men do lm tng nhanh sln men.

2.1.2. Cc giai on ca qu trnh ln men.Qu trnh ln men ru vang tri qua 2 giai on:2.1.2.1 Qu trnh ln men chnh.

Ln men chnh nhit t 20 300

C khong 5 18 ngy hoc di hn. cui giai on ln men chnh dch ln men trong dn v protein v pectin lngxung.

Qu trnh ln men ru vang nho c th tin hnh trong cc bn g si,btng ct thp hoc thng kim loi vi nhiu kch thc, hnh dng khc nhau.Thng thng, sau khi tip ging men thun vo bn ln men khong vi gi thxut hin nhng du hiu u tin ca qu trnh ln men l nhng bt kh CO2xut hin bm xung quanh thnh bn ln men v t t hnh thnh nhng c o

bi b mt nc nh ln dn ln v bao ph cc b mt.Phng trnh tng qut: C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 27kcal

Qu trnh ny s mnh dn cc gi tip theo. Thng qua vic theo di binng ca nhit , lng CO2 thot ra, dy v mu sc ca lp bt v nht l tc gim dn ca hm lng ng ta s xc nh c thi im cc i ca qutrnh ln men vang. Sau qu trnh ln men vang s yu dn i n khi kt thcqu trnh ln men chnh.

Ty thuc vo tng loi ru vang m c tin hnh bi nm men nh:Saccharomyces ellipsoideus, Saccharomyces cervisiae

Qu trnh ln men chnh l giai on to cn cho ru vang.2.1.2.2 Qu trnh ln men ph.Khi kt thc qu trnh ln men chnh s tip tc qu trnh ln men ph hay

cn gi l ln men malolactic c thc hin bi vi khun lactic nhm to hngcho sn phm ru vang thi k ln men ph, lng ng st tip tc chuynho thnh CO2 v C2H5OH d rt yu v chm chp. Qu trnh ln men ph ko di

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t 2 3 tun, c khi di hn ty thuc vo hm lng ng c trong dch nho vhot ca nm men thun mnh hay yu. qu trnh ln men ph c tin hnh

bi vi khun lactic nh: Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc oenos. Trongqu trnh ln men ph cc acid hu c c trong qu cng nh c to ra trong giaion ln men ru s c chuyn ha tip tc nh acid malic s c chuyn hathnh CO2 v acid lactic, lm cho v ca ru vang tr nn chua du v m. Cnacid citric v ng qu (glucoseza, frutoseza ) c chuyn ha thnh dyaxetyl,axetoin, 2- 3 butylenglicol l nhng cht tin thn trong vic to hng thm ctrng cho vang ng thi qu trnh ny cn to ra axit acetic v axit lactic. Ccarginin c chuyn thnh ornitim.

Cui giai on ny, ru vang c hnh thnh, CO2 c bo ha, cc htl lng trong vang, cc tanat v mui tartrat c lng xung lm cho vang tr nntrong.

Vic ko di thi gian ln men ph ca vang nho khng phi bao gi cngcho kt qu tt hn, ngc li i khi lng ng st li l ngun thc n tt chovi sinh vt gy hi. y chnh l nguyn nhn dn ti mt s bnh thng gp ru vang. Mt sn phm c coi l ln men hon ton kho mnh, nu hmlng cn st li t hn 1 2g /l.

2.1.3. C ch ca qu trnhln men:

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2.2. Chun b dch ln men.2.2.1. Dch ln men truyn thng:Ru vang thc ra khng phi l mt pht minh ca tr tu loi ngi. Ngi

ta tnh c pht hin ra ru vang khi dch nho trong bnh ln men mt cch tnhin, hon ton khng c tc ng ca con ngi. Do vy, t bui s khai v sutlch s pht trin ca ngnh sn xut ru vang, cc loi ru c cht lng cao, ttin v ni ting nht vn c sn xut t ch qu c s ch theo phng phpc in. Chun b dch ln men theo phng php c in rt n gin.

Nho sau khi c hai chn rt cng phu s c vo bn g v lm nthon ton th cng. Sau , ty theo loi ru vang m ngi ta loi b nho, thu lydch hm v ln men (sn xut ru vang trng). hoc ln men c khi dch baogm c v, ht (vang ) Dch ln men theo phng php ny l dch nho honton nguyn cht khng qua pha ch hay b sung cc cht dinh dng, ng

Tuy nhin, cng ngh ny ch thch hp vi mt s vng t c cc iu kinthch hp nh: thu hoach v ch bin nho ngay ti ch, thi tit thch hp, sau a im ln men cng ti ngay ni s ch dch qu, c cc chng nm men truynthng khe vi cc tnh cht rt ph hp cho sn xut ru vang, c cc nguyn phliu c bit nh cc loi g dng lm phng tin cha ng ng thi cngngh ny c nng sut khng cao, i hi din tch s dng ln, v rt kh kimsot cht lng, v vy gi thnh sn xut kh cao. Ni chung l cng ngh ny chyu c s dng cho sn xut cc loi vang t tin, cht lng cao.

2.2.2. Dch ln men ci tin:Trong qu trnh pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut ru vang,

nng cao sn lng v nng sut, gim gi thnh sn phm, ngi ta thay i quytrnh chun b dch hm cho ln men ru vang.

Qu sau khi thu hoch c th c x l bng hai cch: ngm vi ng, tln 1 kg qu/ 1 kg ng. sau mt thi gian, dch qu s c chit rt v ngi tathu c siro qu vi nng khong 60 700 Bx. Bn thnh phm ny s c

bo qun v n thi im ln men s c pha ch thnh dch ln men. Sau ,ngi ta tin hnh pha ch, b sung, iu chnh mt s ch tiu cho dch qu trckhi ln men.

iu chnh axit: axit ca nho nm trong khong 0,5 1,7 % axit. m bo qu trnh ln men din ra chnh xc vi kh nng nhim tp ti

thiu cng nh m bo c tnh cm quan ca vang th iu cn thit l iu chnh

axit n mc thch hp t 6- 8g/ lt (tnh theo axit mailc). Thng thng dchnho thng phi h thp axit nhng cng c mt s trng hp cn phi tng axit bng cch tng thm axit hu c nh matic, lactic, tartaric v xitric. h thp axit, cch thng dng nht l pha long dch hm vi nc, y nc phalong phi p ng yu cu v cht lng nh nc ung v thnh phn ha hc vvi sinh vt. Cng c th s dng hn hp hm nc thu c t qu trnh p thcp thay cho nc. Tuy vy, cch hiu qu nht v thng dng nht vn l phi trndch hm c axit cao vi dch hm c axit thp.

B sung sacaroza:Do c im ca phn ln cc loi qu n i v cn nhit i l hm lng

ng thp khng nm men chuyn ha ti cn cn thit, do cn phib sung thm mt lng ng vo. Lng ng ny ty thuc vo loi vang; v

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d vang na ngt cn khong 60 80 g/lt ng st to v ngt th lng ngtng s lc ban u cn khong 250g/lt.

