concrete
Post on 12-Sep-2014
37 views
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
“Concrete is a plastic material susceptible to the impressions of the imagination.” Frank Lloyd Wright
![Page 2: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Rocklike Material• Ingredients
– Portland Cement– Course Aggregate– Fine Aggregate– Water– Admixtures (optional)
![Page 3: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Concrete Properties
Versatile
Pliable when mixed
Strong & Durable
Does not Rust or Rot
Does Not Need a Coating
Resists Fire
![Page 4: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Santiago Calatrava
•Generic Term
•Man Made Product
•Fine gray powder
•Glue (Binder)
•Curing & Hydration
Portland Cement
![Page 5: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Concrete
•APPROX. COST OF CONCRETE•25% - 30% concrete
Placing concreteFinishing concrete
•20% - 25% steel reinforcementPlacing rebarMaking rebar cages, etc.
•50% - 55% formworkPercent even higher in highly complex shapes and forms
![Page 6: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Meditation Center for UNESCOParis, France 1995 Tadao Ando, Architect
“a space of prayer for world peace”
“Architecture, to me , is an endless search of one’s engagement with oneself and with society From the construction of an abstract concept to its realization.”
TADAO ANDO AIA Gold Medal 2003
![Page 7: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
TADAO ANDO
Oyamazaki Villa Museum
Yagi house
![Page 8: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Hoover Dam
• A Brief History of Concrete
• 1824 - Aspidin patented Portland Cement - named after English Portland limestone
• 1850s; reinforced concrete 1900s applied to building construction
• 1920s; prestessed concrete
![Page 10: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Concrete Properties• Versatile
• Pliable when mixed
• Strong & Durable
• Does not Rust or Rot
• Does Not Need a Coating
• Resists Fire
![Page 11: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Portland Cement• Generic Term
• Man Made Product
• Fine gray powder
• Glue (Binder)
• Curing - Hydration (a chemical process)
• Air-entraining admixtures• Water-reducing admixtures• High range water-reducers - superplasticizers• Accelerating & retarding admixtures• Fly ash• Workability agents• Fibrous admixtures• Coloring agents
Admixtures: used to alter concrete properties
![Page 12: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Type III - High Early
Type I - Normal
• Type I Normal (most applications)• Type II & V Moderate and High Sulfate
Resistance• Type III High Early Strength• Type IV Low Heat of Hydration
• Type 1A, IIA, IIIA - Air Entrained
![Page 13: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Lightweight Aggregates
• Vermiculite is Substituted for sand / crushed stone• Structural Lightweight
– Density approx. 80% of reg. concrete– Purpose; Reduces dead weight– Often made from shale in Nonstructural Lightweight concrete– Density 20-25% of regular weight– Purpose: Insulating material - under roofs
AIR ENTRAINING
• Causes microscopic air bubbles in concrete
• Usually 5% - 8% of volume• Properties:
– Improved workability– Increased freeze-thaw
resistance
• Paving & Exposed concrete
![Page 14: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Concrete Compressive Strength
Specified by: 28 Day Compressive Strength
PSI - pounds per square inch• Primarily Determined By:
– Amount of Cement– Water-Cement Ratio
– Admixture(s)• Strength Ranges: 2000 - 22,000+ psi
![Page 15: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Concrete with High W/C ratio is easier to place• Balance workability with desired qualities
Concrete Compressive Strength
Water-Cement Ratio
![Page 16: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
CONCRETE Vs
Other Building MaterialsMaterial Tension Compression
Wood 700 psi 1,100 psi
Brick 0 psi 250 psi
Steel 22,000 psi 30,000 psi
tp 60,000psi
Concrete 0 psi 2,000 psi to
22,000+ psi
![Page 17: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sample collected
Slump MeasuredCone Removed and Concrete Allowed to ‘Slump’
Slump Cone Filled
![Page 18: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Measuring the Slump
Walls/columns 4-5 in.Beams 4-5 in.Slabs 3-4 in.
