MacromoleculesMacromolecules

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Elements - Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H)Elements - Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H)

, and Oxygen(O)., and Oxygen(O). Structural unit -monosaccharide (one Structural unit -monosaccharide (one

sugar)sugar) Example – glucoseExample – glucose

Carbohydrates Cont..Carbohydrates Cont..

Dehydration synthesis – a chemical Dehydration synthesis – a chemical reaction combining 2 molecules reaction combining 2 molecules together and forming one molecule together and forming one molecule of water.of water.

http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmldehydrat/dehydrat.html

Disaccharide – two sugars, e.g. Disaccharide – two sugars, e.g. maltosemaltose

Carbohydrates Cont..Carbohydrates Cont.. Polysaccharide- many sugars, e.g. glycogen Polysaccharide- many sugars, e.g. glycogen

(starch)(starch)

Hydrolysis reaction - adding water to break Hydrolysis reaction - adding water to break molecules apart. molecules apart.

http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmldehydrat.html

Carbs Cont..Carbs Cont..

Function: main source of energy for Function: main source of energy for living organisms and some animals living organisms and some animals use them for structural purposes. use them for structural purposes. Ex: Chitin (exoskeletons in animals), Ex: Chitin (exoskeletons in animals), cellulose (cell wall in plants)cellulose (cell wall in plants)

LipidsLipids

Elements - C, H, and O.Elements - C, H, and O. Structural unit - fatty acid, consisting Structural unit - fatty acid, consisting

of a carboxyl group, C chain and of a carboxyl group, C chain and HydrogenHydrogen’’s. s.

Examples - fats,oils and waxes.Examples - fats,oils and waxes.

Lipids Cont…Lipids Cont… Saturated fat - single bonds between C, e.g. Saturated fat - single bonds between C, e.g.

solids, butter, meatsolids, butter, meat Unsaturated fat - double bonds between C, Unsaturated fat - double bonds between C,

e.g. liquids, oilse.g. liquids, oils

Cholesterol - essential compound in Cholesterol - essential compound in animal tissue, but can build up causing narrow animal tissue, but can build up causing narrow

arteries.arteries. Which can lead to heart attack.Which can lead to heart attack.

Lipids Cont..Lipids Cont.. Lipids consist of one glycerol Lipids consist of one glycerol

molecule with 3 fatty acids attachedmolecule with 3 fatty acids attached

Function: Store energy, important Function: Store energy, important parts of cell membranes and parts of cell membranes and waterproof coverings. waterproof coverings.

ProteinsProteins

Elements - nitrogen (N), C, H and O.Elements - nitrogen (N), C, H and O. Structural unit - amino acid, Structural unit - amino acid,

consisting of 1 carboxyl group, 1 consisting of 1 carboxyl group, 1 amino group, 1 hydrogen atom, and amino group, 1 hydrogen atom, and a side chain represented by R.a side chain represented by R.

Example - hormone, Example - hormone,

muscle, cell parts.muscle, cell parts.

Proteins Cont…Proteins Cont…

Amino acids are bonded together by a Amino acids are bonded together by a dehydration synthesis between the dehydration synthesis between the amino group of one amino acid and amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the other. This is the carboxyl group of the other. This is a peptide bond.a peptide bond.

http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmldehydrat/dehydrat.html

Dipeptide - 2 amino acids.Dipeptide - 2 amino acids. Polypeptide - 3 or more amino acids.Polypeptide - 3 or more amino acids.

Proteins Cont..Proteins Cont..

Function: Some proteins control the Function: Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some form bones and processes. Some form bones and muscles. Some transport substances muscles. Some transport substances into or out of cells or help fight into or out of cells or help fight disease (antibodies).disease (antibodies).

Proteins Cont…Proteins Cont…

The sequence of amino acids The sequence of amino acids determines its structure and the determines its structure and the structure determines the function.structure determines the function.

http://www.johnkyrk.com/http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html aminoacid.html

Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid Elements - phosphorous (P), N, C, H and O.Elements - phosphorous (P), N, C, H and O. Example - RNA and DNAExample - RNA and DNA Made of nucleotides whichMade of nucleotides which consist of sugar and consist of sugar and phosphate sides and phosphate sides and nitrogen bases, in between nitrogen bases, in between Consisting of guanine, cytosine, Consisting of guanine, cytosine, Thymine and adenine. Thymine and adenine. DNA is DNA is a twisted ladder called a double a twisted ladder called a double helix.helix.

Nucleic Acid Cont…Nucleic Acid Cont…

RNA is single stranded containing RNA is single stranded containing Guanine, cytosine, adenine and Guanine, cytosine, adenine and uracil.uracil.

Nucleic Acid Cont…Nucleic Acid Cont…

Function: These store and transmit Function: These store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information. hereditary, or genetic information. They are the code that determines They are the code that determines which amino acid gets picked up so which amino acid gets picked up so in turn what protein is made.in turn what protein is made.