Vang ngt cn ti 300g/lt ng tng. Tuy nhin trnh tc dng c chca nng ng cao, ngi ta c th b sung ng nhiu ln trong qu trnh lnmen. Sacaroza c th b sung trc tip hoc di dng siro. Tuy nhin b sung dng siro lm cho dch hm tr nn long thm. Mt khc trong ln men dch hmc hm lng ng cao s lm tng qu mc cc axit d bay hi.

B sung nit:Hp cht nit cn cho nm men pht trin thm lng t bo. V vy cc

mui amon nh (NH4)2HPO4 c dng lm cht dinh dng cho nm men. ngthi ta cng c th s dng cc loi mui amon clorua, amon sunphat, amon pht

pht. Lng (NH4)2HPO4 cho vo xp x 0,1 0,3 g/ lt dch hm. i khi s dngcc sn phm t phn ca mn men lm ngun m.

Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh sn xut cho thy, phng php ny c mt snhc im nh sau:

- T l dch qu trong ru vang rt thp do vy hng v ca ru nhokhng ngon.

- Qu trnh ngm v thu dch yu cu th tch ca vt cha ng ln do vytn km cho trang thit b, chim nhiu din tch nh xng, mt khc, rt kh kimsot v sinh v vy vn nhim tp kh ph bin v nh hng rt ln n chtlng dch qu.

- Qu trnh i hi thi gian rt di ( trch ly dch qu) v tip xc vikhng kh nn mu sc v hng v ca dch qu b bin i xu i rt nhiu.

Do vy, trong nhng nm gn y, mt s c s sn xut vang Vit Nam thay i phng php x l dch qu. Qu sau khi thu hoch c a i pngay. Dch qu sau khi p c s ch theo hai cch: Mt l b sung ng thnhsiro 40 500 Bx, cch th hai l c c dch qu cng ln n 40 500 Bx.

T dch siro qu hoc dch qu c c, ngi ta s pha long khong 2 3ln(ty theo cht lng loi vang cn sn xut) v x l tng t nh phng phpngm ng trch ly dch qu. Phng php ny gii quyt c mt s nhcim c bn ca phng php c, tuy nhin trong qu trnh sn xut cho thy

phng php ny vn cn mt s nhc im ln, c bit l khi mun sn xutru vang cht c cht lng cao:

- Lng dch qu thu c rt t do kh khn trong qu trnh p nn hiuqu kinh t thp.

- Ru vang thnh phm b c do thnh phn pectin v cc thnh phn keotrong dch qu, v c hng v, mu sc khng tt do khng trch ly c trit hng v mu trong qu.

Do vy, c xu hng tm n mt gii php mi, c hiu qu v chtlng sn phm tt hn. l cng ngh c s dng mt s loi enzym trong qutrnh trch ly v lm trong dch qu.

2.2.3. Chun b dch ln men qua x l enzym:Qu nguyn liu c cha t 70 90% nc. Lng nc ny l dung mi

ha tan cc thnh phn lm nn cht lng dch qu: ng, axit hu c, vitamin,khong cht, polyphenol, hng, mu, Tuy nhin, theo cc phng php c ch

c th trch ly c t 50 60% lng dch c trong qu. Nguyn nhn l do ngoithnh phn nc t do c trong qu, phn cn li l nc dng lin kt, do vy rtkh chit rt. Phn ln lng nc ny c gi trong mt h keo c to thnh

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bi ng, axit hu c v cc cht ha tan khc. gii phng v thu hi clng nc ti a trong qu cn thc hin hai cng on chnh:

- Ph v t bo tht qu- Ph v h keo ca dch quHin nay, trong nn cng nghip sn xut vang trn th gii, gii quyt

cc vn nu trn, ngi ta s dng kh ph bin mt s enzym nhm thyphn cc thnh phn trong thnh t bo qu gip cho dch qu thot ra v thy phncc cht keo pectic, h tr qu trnh p. Cc h enzym ch yu thng c sdng l: Pectinaza, xenlulaza v hemixenlulaza.

Qu c s ch sau nghin thnh khi cho qu. Cc h enzym gip choqu trnh trch ly c b sung vo khi cho qu vi mt t l nht nh. Sau mtkhong thi gian mt nhit xc nh, khi cho qu c a i p. Ty thuctng loi qu v ch phm enzym m hiu sut ca qu trnh p c th tng t 10 30%. Sau , dch qu c a i ln men hoc tip tc x l lm trong theo nhsn xut. Nu x l lm trong dch qu, dch qu s tip tc c a vo thngcha, b sung enzym, sau lc trong.

Bin php cng ngh ny c mt s u im nh sau:- Lng dch qu thu c cao hn nhiu so vi phng php c v vy hiu

qu kinh t hn rt nhiu.- Thi gian x l dch qu trc khi ln men ngn hn nhiu nn dch qu

khng b tc ng bi nhng nh hng xu n cht lng- Ru vang c ln men t dch qu x l theo phng php ny c hng

v, mu sc tt do trch ly c trit cc cht ha tan co trong dch qu.- Khng phi s dng thm nhiu bin php hon thin cho ru vang thnh

phm m vn c trong n nh do cc thnh phn gy c b thy phn.2.2.4. Mt s bin php x l nng cao cht lng dch qu trc khi ln

men: c c ru vang cht lng cao v n nh trong thi gian di cn kt

hp mt s bin php trong qu trnh x l dch ln men.- X l bng SO2i vi dch qu cha hm lng ng cao nh nho th dch qu sau khi p

nu a i ln men dch hm rt d xy ra phn ng nu ha, c bit l trong qutrnh ln men vang trng.

Cc phn ng oxi ha c th c ch c bng cch s dng iu kin ymkh, sunphua dioxit c tc dng mt cht c ch phn ng nu ha rt hu hiu

thng c dng di dng K2S2O5, H2SO3) vi lng khong 340mg/lt, tngng 170mg SO2.Sunphua dioxit c tc dng: trong dch dng axit sunphuar. Axit

sunphuar ha tan vo phc cht cht protein lipit ca t bo vi sinh vt v lmcht t bo. Ngoi ra anhydrit sulphuar cn cn tr s h hp ca vi sinh vt, phnng vi cc sn phm trung gian ca cc hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt,ph hoiqu trnh trao i cht.

Axit sunphuar c s dng rng ri c, Php. Dch hm c gia nhitbng hi nng trong thit b trao i nhit dng quay hay trong thit b trao inhit kiu tm, ri cho chy qua b chit sc t. Nhit , hm lng SO 2 v thi

gian cn thit phi khng ch nghim ngt. Vang sn xut t phng php ny ccht lng kh cao nhng tnh cht khc vi vang truyn thng.