![Page 19: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Test Cylinders Filled with a Sampling of the Concrete Mix
![Page 20: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Test Cylinders Curing and then strength tested (upper right)
![Page 21: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Concrete Placement (1929)
• Not a Liquid - an Unstable mixture• Will segregate if handled improperly
• Deposit in Formwork (methods)– Direct From the Truck
– Bucket– Pump
Concrete Placement
![Page 22: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Placement Today - not too much has changed!
![Page 23: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Concrete Bucket being Filled
![Page 24: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Placement of a Wall with a Crane & Concrete Bucket
![Page 25: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Placement with a Concrete Pump
![Page 26: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Placement with a Concrete PumpPlacement with a Concrete Pump
![Page 27: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Placement with a Conveyor
![Page 28: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Improperly Consolidated - “Honeycomb”
Segregation - Mix “Separates”Results - Non-uniformity & Unsatisfactory propertiesCommon Causes Excessive Vibration Dropping From Excessive Heights Moving Concrete Horizontally
![Page 29: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Improperly consolidated Concrete
![Page 30: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Extensive Reinforcing Can Make Placement & Consolidation Difficult
![Page 31: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
“Cold” Joint
First lift hardened prior to the placement of the 2nd lift
![Page 32: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Formwork Materials
Steel Wall Form
Round Steel Column Form
Wood - Panelized
TYPES:•Wood•Metal•Plastic/Fiberglass•Cardboard
![Page 34: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Concrete Reinforcing
• Concrete - No Useful Tensile Strength• Reinforcing Steel - Tensile Strength
– Similar Coefficient of thermal expansion– Chemical Compatibility– Adhesion Of Concrete To Steel
• Theory of Steel Location “Place reinforcing steel where the concrete is in tension”
Sizes Eleven Standard Diameters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 18 Number refers to 1/8ths of an inch
Grades 40, 50, 60 Steel Yield Strength (in thousands)
![Page 35: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Reinforcing Markings
Concrete is used in conjunction with steel to provide tensile strength Thermal expansion the same for both materials
No stress created due to differential expansion and contractionSteel bonds well to concrete
Chemical bondMechanical bond, enhanced by using deformed steel rebar
Reinforcing steel commonly available in40,000 psi (grade 40) - used when bars must be field bent60,000 psi (grade 60) - most common, difficult to bend
![Page 36: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Reinforcing Support
• Chairs or bolsters Properly position the steel
![Page 38: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Reinforcing Special Coatings
Galvanized or Epoxy Coated Exposure to Salts or Sea Water
Epoxy Coating
![Page 40: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
WWF – Sheet (mat)
![Page 41: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Welded Wire Fabric (WWF)
• Type of Reinforcing• Grid of “wires” spaced 2-12 inches apart• Specified by wire gauge and spacing• Typical Use - Horizontal Surfaces• Comes in Mats or Rolls• Advantage - Labor Savings
![Page 42: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Wall Reinforcing being secured with Wire Ties
![Page 43: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Long Bridge Pier Requiring Reinforcing Splicing
![Page 44: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Reinforcing Stirrups
• Position Beam Reinforcing • Resist Diagonal Forces /
Resist Cracking
![Page 45: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Reinforcing a Continuous Concrete Beam
• Most Beams are not simple span beams
• Location of Tension Forces Changes
• Midspan - Bottom in Tension• At Beam Supports - Top in Tension
![Page 46: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Conventionally Reinforced Concrete
• Reinforced Concrete Members Part of the member in
compression Part of the member in tension• Over half of the concrete Not carrying any load, it’s:
Holding reinforcing in position & providing protective cover
![Page 47: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
PrestressingTheory; “Place all the concrete of the member in
compression” (take advantage of concrete’s compressive strength of the entire member)
Advantages– Increase the load carrying capacity – Increase span length, or– Reduce the member’s size
![Page 51: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Prestressing - Pretensioning
![Page 52: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Prestressing - Posttensioning
– Cables positioned prior to concrete placement– Stressed after concrete placement (& curing)– Generally performed
at the jobsite
![Page 53: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Post-TensionCable Strands or Coils
Install (position) unstressed steel strandsOften Draped
Positioned to follow tensile forces
Place and Cure Concrete
Stress steel stands w/ hydraulic jackFrom one or both ends of the stand
Anchor the ends of the stands
Trim cables (& patch)
Coated / Sheathed to prevent bonding andPrecut to Length
![Page 54: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Plastic-sheathed to prevent bonding to concrete (note the cable is lubricated)
![Page 55: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Draped to be positioned in “Tension” area of slab
![Page 56: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Cables can be ‘Bundled’
![Page 57: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Cable attachment to Edge Form
![Page 58: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Hydraulic Jacking Machine to Stress Cables
![Page 59: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Elongated Strands after Stressing (Jacking)
![Page 60: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Slab-on-Grade (SOG)
Level surface of concrete supported on the ground
![Page 61: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
– Reinforcing Purpose - Prevent cracking from
• Shrinkage, • Temperature stresses• Concentrated loads, • Frost heaving• Ground Settlement
Slab-on-Grade with Vapor Barrier & WWF(Note lapping of WWF)
![Page 62: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Placement with a Pump
![Page 63: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Laser-screedOften used for ‘superflat’ floors
![Page 64: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
FinishingRotary Power Trowel
(Rider - Double Blade)
FinishingRotary Power Trowel
(Walk behind)
![Page 65: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Casting a SOG (cont.)
