Compounds composed mainly of Carbon and Hydrogen. Carbon takes on a -4 charge with Hydrogen being a +4.

H-C-H

H

H

In anything that is/was

Carbon can chemical bond with another Carbon, which is a very unusual capability! Carbon can make long chains of carbon atoms “hooked” together.

H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H H H H

H HHHH HHH

Notice that each Carbon has FOUR lines surrounding it.

Each lines represents one pair of shared electrons, one from the carbon atom and

one from the hydrogen atom.

Carbon has an s2p2 electron configuration.

Carbon Chains are found in nature in many different arrangements……….

Some are straight chains ……..

H- C - C - C - C - HH H H H

H H H H

Some are BRANCHED…..

H H HH - C - C - C - H C H

HH H

C C C C C C

H

H

H

HH H

H

H

H

H

H

H

Some are in rings…….

Are NAMED by the type of bond between the Carbons: Carbons can share MULTIPLE number of electrons BETWEEN each atom……..

C C C C

C C

DOUBLE BOND

Hydrocarbons

Aromatic Aliphatic :

1. Alkanes2. Cycloalkanes

3. Alkenes4. Alkynes

Benzene

“Ringed” compounds

“Chain” compounds

Straight and Branched carbons with ONLY single bonds between the carbons.

*Named with prefixes and suffixes

Suffix name = ane (ending)

Prefix name ?…………………...

Prefixes : 1 carbon meth 8 carbons oct 2 carbons eth 9 carbons non 3 carbons prop 10 carbons dec 4 carbons but 5 carbons pent 6 carbons hex 7 carbons hept

So …..

Methane is

Ethane is

Propane is

Carbon compounds with single bonds that are arranged in a circle (cycle).

H - C C -HH - C C -H

Cyclobutane

H

H H

H

Carbon compounds with a double bond between one or more carbons.

H - C = C - C - HHH H

H

Propene

Write Structure for:

2-pentene

2,3-pentadiene

Naming Hints

Count from either left or right of compound, that will give the double bond the LOWEST number.

Assign number to the double bond. Place numbers in front of compound name, separating using commas. Place a hyphen between numbers and name.Add a numerical prefix BEFORE the ending

suffix.

Carbon compounds with a triple bond!

H - C = C - C- H

Propyne

H

H

Draw Structure for

2-pentyne

1,3-hexadiyne

“ringed” hydrocarbons that MUST contain alternating double bonds

CH - C C - HH - C C - H C

H

H

BENZENE Not named with prefixes!

Most of the time, the letters are not written in aromatic structures:

A carbon is present at each point

BENZENE

Alternating double bonds form SPECIAL arrangements called a PI bond. That is written as a circle…...

BENZENE BENZENE

Two “benzenes” stuck together is a NEW compound……...

Naphthalene

The way to name a hydrocarbon

Steps to naming a carbon compound…...

1. Find the longest chain of connected Carbons!

2. Decide on the prefix by the carbon #

3. Decide the suffix by looking at the kind of bonds between the carbons4. Circle any branches or special groups

5. Name each branch, separately. Add -yl to ending of prefix.

One carbon in branch = methyl prefix

6. Place the branch names IN FRONT of the prefix, having the least complex written FIRST !!!!!

7. Assign numbers to the branches, having the lowest total possible.

Look at examples on the Handout!

Isomers are hydrocarbon compounds that have the SAME empirical formula but DIFFERENT structures!

Easiest Isomer is Butane and iso-butane (isomer of butane)

C-C-C-C Butane ( no H’s)

C-C-C C

Methylpropane or Iso-butane

C4H10

C4H10

There may be several isomers that can be written for one formula!

Try writing some isomers for pentane……….

C-C-C-C-C-C

C-C-C-C C

CC-C-C C

Pentane

methylbutane

Dimethylpropane

C5H12

C5H12

C5H12

What are these structures isomers of ?

C-C-C-C-C-C C C

C C C C-C-C-C-C-C-C

Octane

Decane

A. Hydrocarbons with a Halogen ( family 17)

B. Hydrocarbons with Oxygen: 1. Alcohols

2. Ethers3. Aldehydes4. Ketones5. Acids6. Esters

C. Hydrocarbons with Nitrogen:1. Amines2. Amides3. Amino Acids4. Nitriles5. Nitro compounds

Remove a hydrogen and replace it with chlorine, flourine, iodine or bromine.

H Cl-C-Cl Cl

methane

H H-C-Br H

Trichloromethane

H H-C-H H

bromomethane

General Formula = R-OH

NOT a Base! OH is a hydroxyl group, not a Hydroxide group. The Hydrogen gets removed only by strong metals.Alcohols with 1,2, and 3 Carbons dissolve in water, others do NOT.

CH3OH Methanol

CH3CH2OH Ethanol

Suffix = - ol

Gen. Formula = R - O - RSuffix = - oxy

CH3OCH2CH3 methoxyethane

CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH3

ethoxypropane

Gen. Formula = O

=

R- C - HSuffix = - al

CH3CH2C - H

O

= Propanal

3 carbons, single bonds!

Gen. Formula = R - C - R

O

=CH3CH2CCH2CH3

O

=

3-Pentanone

Suffix = - one

CH3CH2CH2CCH3

O

= 2-pentanone

Gen. Formula = O

R - C- O - H

=

Suffix = - noic acid

CH3CH2COOH Propanoic acid

CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH

Pentanoic Acid

Gen. Formula =

R - C - O - R

O

=

Suffix = - yl & -oateName the two R groups with separate words

CH3CH2COOCH3

Propyl methanoate

Gen. Formula = R - NH2

Suffix = amine

CH3CH2CH2NH2 Propanamine

CH3CHCH3 _

NH22- propanamine

Gen. Formula =

R - C - NH2

O

=

CH3CH2CH2CONH2Butanamide

Suffix = amide

Gen. Formula =R(or G) - CH - COOH

NH2-

CH3CH2CH(NH2)COOH

(NH2) means attached on

top of previous carbon

2-aminobutanoic Acid

Suffix = amino & noic

Gen. Formula = R - C = N_

Suffix = nitrile

CH3CH2CN Propanenitrile

Gen. Formula = R - NO2

Prefix = Nitro

CH3NO2Nitromethane

CH3CH2CH(NO2)CH3 2-nitrobutane

Also called Phenyl group!

OH

Phenol

When is benzene labeled like a branch?

When you can’t name the “attachment” as one branch…… it has too many other items…..

C – C – C – C – C Cl Br

CC

C

1-phenyl-2-chloro-2-methyl-3-bromo-3-ethylpentane