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- X l SO2 cho dch qu c c:Dch qu c c c pha long vi nc v x l bng SO 2 vi lng 35

40 ppm.Lng SO2 ty thuc vo gi tr pH ca dch qu, c thm vo nhm ngn

chn s hnh thnh cc mi oxy ha, hoc c th thanh trng Pasteur nhanh. SO2c cho vo ngay sau khi thanh trng gip cho dch hm trnh b caramel. Nng SO2 cn thit git 50% nm men trong thi gian 6 gi c gi l liu chtLD50. LD50 i vi S.ovarum l 1ppm, vi Scerevisiae l 0,33 ppm, pH bng 3,0

3,3 cn 75ppm.Loi sunphua dioxit:Do trong qu trnh bo qun lng SO2 c duy tr mc 400 1200mg/lt

cho nn cn loi bt SO2 ra khi dch hm. Vic loi SO2 hm lin quan n vicct t lin kt gia carbohydrat vi axit sunphuar gip cho phn ln sunphuadioxit c th thot ra dng t do.

Quy trnh s dng ph bin v hiu qu nht h thp nng sunphuadioxit l hm nng dch trc khi sc kh. Do tnh cht d bay hi ca sunphuadioxit v cng do s oxi ha mt phn to ra axit sunphuric lm cho hm lngsunphua dioxit gim xung. Cng c th dng phng php thi dng kh tr quadch hm, ph bin nht l dng nit. Lng SO2 d s c loi trc tip bngcch hm nng trong chn khng, tuy nhin cch ny lm cho dch hm mt ihng v do oxy ha sunphua dioxit bi hydrogen peroxit to ra dng sunphuadioxit l h hng v v hng thm ca hm.

2.2.5. Bin php x l hon thin vang.2.2.5.1. Lng gn.Ngi ta cho phn trong (sau khi tch nm men hoc cn b) chy

sang mt thng khc. cho vic ny din ra d dng, ngi ta thng b tr ccvan x nhiu v tr khc nhau dc theo thn thng.

u tin, mt vi tun sau khi ln men ru kt thc, ngi ta x cn nmmen. Qua c th tch c phn ln cn th cho vang non.

Nu mun c vang hon ton kh th trc khi x cn nm men, ngi taphi tin hnh qu trnh kim tra xem ton b ng kh chuyn thnh cn vCO2 cha. Nu cha th cha c php tch nm men m thm ch cn phi khuyo i ln cho ti khi ton b ng kh c ln men ht. Ngc li, numun li mt lng ng d no th phi tch nm men sm. Nhng loivang nh vy, cn phi c tit trng bng cch lc qua lp lc v trng, tip

a vo dng c cha ng cng di iu kin v trng(thanh trng bng hinng).Sau khi tch b nm men, ngi ta tin hnh qu trnh tng tr trong bn g

hoc thng inoc. Trong sn xut theo phng php truyn thng, ngi ta thngtng tr vang trong nhiu nm cho ti khi vang trong vt v khng c kh nng lngcn na mi thi. Sau ng chai v a ra tiu th trn th trng.

2.2.5.2. Ly tm.Qua my ly tm vang c lm trong mt cch nhanh chng. Trong cc nh

my sn xut vang, ngi ta thng dng my ly tm lin tc: dch lin tc chy rangoi, cht rn tp hp li ti mt bung ring ri c tho ra ngoi.

Cc my ly tm kiu ny thng c dng lm trong s b dch quhoc lm trong vang non ang cn nhiu t bo nm men. Ngoi ra n cn cdng tch cc cht tr lng. Tuy nhin, ngi ta khng th t c trong l

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tng ch bng bin php ly tm. V vy, thng khng dng my ly tm lmtrong vang sau giai on tng tr.

2.2.5.3. S dng cc cht ph gia nng cao cht lng vang. rt ngn thi gian lm trong vang, ngi ta c th dng mt s cht ph

gia hay cht tr lng, sau khi vang ln men hon ton, khng cn CO 2 thot ra.Nhng cht ny s ht tt c cc cht cn l lng c tch in, tr nn nng hn vnhanh chng lng xung y thit b lm trong ru vang.

Di y l mt s cht tr lng thng dng:- Gelatini vi vang c nhiu tanin th c th s dng gelatin l cht tr lng.

Gelatin l hp cht cha protein ha tan tt trong vang v tch in dng. Trongvang c nhiu tanin tch in m. Cc cht c in tch tri du s ht nhau, kotheo cc cc cht cn khc nh nm men, vi khun, protein, tht qu cn st vnhanh chng lng xung y thit b. Nh vy vang trong nhanh chng v vng cht, kht c hn do hm lng tanin gim i kh nhiu.

Nhng nu vang ngho tanin th phi b xung tanin.- Tanin gelatinTrc khi cho gelatin ngi ta b sung mt lng tng ng tanin tinh khit

v mt ha hc.Trc khi cho cht tr lng ngi ta phi th nghim xem hm lng tanin

hin c trong vang v phi b xung vi lng bao nhiu l thch hp. Nu khngvang s c hn do cht tr lng khng kt lng m ch l lng trong vang.

i vi vang trng th lng tanin v gelatin thng dng gi tr ngangnhau t 2 10g cho 100lt vang. Cc cht tr lng c ha tan trong vang haithit b khc nhau: Tanin ha tan rt nhanh chng nhit phng ; gelatin cngha tan nhanh chng nhng nhit 400C.

Ty theo ln v hnh dng ca kt ta m thi gian lng trong c th rtkhc nhau. Nhng nhn chung sau 1 2 tun b xung cht tr lng vang tr nntrong hon ton . Khi dng hn hp tanin gelatin khng nn ko di thi gian lngqu 6 tun v cc cht kt lng cha protein s b ti ha tan v nh hng ti v cavang .

- AlbuminC th c dng lm du v cho vang giu tanin.- ThchL cht tch in m, c th dng iu chnh khi dng qu nhiu gelatin.

Lng dng khong 20 -39g/100lt ru vang.- BentonitThng th vang chai c xu hng v sau b c protein. L do l ch, cc

protein v hp cht cha nit mm cm vi nhit khi thng ln men th hontan nn khng b loi tr lc tin hnh x l v lc theo phng php thng thngv sau ny i a s l trong chai, mi kt ta v lm c cho vang . khc

phc tnh trng trn ngi ta thng b sung bentonit, mt loi t c kh nngtrng n, c th hp ph protein v hp cht cha nit v loi chng ra khi vang.Lng bentonit cn dng thng t 50 150g/100lt c nh thng qua bin

php s b.

2.2.5.4. Lc trong.V nguyn tc, lc trong l phng php c hc. vang cn lc c cho qualp xp, dch trong chy qua cn cn b gi li. Th nhng y khng ch n thun

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l phn loi gin n. Thng qua lc hp ph mt s cht rn c kch thc nhhn ng knh l xp vn c th b gi li.