Control Joint(tooled)
Control Joint(sawed)
Joints
Note the Broom Finish
![Page 66: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Snap ties
![Page 67: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Ties inserted through pre-drilled holes
![Page 68: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Clamp placed over endloop of tie
![Page 69: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Waler placed over clamp and locked down
![Page 70: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Vertical stiffback attached to assembly
![Page 71: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Stiffback locked in place
![Page 72: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Completed connection: plywood, waler, tie & stiffback
![Page 73: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Casting a Concrete Wall
Materials• Stick Built of Lumber &
Plywood• Standardized prefabricated
panels• Prefabricated steel,
fiberglass• Insulated Concrete Forms• Choice Depends on:
– Number of uses, Irregularity of wall
– Wall finish & tie spacing,– Availability & Cost
![Page 74: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Panelized Systems
Built in-Place with:•Panelized Sections•Multiple Sizes•Rent or Buy
Materials: (often)•Higher Quality Facing Mat’l•Metal “support system”•Ties appropriate for the “system”
Tie Spacing•Spaced @ or > “Stick built”
Uses•Multiple Reuses•Regular shapes
![Page 75: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Panelized System with its Own TiresPanelized System
![Page 76: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Metal & Fiberglass
Often Built:•Specifically for a project•Examples:
– Multi-level Shear Walls– Exposed /Architectural
Materials: (often)•High Quality Facing Mat’l•Higher “quality / strength” Ties
Tie Spacing•Larger spacing
Uses•Multiple Reuses•Irregular or Regular shapes
![Page 77: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Gang Forms
Assemble formwork into large sections•Stick built, Panels, or any other system•Minimizes labor, increases equipment requirements, •Increases speed of construction•Generally used only for large, similar & repeated wall elements
![Page 78: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Gang Forms
![Page 79: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Casting A Concrete Wall (cont)
• Layout, Install one side, anchor, & brace
• Coat w/ Form Release
![Page 80: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Casting A Concrete Wall (cont)
• Install Form Ties– “Small diameter metal rods which
hold the forms together (generally remain in the wall)
Snap Tie
![Page 81: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
![Page 82: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Column Form Materials
![Page 83: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Panelized Formwork
![Page 84: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Formed and Braced
![Page 85: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Sonotube – Waxed Cardboard Column Form Material
![Page 86: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Stripped ColumnNote the spiral formwork markings
![Page 87: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Elevated Framing Systems
• One-Way System– Spans across
parallel lines of support furnished by walls and/or beams
• Two-Way System– Spans supports
running in both directions
![Page 88: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
One Way Elevated Framing Systems
• One-Way
Flat-Slab– Limited
Depth– Limited
Spans– Shorter Story
Hghts– Underside
often exposed
![Page 89: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
One Way Elevated Framing Systems
• One-Way Joist System– Span Greater Distances, Less Dead
Load– Spaced ribs or joists w/ a thin top
slab– Utilizes pans (metal, plastic,
fiberglass)
![Page 90: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
One Way Elevated Framing Systems
• Wide-Module or Skip-Joist System
![Page 91: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
One-Way Slab & Beam
![Page 92: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
One-Way Slab & Beam
![Page 93: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Elevated Framing Systems
• Two-Way Framing Systems– Often more economical than
One-Way if:• Bay spacing (columns) square
– Can be accomplished with a flat slab, joists, beams, etc.
