computer communication & networks lecture # 02 nadeem majeed choudhary...
TRANSCRIPT
Layering & Protocol Stacks
Reference Models
OSI reference model TCP/IP
OSI Reference model
Open System Interconnection 7 layers
1. Crate a layer when different abstraction is needed
2. Each layer performs a well define function
3. Functions of the layers chosen taking internationally standardized protocols
4. Number of layers – large enough to avoid complexity
Seven layers of the OSI model
Exchange using OSI Model
Peer-to-peer Processes Layer x on one machine communicates with layer x on another
machine - called Peer-to-Peer Processes. Interfaces between Layers
Each interface defines what information and services a layer must provide for the layer above it. Well defined interfaces and layer functions provide modularity to a network
Organizations of the layers Network support layers : Layers 1, 2, 3 User support layer : Layer 5, 6, 7
It allows interoperability among unrelated software systems
Transport layer (Layer 4) : links the two subgroups
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
OSI Layers
Physical layer
Transporting bits from one end node to the next- type of the transmission media (twisted-pair, coax, optical fiber, air)- bit representation (voltage levels of logical values)- data rate (speed)- synchronization of bits (time synchronization)- deals with the optical, mechanical and electrical features- transmission modes ( half duplex, full duplex)
physicalconnection
The physical layer is responsible for movements ofindividual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Note
Protocols:
- Modems
- Optical Cables, Connectors
Network Devices:
- Hubs, Repeaters, and Amplifier.
Data Link layer
Transporting frames from one end node to the next one
logicalconnection
- framing - physical addressing
- flow control - error control
- access control
Data Link layer- hop-to-hop delivery-
Data Link layer- example-
The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.
Note
Data Link layer
Network Devices:
-Bridge, Switch, ISDN Router, Intelligent Hub, NIC, Advanced Cable Tester
Data Link layer
Protocols: Logical Link Control • error correction and flow control• manages link control and defines SAPs
Media Access Control • controls the type of media being used:802.3 CSMA/CD (Ethernet)802.4 Token Bus (ARCnet)802.5 Token Ring802.12 Demand Priority
Network Layer The network layer is responsible for
the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host.
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Network layer
End-to-End packet delivery From the original source to a destination
Needed when 2 devices are attached to different networks What is the network definition here?
Main duties:1. Logical addressing2. Routing3. Switching4. Congestion control and QoS
Not a message
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Source to destination delivery
Data Link
Network layer
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Network layer- example -
Network layer addresses
Data Link layer addresses
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The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
Note
Network Layer
Router works as the post office and network layer stamps the letters (data) for the specific destinations.
Protocols: These protocols work on the network layer IP, ICMP, ARP, RIP, OSI, IPX and OSPF.
Network Devices: Network devices including Router, Frame Relay device and ATM switch devices work on the network layer.
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Transport layer
Process-to-Process delivery of the entire message From the original source to a destination
Needed when several processes (running programs) active at the same time
Main tasks: Port addressing Segmentation and reassembly Congestion control Flow control Error control
Transport Layer The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
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Transport Layer
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Transport layer -an example of a reliable delivery -
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The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another.
Note
Transport Layer
Protocols: These protocols work on the transport layer TCP, UDP, SPX, NETBIOS, ATP and NWLINK.
Network Devices: The Brouter, Gateway and Cable tester work on the transport layer.
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The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization.
Note
Session Layer The session layer is responsible for
dialog control and synchronization.
Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer
Presentation layer is a best layer for cryptography.
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The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption.
Note
Application Layer The application layer is responsible
for providing services to the user.
Application Layer
Services provided by Application layer:
- File transfer, Access
- Mail services
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Application layer
Enables user to access the network Provides services to a user
E-mail Remote file access and transfer (Telnet, FTP) Access to WWW (HTTP)
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The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
Note
Application Layer
Protocols: FTP, DNS, SNMP, SMTP, FINGER, TELNET, TFTP, BOOTP and SMB protocol are operated on the application layer.
Network Devices: Gateway network device is operated on the application layer.
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OSI Reference Model
A convenient aid for remembering the OSI layer names is to use the first letter of each word in the phrase:
All People Seem To Need Data Processing
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Summary of layers and protocols
Low-level protocols define the electrical and physical standards to be observed, bit- and byte-ordering and the transmission and error detection and correction of the bit stream
High-level protocols deal with the data formatting, including the syntax of messages, the terminal to computer dialogue, character sets, sequencing of messages
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TCP/IP Protocol
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TCP/IP Vs OSI Model
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Four Level of Addresses
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Relationship of Layers & Addresses in TCP/IP
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The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,but the logical addresses usually remain the same.
Note
In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.
Example 2.1
Figure 2.19 Physical addresses
most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown below:
Example 2.2
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for each connection. In this case, each computer is connected to only one link and therefore has only one pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each connection.
Example 2.3
Figure 2.20 IP addresses
Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the Internet. The sending computer is running three processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receiving computer is running two processes at this time with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer needs to communicate with process j in the receiving computer. Note that although physical addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port addresses remain the same from the source to destination.
Example 2.4
Figure 2.21 Port addresses
Example 2.5
A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal number as shown.
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A 16-bit port address represented as one single number.
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Readings
Chapter 2 (B. A Forouzan) Section 2.2,2.3, 2.4, 2.5
Q & A