Trong qu trnh lc, ngi ta c th b sung cht tr lc lin tc thng quathit b nh lng vo vang v to dn nn nhng lp t c l xp lc trongvang. C kin cho rng dng cht tr lc s lm cho vang c v tanh. Nhng lolng ny s khng c c s nu nh chn c loi cht tr lc tt v lc ng

phng php. Tuy nhin, nu ngay sau khi lc m nm th th s hi ha v hngv c b nh hng cht t. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny cha c l gii mtcch r rng. Tuy nhin nu vi ba ngy sau, hng v ca vang li tr v trngthi bnh thng .

Nh k thut x l v lc hin i, ngy nay ngi ta c th sn xut vangnhanh hn v ng chai sm hn trc y rt nhiu. Do c th tit kim cnhiu khon chi ph v gim ng k gi thnh ca sn phm .

2.2.6. S dng enzim trong sn xut ru vang.2.2.6.1. Gii thiu v cc h enzim dng trong qu trnh sn xut ru

vang.Trong qu c cha nhiu thnh phn cht keo gy kh khn cho qu trnh p

dch qu, ng thi cc thnh phn keo ny cng nh hng n trong ca dchqu. Nhm thu hi c ti a lng dch cha trong qu, ng thi x l trit cc thnh phn keo vi mc ch gi cht lng cm quan ca dch qu v ruvang thnh phm n nh trong mt thi gian di, trong cng nghip sn xut ruvang trn th gii, vic s dng mt s loi enzim thu c mt s kt qu khquan. Cc enzim thng c s dng trong qu trnh x l dch qu l: h enzim

pectinaza dng thy phn pectin cha trong dch qu (pectin ha tan) v pectintrong thnh t bo qu (protopectin); v h enzim xenlulaza dng thy phn ccthnh phn xenlulo v hemixenlulo trong qu.

Tuy hm lng ca pectin trong dch qu khng nhiu nhng n l nguynnhn gy ra nhng cn tr ln ti cng ngh ch bin dch qu v ru vang qunh:

- Pectin khng ho tan gi dch li trong b sut qu trnh p lm gim snlng dch qu.

- Pectin ho tan i vo dung dch lm cho nht tng ln, cn tr qu trnhlc, nh hng ti trong ca dch qu

- nht cao gy kh khn cho vic c c dch quPectin ho tan c th to ra cc cu t bn khin cho dch qu b c tr li

sau khi c lc trong v kt ta trong cn khin ru b c sau khi tng trng chaHin nay, trn th gii c mt s loi ch phm enzim thng c dng

ph bin cho qu trnh sn xut ru vang l pectinaza v xenlulaza Cc enzim nyc dng trong nhiu cng on khc nhau v c tc dng khc nhau cho dchqu.

Enzim pectinaza.- Gii thiu v enzim pectinazaTheo danh php c, cc enzim phn gii pectin c tn gi l pectaza v

pectinaz Cho ti ngy nay, ngi ta bit h enzim pectinaza c rt nhiu loi v

c bit mt s loi c nghin cu rt k lngPectinaza c nhiu trong: l, c khoai ty, chanh, c chua, c ch ba, v mts loi qu khc Pectinaza rt ph bin trong th gii vi sinh vt. N c to thnh

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do mt s loi vi khun nh: B. subtilis, B. mesentericus, B. carotovorus, Clos.felsineum, Fusarium... Nm mc c th to c nhiu loi pectinaz Ngy naycng nghip sn xut enzim pectinaza rt pht trin vi cc loi ch phm c tinhkhit cao, hot lc tt. Ch phm pectinaza thng

c sn xut bi cc chng nm mc .oryzae v A.niger.- S phn loi v c ch tc dng ca h enzim pectinaza.Trong h enzim phn gii pectin c nhiu enzim khc nhau v c phn

loi theo cc cch sau:- Da vo tnh c hiu: Phn thnh cc enzim phn gii pectin, axit pectinic

v axit pectic.- Da vo c ch tc dng: phn thnh enzim phn gii cc lin kt trong ni

mch v enzim phn gii cc lin kt ngoi mch.- Da vo pH ti u: Phn thnh enzim tc dng pH axit v pH kim.Ngy nay, theo quan im hin i, trong phc h enzim pectinaza c nhng

enzim sau:- Pectinesterraza phn ct lin kt este gia metanol v nhm cacboxyl ca

axit galacturonic theo s : Pectin + nH2Ometanol + axit pectinic- Polygalacturonaza thu phn lin kt -1,4 - D- galactozit gia cc phn t

axit galacturonic trong pectin v trong cc axit polygalacturonic khc.- Protopectinaza tch araban v galactan khi protopectin to thnh dn

xut metyl ca axit olygalacturonic (tc pectin ho tan)- Transeliminaza phn hu pectin bng con ng phi thu phn. nh hng ca thnh phn ho hc trong nguyn liu ti hiu qu tc

dng ca cc ch phm pectinaza:Mc ch ch yu khi s dng cc ch phm enzim pectinaza l gim

nht tuyt i ca nc qu ti tr s bo m cho lng dch qu thu c ti av d lm trong nht. V vy, cn thit phi xc nh nh hng ca thnh phn hohc ca nguyn liu ti hiu qu tc dng ca enzim pectinaz

nh hng ca tnh trng cht lng pectin trong dch qu.Tnh trng cht lng pectin nh hng nhiu ti s to nht v kh nng

thu phn do enzim. Pectin c mc este ho cng cao th nht cng cao vhiu qu tc dng ca polygalacturonaza cng thp. Do , ch cn c theo nng

pectin trong nguyn liu th khng nn nh gi nht ca nc qu m cn phicn c vo cht lng ca pectin.

nh hng ca ng v axit.

ng v axit trong qu to vi pectin thnh cc gel, lm nht ca dungdch pectin tng ln. nht ca nc qu ngoi s lng, cht lng pectin cnph thuc vo dng ng v s lng ng c trong nguyn li Tuy nhin ccnh nghin cu cho thy rng mc d c s khc nhau nhiu gia cc dung dch banu nhng khi x l bng enzim th hu ht cc dch qu c nht bng nha Do, c th kt lun rng s c mt ca cc dng ng trong nc qu ch c nhhng ti dch qu cha qua x l m khng nh hng n hiu qu tc dng caenzim pectinaz

Ngi ta chng minh c rng vi nng H+ nh nhau, trong dungdch pectin, axit xitric c ch cc enzim pectinaza mnh hn so vi axit tactric. Tnh

cht c ch ca cc axit r rng l yu t rt quan trng, nhiu khi l yu t quytnh trong ng dng cc ch phm enzim pectinaza nhm nng cao hiu sut thu hiv lm trong nc qu .