– Often associated with higher loadings
![Page 94: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Two-Way Flat Slab
• Flat slab w/ reinforcing beams
• With, or w/o Capitals or drop panels
Drop Panel
Drop Panel w/Capital
FlatPlate
![Page 95: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Two-Way Waffle Slab
![Page 96: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Elevated Framing Systems
Factors to Consider
• Bay Spacing - Square or
Irregular
• Span Length
• Loading
• Ceiling Treatment
• Lateral Stability
![Page 97: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Elevated Slab Preparation
Prior to Formwork Construction
• Prepare, submit, & approve Engineered Shop Drawings
• FRPS supporting walls/columns
![Page 98: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Elevated Slab Sequence
• Set Beam Bottoms (if required)
• Erect Beam Sides• Form Slab
![Page 99: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Beam Formwork
Form Beam Bottoms & Sides
![Page 100: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Elevated Slab Sequence (cont.)
• Place Reinforcing– Beam reinforcing
– Slab bottom &
– Then top reinforcing
![Page 101: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Elevated Slab Sequence (cont.)
Place, Consolidate, & Finishand Cure
![Page 102: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Elevated Slab Sequence (cont.)
• Strip Formwork & Re-shore
• Re-shore (May Extend 3-4 Floors Below)
• Re-shore Purpose - Support
Construction Load Weight of the next
Floor
![Page 103: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Elevated Slab Sequence
The following group of photos shows the sequence for installation of a one-way
elevated slab.
(Slab & Beam with Reinforcing & Post-Tensioning)
![Page 104: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Columns Placed & Form Support (Scaffolding) Being Erected
![Page 105: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Form Support (Scaffolding) Being Erected
![Page 106: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Decking Support Beams Being Erected
![Page 107: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Plywood Decking Being Erected
![Page 108: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Plywood Decking and Beam Sides Being Erected
![Page 109: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Plywood Decking and Beam Sides Being Erected
![Page 110: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Plywood Decking & Beam Sides Erected
![Page 111: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Plywood Decking and Beam Sides Erected on a Portion
![Page 112: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Deck Support System (Scaffolding)
![Page 113: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Beam Reinforcing Installation
![Page 114: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Beam Reinforcing Installation
![Page 115: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Beam Reinforcing Installation
![Page 116: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Beam Reinforcing Installed
![Page 117: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Beam & Deck Reinforcing Installed
![Page 118: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Post-Tensioning Installation
![Page 119: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Post-Tensioning Installation
![Page 120: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Post-Tensioning Installed
![Page 121: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Post-Tensioning Complete and MPE Sleeves Installed
![Page 122: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Slab Poured & CuredStripping & Post Shores
![Page 123: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Stripping formwork
![Page 124: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Stripping formwork
![Page 125: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Formwork Stripped and Reshores Installed
![Page 126: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Site Cast Post-tensioning Systems
• Can be used with any framing system
• Reduce member size and/or• Extend span capacity
![Page 127: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Lift-slab (Note the slab supports at the columns)
![Page 128: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Tilt-Up
Walls cast Horizontally & “Tilted” into Place
Commonly used in Warehouse, Distribution, Retail
![Page 129: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
The following group of photos shows the tilt-up
sequence used for construction of a Home Depot
![Page 130: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Slab-on-Grade Placed
![Page 131: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Formwork for Panels
![Page 132: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Edge form & reinforcing installedSlab-on-Grade Placed
![Page 133: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Opening Installed
![Page 134: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Panels formed and reinforced
![Page 135: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Panels Formed and Reinforced(Note the Inserts)
![Page 136: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Inserts forPanel Braces,
Steel Framing Anchorage, & Panel Lifting
Weld Plate for Joist AttachmentInsert for Brace
Insert for Lifting Bracket
![Page 137: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Panels Poured
![Page 138: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Lifting Inserts Stripped
![Page 139: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Placement of Exterior Footing
Panels
SOG
![Page 140: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Crane for Panel Installation
![Page 141: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Braces Installed Prior to ‘tilting-up’ the panels
![Page 142: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Attachment of Lifting Bracket
![Page 143: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Panel being lifted (tilted into place)
![Page 144: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Panel being lifted (tilted into place)
![Page 145: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Panel being lifted (tilted into place)
![Page 146: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Panel being lifted (tilted into place)
![Page 147: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Panel being placed on shims set to proper elevation
![Page 148: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Panels being braced
![Page 149: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Panels braced
![Page 150: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Panel grouted between footing & panel
![Page 151: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Roof support structure anchored to panels
![Page 152: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Subgrade prepared for panel structural connection to Slab-on-Grade
![Page 153: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Slab-on-Grade perimeter poured to anchor the panel bottom.