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nh hng ca cc cht cht.Tc dng c ch mnh nht biu hin leucoantoxian oxi ho v catechin

oxi ho, cn tanin c tc dng yu hn. Ngi ta chng minh c cc ch phmenzim c mn cm khc nhau i vi tc dng ca cc cht cht.

nh hng ca thnh phn khong v pH ca nc qu.Theo nhiu tc gi, cc ion K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ c nh hng ti hiu qu tc

dng ca cc enzim pectinaz Ngi ta tha nhn rng mui Ca2+, Mg2+ nng caohot ca enzim, Cu2+ c ch cc enzim pectinaz

H enzim xellulaza.C cht ca enzim xellulaza:Xelluloza:Xelluloza l polysacarit ch yu ca thnh t bo thc vt. Xelluloza c cu

to mch thng, lin kt 2000 10000 phn t glucoza theo mi lin kt -1,4glucozit. Cc phn t xenluloza hnh si lin kt vi nhau bng cu hidro thnh bgi l mixen. Nhiu mixen lin kt thnh chm si, nhiu chm si lin kt vinhau bng hemixenluloza, protopectin i khi c licnhin v cutin thnh m v rnchc v qu cng khi cn xanh.

Hemixenluloza:Hemixenluloza l nhm polysacarit c tnh cht c bit l khng ho tan

c trong nc m ch tan trong dung dch kim. Hemixenluloza cng l thnhphn ca thnh t bo thc v tn ti ch yu v qu, v ht. Khc vi xenluloza,hemixenluloza va l vt liu cu trc v t bo va l nguyn liu d tr nnglng cho cc qu trnh trao i cht trong rau qu.

Hemixenluloza khng phi l sn phm trung gian ca xenluloza v c cutrc khc bit xenluloz C rt nhiu loi hemixenluloza, phn ln chng thuc loi

polyme d th v mt s loi c 5 6 loi ng khc nha Hemixenluloza rau quch yu l pentozan, khi thu phn s cho ra cc pentozan nh: arabinoza, manoza,galactoza v xiloz Ngi ta cng nhn thy, cc hemixenluloza lin kt -1,4 lloi lin kt ph bin nht ni cc ng li vi nha

- C ch tc dng v c im ca h enzim xenlulaza:Xenlulaza l h enzim phn gii cc lin kt glucozit trong xenluloza, c tn

h thng l - 1,4 glucan- 4- glucohydrolaza v tn thng thng l xenlulolazCc enzim ny c th tc dng ln xenlulo theo 2 c ch sau:

- Thu phn lin kt - 1,4 mt cch ngu nhin dc theo chui lin kt caxenluloza v gi l endoxenlulolaz

- B gy cc n phn glucoza t hai u ca chui lin kt xenluloza v gil xoxenlulolazNhn thy cc ch phm enzim ch cha mt loi endoxenlulolaza th c tc

dng rt t i vi xenluloz Tri l Vi cc ch phm enzim c cha cendoxenlulolaza v exoxenlulolaza th qu trnh thu phn din ra rt nhanh. Vvy, cc endoxenlulolaza v exoxenlulolaza c tc dng tng h nhau.

Xenlulolaza thng c tnh bn rt cao khi un nng v b km hm bi cckim loi nng nh mui ng, mui thu ngn.

Enzim xenlulolaza c th thu t nhiu loi vi sinh vt khc nhau, nhng chc mt s loi cho enzim c hot lc ca

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2.2.6.2. S dng enzim trong qu trnh chun b dch qu ln men: S dng enzim trong qu trnh trch ly nc qu:i vi ngnh sn xut nc qu cng nh sn xut ru vang, p qu l

khu k thut rt quan trng bi ch qua cng on p mi thu c dch qu. Hmlng nc qu chy ra khi p ph thuc vo s cu to ca m qu, qu trnh x ls b, lng pectin ho tan trong qu... Vi cc loi qu nh cam, chanh, d.. th

phn nc qu rt d thot ra khi phn tht qu khi p. Tri li, nhng loi qu nhdu, to mo, mn... nu p bng cc phng php truyn thng th rt kh t chiu sut p ti a.

nng cao hiu qu p nc qu ngi ta c th s dng mt s phngphp x l trc khi p nh sau:

- Nghin c hc: Di tc dng c hc, cc t bo b x nh. Hiu qunghin t c khi phn ln t bo b ph hu. Mc nghin ph thuc tng loiqu.

Phng php ny khng ly c hon ton nc qu khi p nhng n ginnn c ng dng rng r

- un nng: Di tc dng ca nhit cao, protit ca cht nguyn sinh bng t v tnh thm ca t bo tng ln, do dch qu s thot ra d dng. Ngita thng un nng qu nhit 80 850C

Nu nhit thp hn th qu trnh ng t ko di, nu nhit cao qu lmmt cht thm ca qu, thay i v, bin mu, gy tn tht vitamin.

- Lm lnh ng: T bo thc vt b cht khi lm lnh ng v nh hngchung ca s mt nc, do tinh th chn p t bo, do nng axit, mui trongdch bo tng ln.

Phng php ny bo m cht lng dch qu nhng khng kinh t v khp dng quy m ln.

- X l bng dng in: Dng dng in xoay chiu c U = 220 V, I = 20 30A, qua khi qu khong 2 5 gi Dng in c tc dng ph v t bo lmnc qu thot ra nhanh v nhiu khi p.

- Dng sng siu m: tn s > 20 000 Hz cng c tc dng ph v mng tb

- Chiu x bng tia : c kh nng phn hu protopectin, lm ph v mng tb

Cc phng php trn u c u nhc im ring. Hin nay do yu cu snxut ca nn cng nghip hin i cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh sinh hc,

trn th gii ang c xu hng s dng mt phng php x l nc qu p c hiuqu cao, tng ng k nng sut v hiu sut trch ly dch qu, trnh c cc bini xu cho dch qu v c hiu qu kinh t cao, l phng php s dng cc ch

phm enzim pectinaza x l khi qu nghin.Dng ch phm enzim c th lm phn hu cc cht protopectin, pectin,

xenluloza, tinh bt,... lm gim mi lin kt gia cc t bo, ph v mt cch nhanhchng v hng lot cc m ca qu, gim keo ca khi tht qu v to iu kincho dch bo thot ra mt cch d dng.

Hn na, do s ph v m qu bng enzim nn cc cht mu, tanin v nhngcht ho tan trong nc qu c chit rt mt cch trit , nh m tng thm

cht lng ca thnh phm. thu c dch qu trong trng hp c s dng enzim cng phi nghinnh nguyn liu qu. Bt nghin em x l bng enzim sau mi p hoc ly tm.

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C th nghin nh qu n mc ti a m khng s b tc mao qun trong qu trnhp.

Nh tc dng ca enzim pectinaza, lng dch qu p c th tng thm 9,6 49% tu tng loi qu. Theo kt qu nghin cu cho thy: khi x l to nghin

bng ch phm pectinaza vi nng 0,025% th hiu sut thu hi dch qu tng14% so vi khng dng enzim, cn khi x l chui nghin vi nng enzim 0,025% th hiu sut thu hi dch qu tng c thm 45% .

Hiu sut ca qu trnh p dch qu s dng enzim ph thuc vo lngenzim, nhit v thi gian hot ng ca enzim. Tuy nhin, i vi mi loi qukhc nhau cn phi xc nh cc iu kin ny bng thc nghim thu c hiusut p cao nht.

S dng enzim trong qu trnh lm trong nc qu:Dch qu l dung dch, trong c ng, axit, mui, protit, cht cht, cht

mu v cc cu t thnh phn ho hc khc ca nguyn li Dch qu khng ch ldch bo m cn cha cc phn t ca m qu. Kch thc v hm lng ca cc

phn t ny tu thuc vo nguyn liu, phng php x l v k thut p.Dch qu sau khi p ra khi nguyn liu, tn ti dng a phn tn, gm

nhng phn t l lng, phn tn c kch thc khc nhau t 0,001 m n vi trmm.

Mun c nc qu trong sut cn phi loi cc ht l lng trng thy bngmt thng.

Song dch qu l h thng keo nn vic tch cc ht l lng gp kh khn.Do , phi ph hu h thng keo mi c th tch c ht cc ht l lng v lmcho dch qu trong.

Dch qu bnh thng, nu khng qua mt bin php x l no th lc nhiuln cng khng th trong c hon ton hoc nu c lc trong n mt mc no th sau mt thi gian bo qun s b c tr l Tu theo mc yu cu cathnh phm m trc khi phng php enzim ra i ngi ta c th s dng mt s

phng php lm trong dch qu nh sau:- Lc th: phng php ny loi b cc phn t cn c kch thc ln.- Lng: phng php ny da vo s kt t cc phn t tht qu s ko theo

cc phn t khc lng xung. Phng php ny ch dng c trong iu kin nhit mi trng thp thi gian lng khng xy ra cc hot ng ca vi sinh vthoc p dng cho loi sn phm c tnh c ch vi sinh vt ca

- Li tm: l phng php lng cng bc, di tc dng ca lc ly tm tch

cc phn t cn t n trong v Phng php ny dng tch cc phn thuyn ph c trong nc qu.- X l bng dng in: cho 2 cc ca dng in mt chiu vo dch qu, ti

cc m s hnh thnh bt kh hydro ni ln v ko theo cc phn t cn to thnhlp cn trn b mt khi dch qu.

- Dng t st: t st c kh nng to keo ho nc tch in m trung hovi cn v cc phn t keo tch in dng lm kt ta chng.

- Dng dung dch keo: cc dung dch keo nh: gelatin, aga- aga, cazein,albumin... khi cho vo dch qu s c tc dng to keo tch in ngc du hoc tothnh phc hp c t trng ln lng xung.

- un nng tc thi: un nng nhanh nhit cao trong vi giy sau lm lnh nhanh dch qu. un nng lm bin i cu trc ca cc phn t protit,gim tnh ho nc ca chng v lm ng t.

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- Dng K4[Fe(CN)6] (kali ferocyanic): Khi cho vo dch qu s to phc hpkt ta nhng t dng v l cht c.

- Lc tinh: l khu cui cng ca qu trnh lm trong dch qu. Dng mnglc lm t vt liu c kh nng to xp nht nh nh: xenlulo, bng, si,aming...

Tuy nhin, cc phng php trn u c nhc im ng lu l sau mtthi gian bo qun dch qu b c tr l Nguyn nhn ch yu l do hm lng

pectin kh cao trong nc qu sau khi p lm cho dch qu c dng keo v c, c nht cao kh lc.

Ngi ta thy rng, mun nhanh chng thu c dch qu trong v khng bc tr li trong sut thi gian bo qun th phng php php n gin v hiu qunht l s dng cc ch phm enzim ectinaza v xenlulaz Bi l, cc enzim c tcdng ph hu mt phn hoc hon ton h keo ca dch qu. Nu nh trong cc

phng php khc, pectin, xenluloza ch b kt ta mt phn th khi x l bng ccch phm enzim, pectin v xenluloza b phn gii hon ton thanh cc cht ho tan.ng thi, nht ca dch qu gim i nhiu nn rt thun li cho qu trnh lc.

Qu trnh lm trong dch qu di tc dng ca enzim pectinaza c th chiathnh 3 giai on sau:

- Giai on u: bt n nh ho c biu hin bng s gim nhtca dch qu mt cch su sc v thng c gi l trng thi b gy .

- Giai on hai: kt lng bt u t trng thi b gy v kt thc khi cn lng hon ton.

- Giai on ba: kt thc s phn gii pectin, thng c xc nh bngcch cho ion Ca2+ vo m khng thy kt ta.

Ni chung, vic s dng enzim trong sn xut dch qu cho sn xut ruvang em li hiu qu kinh t ln v rt ngn c qu trnh sn xut. Mt khc,khng nhng hiu sut thu hi nc qu tng m ngay c cht lng dch qu vru vang cng c ci thin r rt. Tt c nhng iu ny gp phn ng ktrong vic nng cao cht lng v gim gi thnh sn phm.

2.2.6.3. S dng enzim trong qu trnh ln men ru vang.Ngoi vic s dng enzim trong qu trnh trch ly nhm tng hiu sut thu

hi dch qu v lm trong dch qu, trong qu trnh sn xut ru vang ngi ta cns dng enzim trong sut qu trnh ln men ru vang. Cc ch phm enzim ny ctc dng: chng cc bin i c hi cho vang trong sut qu trnh ln men nh: sxi ha hng, mu, cc phn ng gy c, ...

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QUY TRNH CNG NGH X L DCH QU NHO.

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Nguyn liu

Phn loi

Lm sch

S ch

X, nghin

Thu hi dch qu

X l trch ly

p, ly tm

X l lm trong

Lc


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Nguyn liu:Nguyn liu l qu ti, c chn k thut, c a v nh my v c

b phn kim tra chp nhn trc khi nhp kho.Phn loi:Trong qu trnh thu hoch bo qun v vn chuyn c mt lng qu b v,

hng. Cc qu dp nt, thi hng c nguy c nhim tp rt cao v l mt trongnhng nguyn nhn chnh gy hng sn phm dch qu trong qu trnh bo qun,cng nh nh hng rt xu n cht lng ru vang trong qu trnh ln men.

Lm sch:Cng on ny nhm loi b nhng tp cht: bi bn, vi sinh vt bm bn

ngoi lp v qu hoc thm ch loi b c v qu nu khng s dng. thc hinthng dng cc thit b bng ti ra vi vi nc c p sut ln, b ra hoc chnnc, chn hi.

S ch:Qu trc khi qua nghin x cn c s ch nhm hai mc ch:

To iu kin thun li cho qu trnh x, nghin v p Hn ch ti a cc bin i bt li do qu trnh oxi ha.Nho cn qua qu trnh x l bng SO2.X, nghin: d dng cho qu trnh p cn nghin nh nguyn liu n kch thc nht

nh.X l khi qu nghin bng enzym trch ly:Khi qu sau khi nghin (thng c gi l khi cho qu) l mt h keo

gi nc c nht rt cao. B sung enzym v gi nhit thch hp khuy trn,sau khong thi gian nht nh s c a sang thit b p hoc ly tm.

p, ly tm:Qu trnh tch dch qu ra khi khi qu nghin, cc thit b hin dng l ccmy p thy lc, my p trc vt, my ly tm. Dch qu c tch ra khi b v asang thit b x l enzym lm trong.