![Page 154: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Panels erected
![Page 155: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Architectural Concrete
Concrete that is left exposed as finished interior or exterior surfaces.
![Page 156: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
![Page 157: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Exposed ‘Architectural’ Concrete at the University of Iowa
![Page 158: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Exposed ‘Architectural’ Concrete at the University of Iowa
![Page 159: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Exposed ‘Architectural’ Concrete(Note the rough finish )
![Page 160: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
Architectural Concrete Finishes
• Exposed Aggregate – clean off paste – & expose
aggregate
• Key– Aggregate
choice– Mix Placement
![Page 161: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
![Page 162: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
Architectural Concrete Finishes
• Mechanically remove the paste – Sand Blast– Bushhammer
![Page 163: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
Architectural Concrete Finishes
• Liners & Form mat’ls – Multiple # of
Finishes
Form Liner &Bush-hammer
![Page 164: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
Architectural Concrete with “Bushhammered” Finish
![Page 165: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
Architectural Concrete with “Bushhammered” Finish
![Page 166: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
Simulated Stone Form Liner
![Page 167: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
Considerations / Challenges
Rustication Location
Form Tie Location
![Page 168: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
Considerations / Challenges
Formwork Joint
Formwork Blemishes
![Page 169: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
Considerations / Challenges
Form Tie Holes
![Page 170: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
Considerations / Challenges
Rusted Bar Supports
![Page 171: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
Patching
![Page 172: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
Designing Economically
• Of three elements - conc., reinf., formwork - – Formwork is generally the most
expensive element – Formwork - high % of labor
• Economies - simplification & standardization– Identical bay spacing– Flat plate - when possible– Standardize column & beam
sizes
![Page 173: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
Site Cast Concrete & Building Codes
• Fire resistant– Assuming adequate re-steel
coverage– Most uses - Unlimited Height &
Area
• Resistance to lateral loading– Rigid joints
![Page 174: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
PRECAST STRUCTURAL & ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE
![Page 175: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
![Page 176: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
![Page 177: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
Precast Hollowcore Planks/Decking
Double Tee’s
Single Tee’s
![Page 178: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
![Page 179: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
Prestressing processand finished product
![Page 180: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
Tarping process for vapor curingof hollow cure planks
Parking Garage both sitecast and precast concrete
![Page 181: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
Correctional Facility in Texas
![Page 182: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
![Page 183: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
![Page 184: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
PRECAST CONCRETE +
POURED IN PLACECONCRETE
PRETENSIONED PRESTRESSED
![Page 185: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
Hollowcore Precast Concrete Plank
•precast, prestressed concrete continous •voids reduce weight, cost •electrical or mechanical conduits •top surfaces can be prepared for the installation of floor covering •underside can be used as a finished ceilling•excellent fire resistance
SPANCRETE
![Page 186: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
![Page 187: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
![Page 188: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
![Page 189: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
http://www.pff.org.uk/PDFs/PFF_Hollowcore_and_prestressed.pdf
![Page 190: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
http://webs.demasiado.com/forjados/tipologia/prefa/hormigon/alveolar2.htm
![Page 191: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE
![Page 192: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
http://www.archprecast.org/
![Page 193: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
![Page 194: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
![Page 195: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
Readily available colors. But any color can be custom ordered.