X l khi dch qu bng enzym lm trong:iu chnh nhit ,pH thch hp cho khi dch qu, sau b sung enzym

v khuy trn u, sau thi gian quy nh s c chuyn sang pha dch ln men.

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QUY TRNH CNG NGH LN MEN RU VANG.

Pha ch dch ln men:Dch ln men s c pha ch vi t l c xc nh gm: Dch qu,

nc v ng.Sau , cn iu chnh n pH yu cu v b sung dinh dng.Ln men chnh:Qu trnh ln men chnh c thc hin trong khong thi gian t 5 18

ngy nhit 25 300C.Ln men ph - Tng tr:Sau ru vang non c h nhit xung 150C tch men, lc s b

v bt u qu trnh tng tr ln men ph. Qu trnh tng tr ln men ph c th bsung mt s cht ph gia n nh v nng cao cht lng vang.Lc:Trc khi ng chai thnh phm, ru vang cn qua qu trnh lc loi b

hon ton cn. C th thc hin lc bng nhiu loi thit b: my lc khung bn,my lc Ken do,Ngoi ra, c th s dng cc cht h tr lc: bentonit, diatomit,t st, cc cht to keo nh gelatin.. qu trnh lc c d dng hn. Vic sdng enzym trong qu trnh x l qu cng c tc dng v cng quan trng trongvic h tr qu trnh lc trong ru.

ng chai:

Ru vang sau khi c lc trong cn tin hnh qu trnh hon thin snphaame v ng chai, bo qun, theo di n nh ca sn phm trc khi a rath trng tiu th.

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Dch qu sau khi x l

Pha ch dch ln men

Ln men chnh

Vang non

Ln men ph, tng tr

Lc

ng chai

Nm men


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2.2.7. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men.2.2.7.1. nh hng ca nng ng. Nm men phi i hi nhng iu kin nht nh ln men. Trong sn

xut ngoi vic la chn chng nm men cn phi nghin cu to iu kin thchhp t hiu sut ln men cao.

Nm men ch c kh nng ln men cc ng n gin nh mono haydisacharid c bit l maltose v saccharose. S chuyn ha cc disacharid

ny thnh frutose c thc hin bi cc enzyme maltoase v saccharoase m tbo nm men c.

Nm men Saccharomyces cerevisiae hon ton khng c kh nng thyphn tinh bt. Nu nguyn liu l tinh bt trong sn xut ru th phi c qu

trnh thy phn tinh bt trc khi ln men. Trong dch men ngoi ng phi c thm mt s thc n cn thit cho

nm men nh cc mui amon, cc mui photphat v ch yu l m. Nng ng nh hng n nng lc ln men (nng lc ln men l kh

nng cu mt lng nm men nht nh, ln men sau mt thi gian nht nh cmt lng ng no ).

Nng ng thch hp nht l 10% 18% nu cao hn nng lc lnmen gim. V ngc li nu nng ng thp s khng to cho qu trnh lnmen km v lng ng thp s khng ng cung cp cho qu trnh ln men.Trong thc t nng 30 35% th s ln men b nh ch cho d c loi nmmen c kh nng ln men c nng ng ln n 60%.

Trong dch qu lng ng khng ln men ti 20% tng lng ng.Nh vy nng ng st li kh cao trong ln men. N s lm c ch s tothnh ru.

nh hng ca nng ng trong mi trng n vic to thnh runh sau:Bng 2.2.7.1: Mi quan h gia nng ng v th tch ru to thnh.

Nng ng % 37 42 47 55 75Lng ru to thnh %V 8,6 6,3 5,9 3,4 0

Ngng tr ln men trong nng ng cao lin quan n ging men ckh nng vt qu p sut thm thu ca dch ng. hot ng bnh thng nm men cn trong dung dch c p sut thm

thu thp hn p sut c trong khng bo. Nh vy nng ng nh hng rt

ln n cht lng sn phm. Nu nng ng cao s lm c ch hot ng canm men. Lm cho hm lng ng st li cao, lng ethanol hnh thnh t lmcho cht lng ca ru gim. Nu nng ng thp s khng c cht thchin trong qu trnh ln men lng ethanol to thnh t, lm cho nng cn thpnn cht lng ru vang gim. Trong th nghim cng nh trong sn xut cn phinghin cu k nng ng ph hp c c cht lng ru vang tt nht.

2.2.7.2. nh hng ca pH mi trng.Tr s pH nh hng rt ln n i sng nm men. pH ca dch qu l2,83,8. Ty thuc tng loi qu khc nhau s c hm lng axt khc nhau,

tc gi tr pH khc nhau v tng giai on sinh trng, giai on chin khc khc

nhau th pH cng khc nhau. Nu nng cao chua mi trng tc pH h xung nm men s thay ihnh thi t bo nh hn, dng cu vt tri trong t bo tch t cht bo.

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pH thch hp ca ln men l 2,8 4,2 to iu kin nm men pht trinbnh thng v to ra ru t c v s lng v cht lng tt nht. Do nm men hot ng bnh thng nhng khong pH thch hp. Vvy trong qu trnh ln men phi iu chnh pH thch hp i vi tng loi

nm men nhm to iu kin nm men sinh trng v pht trin tt.Nh vy mun nng cao cht lng sn phm cn phi iu chnh pH thchhp nm men sinh trng v pht trin tt. Vic iu chnh pH trong dung

dch ln men l cn thit to ra nhiu ru c cht lng tt.2.2.7.3. nh hng ca nhit .

Nhit ln men c nh hng ln n tc ln men, cn t c vs to thnh cc sn phm ph. Do n nh hng ln n cht lng sn phm.

Nhit ti thch thay i ty theo mi loi, chng men v cn ty thucvo tng giai on sinh trng ca nm men. Qua nhiu cng trnh nghin cu vsn xut ru vang cho thy nhit thch hp cho ln men l 15 300 C v nhit cng thp cng c tc dng gi hng cho sn phm.

i vi nm men ru vang, nhit thch hp cho hot ng ca n trongdch qu l 20 -300C. C ging c kh nng ln men nhit thp hoc cao hn.

Nu nhit tng ln n 30 350C, nm men kh hot ng, nhit trn 400C,nm men ngng hot ng.

Nhit khng ch nh hng n kh nng sinh trng ca nm men mcn nh hng n cn t c v s to thnh sn phm ph. Do n gp

phn quan trng quyt nh cht lng ca ru vang.2.2.7.4. nh hng ca Oxy.Ln men ru l mt qu trnh ym kh nhng giai on u, t bo nm

men cn oxy sinh trng v pht trin s lng t bo. Nu lng oxy cung cpkhng , s t bo b hn ch s nh hng n kh nng ln men v cho cnthp. giai on sau, nm men c th ln men trong iu kin thiu oxy l v trongt bo men cn c nhng cht cha peroxyt c th nhng li oxy cho t bo nmmen. Nu tng oxy giai on sau, hiu sut ln men gim ng thi trong ruvang s to ra nhiu aldehyt, ru bc cao, axit bay hi, lm gim cht lng casn phm.

2.2.7.5. nh hng ca CO2 v nng ru. S sinh sn ca nm men chm li khi nng ru c trong mi trng

l 2% v ngng nng ru 5%. a s nm men ch ln men c ti nng ru 12 14% ch c mt s t ln men nng ru 17 20%.

Kh CO2 c ch ln men nhng vic thot kh CO2 s lm cho mi trngn men lun b khuy ng, ko di c trng thi l lng ca nm men do mtng nhanh s ln men. Qua ta thy mt iu ph bin l chnh sn phm ca strao i cht khi t ti mt nng no s c tc dng c ch i vi bn chtvi sinh vt .

Nh vy ta bit c nh hng ca nng CO2 n s sinh trng v phttrin nm men. Trong qu trnh sn xut ru vang cn ch ti iu ny iuchnh lng CO2 hp l nng cao cht lng ca sn phm.

2.2.7.6. nh hng ca thi gian ln men.Thi gian tin hnh ln men chnh l yu t rt quan trng trong qu trnh ln

men ru vang. Vi mt nng ng nht nh trong dch ln men th khongthi gian thch hp cho ln men chnh l yu t rt cn thit trong qu trnh cng

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PHN III: MT S SN PHM LN MEN KHC3.1. Quy trnh ln men ru vang da.3.1.1. S quy trnh ln men.

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3.2. Quy trnh ln men ru chui.3.2.1. S quy trnh ln men.

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Chui mc chn


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3.2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh. Nguyn liu:* Nguyn liu chnh:

Nguyn liu l qu chui mc v qu chui ht.Nguyn liu chui c chn l nhng qu c chn va phi, khng dp

nt c thu mua ch v bo qun trong iu kin kh ro, thong mt.* Nguyn liu ph:- ng saccharose.- Acid citric: dng tinh th mu trng.- Ru nguyn cht: mi thm nng, v cay ng, ru 50 . S ch:Tin hnh bc v. X l:Chui sau khi bc v c b sung nc v cho vo nu trong thi gian 30

pht nhit 85 900C.

Lc dch nu:Dch sau khi nu c tin hnh lc gn b cn v cc thnh phn khngtan khc nh hng n cht lng sn phm sau ny.

B sung nguyn liu ph vo dch lc:- B sung nc ng nng 0,85%.- Acide citric nng 0,28%. iu chnh thnh phn cc cht trong hn hp:- iu chnh pH ca hn hp v 3,6.- Nng ng trong hn hp 220BIX. Ln men:

Hn hp c ln men trong thi gian 11 ngy nhit 16 - 200C.Nm men dng ln men ru vang chui l Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Nm men c nui cy v nhn ging trong iu kin v mi trng thch hp.Sau khi nui cy t yu cu k thut, men ging c chuyn vo thng ln

men kp thi vi khi lng 20g/l dung dch. X l sau ln men:Sau thi k ln men, dch ln men c lc s b tch cn v cc tp cht

khng tt cho sn phm. Phi ch vi ru chui ht:* Sn xut ru chui ht:Chui ht sau khi tip nhn c phn loi, bc v, ct lt mng.Lt chui c phi kh loi b bt v cht thng qua nhit ca qu

trnh phi.Lt chui phi kh c cho vo sao nhit t 100 1100C cho n khi

lt chui chuyn qua mu vng th t tiu chun.Chui sau khi sao c cho vo dung dch ru 50 chun b trn

ngm trong thi gian 3 thng.Ngm nhit phng.Sau khi ngm thi gian, chui ngm trong ru c mang i chit,

lc thu dung dch ru chui ht v loi b cn b.* Phi u dch ln men t chui mc vi ru chui ht:T l dch chui mc/ru chui ht l 1/5 (th tch/th tch).

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae


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Lc v x l hn hp ru chui ht/chui mc:Hn hp sau khi phi u c im trong thi gian ngn cc cht khng

tan cn st li tn ti trong hn hp lng xung ri mang i lc. Chit chai v hon thin sn phm:

Dch chui sau khi lc c ng chai, dn nhn ri mang i bo qun v sdng.

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PHN IV: CC CH TIU NH GI CHT LNGRU VANG

4.1. Cc ch tiu cm quan ca ru vang.4.2. Ch tiu ha hc.4.3. Gii hn hm lng kim loi nng.

4.4. Ch tiu vi sinh vt.

PHN V: KT LUN KIN NGH5.1. Kt lun.Qua qu trnh tm hiu v quy trnh sn xut ru vang nho v cc sn phm

tri cy khc ln men ti bit: Nng ng thch hp cho qu trnh ln men l 20 28% pH thch hp cho qu trnh ln men l 2,8 4,2. Nhit thch hp cho qu trnh ln men 28 300C. Hm lng nm men b sung. Cch chn ngun nguyn liu thch hp cho sn xut. Bit cch x l khi gp s c khi ln men.5.2. Kin ngh. Nh nc cn quan tm pht trin ngnh cng ngh thc phm, cng

ngh sau thu hoch v cng ngh sinh hc. Nghin cu u t pht trin thm nhiu thng hiu ru vang mi vi

a dng chng loi. M rng th trng ra cc nc bn. u t dy truyn sn xut khp kn. p dng cc tiu chun quc t vo sn xut ru vang.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. http://www.ruoungoai.com.vn/n44-quy-trinh-san-xuat-ruou-vang.html

2. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_vang

3. http://ruou.moli.vn/content/quy-trinh-san-xuat-ruou-vang.html4. http://www.ykhoanet.com/yhoccotruyen/voha/vh017.htm

5. http://huyetap.net/2954/tac-dung-chua-benh-cua-chuoi/

6. http://www.yduocngaynay.com/2-2NgYDuc_Pinapple.htm

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http://ruou.moli.vn/content/quy-trinh-san-xuat-ruou-vang.htmlhttp://www.ykhoanet.com/yhoccotruyen/voha/vh017.htmhttp://huyetap.net/2954/tac-dung-chua-benh-cua-chuoi/http://www.yduocngaynay.com/2-2NgYDuc_Pinapple.htmhttp://ruou.moli.vn/content/quy-trinh-san-xuat-ruou-vang.htmlhttp://www.ykhoanet.com/yhoccotruyen/voha/vh017.htmhttp://huyetap.net/2954/tac-dung-chua-benh-cua-chuoi/http://www.yduocngaynay.com/2-2NgYDuc_Pinapple.htm


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MC LC Trang

cong nghe len men cac sp trai cay

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