![Page 196: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
Form LinersFor architectural concrete surfaces
Wood Patterns •Ribbed Patterns •Fractured Patterns •Other Patterns •Form Liner Materials
Wood Patterns
Patterns include:•4" Wide Aged Cedar •2" Wide Aged Wood •4" Wide Aged Wood •Barnwood •6" Wide Cedar •Cedar Stake •Grooved Barnwood •Rough-Sawn Plank •Extra Rough-Sawn •1½" Variable Sawn •Tongue and Groove
![Page 197: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
Form LinersFor architectural concrete surfaces
A Guide SpecificationForm Liner "Cut Sheet" Detail
![Page 198: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
Ground-supported isolated concrete slab, cont’d
• Joints– Control joints
• accommodate shrinkage, reduce random cracking
• Extend about 1/4 of depth of slab• Typically 1/8 inch wide, sawcut or tooled
– Isolation joints• Isolates slab from structural components• full depth of slab
– Construction joint (cold joint)• Non-movement joint • Used where concrete cannot be placed in
one operation• Shear key
– prevents differential movement – Assures aggregate interlock
![Page 199: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
Section through control joint
![Page 200: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
Isolation joints & control joints in interior isolated slab
![Page 201: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
Section: isolated slab at load-bearing wall
![Page 202: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
Keyed construction joint in slab
![Page 203: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
Construction joint between column & footing
![Page 204: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
Horizontal construction joint in wall
![Page 205: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
Ground-supported isolated concrete slab, cont’d
• Joints– Control joints
• accommodate shrinkage, reduce random cracking
• Extend about 1/4 of depth of slab• Typically 1/8 inch wide, sawcut or tooled
– Isolation joints• Isolates slab from structural components• full depth of slab
– Construction joint (cold joint)• Non-movement joint • Used where concrete cannot be placed in
one operation• Shear key
– prevents differential movement – Assures aggregate interlock
![Page 206: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
Section through control joint
![Page 207: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
Isolation joints & control joints in interior isolated slab
![Page 208: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
Section: isolated slab at load-bearing wall
![Page 209: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
Keyed construction joint in slab
![Page 210: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
Construction joint between column & footing
![Page 211: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
Horizontal construction joint in wall
![Page 212: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
Beam and girders with slab floors increase spans,
decrease economy
![Page 213: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
One-way and two-way slabs
• Slabs become thicker as spans increase– Uneconomical when slab exceeds 8
inches – Dimensions maximized
• One-way slab, 16 fts wide• Two-way, square slab 24 ft. wide
• Beams and girders can be added to slabs to increase spans & reduce slab thickness– Beam and girder sizes vary
• Increase cost and complexity of formwork– Not commonly used due to lack of
economy
![Page 214: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
One-way joist floor viewed from below
![Page 215: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
Standard module formwork with beam reinforcement laid
![Page 216: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/216.jpg)
Standard module pan sizes
![Page 217: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/217.jpg)
Tapered pans, widened joist ends
![Page 218: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/218.jpg)
Wide-module pans
![Page 219: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/219.jpg)
Flat plate slab: light occupancies, lower ceiling height, small, square bays
![Page 220: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/220.jpg)
Flat slab has round column and drop panels
![Page 221: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/221.jpg)
Section through hollow core slab
![Page 222: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/222.jpg)
Precast concrete hollow core slabs rest on site-cast
concrete columns and beams
![Page 223: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/223.jpg)
Section through double-tee floor
![Page 224: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/224.jpg)
Double-tee units on precast inverted T-beams
![Page 225: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/225.jpg)
Double-tee meet at column and beam
![Page 226: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/226.jpg)
Inverted T-beam
![Page 227: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/227.jpg)
Fire resistance of concrete members
• Thickness of member• Type of course aggregate• Covering of reinforcement and
prestressing tendons
![Page 228: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/228.jpg)
Building separation joint: Single column, site cast
![Page 229: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/229.jpg)
Slip joint assembly
![Page 230: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/230.jpg)
Slip joint assembly
![Page 231: Concrete](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102605/5412ca657bef0ad8528b8aed/html5/thumbnails/231.jpg)
The End