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Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on theATmega328P. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again."Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.You can findhereyour board warranty informations.Getting StartedYou can find in theGetting Started sectionall the information you need to configure your board, use theArduino Software (IDE), and start tinker with coding and electronics.Need Help? On the Softwareon the Arduino Forum On Projectson the Arduino Forum On the Product itself throughour Customer Support

Technical specsMicrocontrollerATmega328P

Operating Voltage5V

Input Voltage (recommended)7-12V

Input Voltage (limit)6-20V

Digital I/O Pins14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

PWM Digital I/O Pins6

Analog Input Pins6

DC Current per I/O Pin20 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin50 mA

Flash Memory32 KB (ATmega328P)of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

SRAM2 KB (ATmega328P)

EEPROM1 KB (ATmega328P)

Clock Speed16 MHz

Length68.6 mm

Width53.4 mm

Weight25 g

The Arduino/Genuino Uno can be programmed with theArduino Software(IDE). Select "Arduino/Genuino Uno" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For details, see thereferenceandtutorials.The ATmega328 on the Arduino/Genuino Uno comes preprogrammed with abootloaderthat allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference,C header files).You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header usingArduino ISPor similar; seethese instructionsfor details.The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available in the Arduino repository. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by: On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then rese ing the 8U2. On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.You can then useAtmel's FLIP software(Windows) or theDFU programmer(Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). Seethis user-contributed tutorialfor more information.WarningsThe Arduino/Genuino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.Differences with other boardsThe Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.PowerThe Arduino/Genuino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the GND and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may become unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.The power pins are as follows:

Vin. The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin. 5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it. 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA. GND. Ground pins. IOREF. This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.MemoryThe ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with theEEPROM library).Input and OutputSee the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328P ports. The mapping for the Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, usingpinMode(),digitalWrite(), anddigitalRead()functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller.In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip. External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details. PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function. SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library. LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference(). Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.CommunicationArduino/Genuino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino/Genuino board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However,on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).ASoftwareSerial libraryallows serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see thedocumentationfor details. For SPI communication, use theSPI library.Automatic (Software) ResetRather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino/Genuino Uno board is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino Software (IDE) uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the interface toolbar. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.The Uno board contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; seethis forum threadfor details.RevisionsRevision 3 of the board has the following new features:

1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible with both the board that uses the AVR, which operates with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operates with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes. Stronger RESET circuit. Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

Geared DC motorsGeared DC motors can be defined as an extension of DC motor which already had its Insight details demystifiedhere. A geared DC Motor has a gear assembly attached to the motor. The speed of motor is counted in terms of rotations of the shaft per minute and is termed as RPM .The gear assembly helps in increasing the torque and reducing the speed. Using the correct combination of gears in a gear motor, its speed can be reduced to any desirable figure. This concept where gears reduce the speed of the vehicle but increase its torque is known as gear reduction. This Insight will explore all the minor and major details that make the gear head and hence the working of geared DC motor.External StructureAt the first sight, the external structure of a DC geared motor looks as a straight expansion over the simple DC ones.Fig.shows 60RPM,9V DC motor

The lateral view of the motor shows the outer protrudes of the gear head. A nut is placed near the shaft which helps in mounting the motor to the other parts of the assembly.

servomotor Aservomotoris arotary actuatororlinear actuatorthat allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration.[1]It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also requires a relatively sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed specifically for use with servomotors.Servomotors are not a specific class of motor although the termservomotoris often used to refer to a motor suitable for use in a closed-loop control system.Servomotors are used in applications such asrobotics,CNCmachinery or automated manufacturing.Fig. shows 4kg torque and 0- 240degree angle of rotation servo motor.MechanismAs the name suggests, a servomotor is aservomechanism. More specifically, it is aclosed-loopservomechanism that uses position feedback to control its motion and final position. The input to its control is some signal, either analogue or digital, representing the position commanded for the output shaft.The motor is paired with some type ofencoderto provide position and speed feedback. In the simplest case, only the position is measured. The measured position of the output is compared to the command position, the external input to the controller. If the output position differs from that required, anerror signalis generated which then causes the motor to rotate in either direction, as needed to bring the output shaft to the appropriate position. As the positions approach, the error signal reduces to zero and the motor stops.The very simplest servomotors use position-only sensing via apotentiometerandbang-bang controlof their motor; the motor always rotates at full speed (or is stopped). This type of servomotor is not widely used in industrialmotion control, but it forms the basis of the simple and cheapservosused forradio-controlled models.More sophisticated servomotors measure both the position and also the speed of the output shaft. They may also control the speed of their motor, rather than always running at full speed. Both of these enhancements, usually in combination with aPID controlalgorithm, allow the servomotor to be brought to its commanded position more quickly and more precisely, with lessovershooting

Infrared (IR) sensor PRINCIPLE OF WORKINGAn Infrared (IR) sensor is used to detect obstacles in front of the robot or to differentiate between colors depending on the configuration of the sensor.The picture shown is a very simple black box model of the IR Sensor. The sensor emits IR light and gives a signal when it detects the reflected light.

An IR sensor consists of an emitter, detector and associated circuitry. The circuit required to make an IR sensor consists of two parts; the emitter circuit and the receiver circuit.The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, its resistance and correspondingly, its output voltage, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received. This is the underlying principle of working of the IR sensor.RS-232Intelecommunications,RS-232is the traditional name for a series of standards forserialbinarysingle-endeddataandcontrolsignals connecting betweenDTE(data terminal equipment) andDCE(data circuit-terminating equipment, originally defined asdata communication equipment[1]). It is commonly used incomputerserial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size andpinoutof connectors. The current version of the standard isTIA-232-F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.An RS-232serial portwas once a standard feature of apersonal computer, used for connections tomodems,printers,mice, data storage,uninterruptible power supplies, and other peripheral devices. However, the low transmission speed, large voltage swing, and large standard connectors motivated development of theUniversal Serial Bus, which has displaced RS-232 from most of its peripheral interface roles. Many modern personal computers have no RS-232 ports and must use either an external USB-to-RS-232 converter or an internal expansion card with one or more serial ports to connect to RS-232 peripherals. RS-232 devices are still found, especially in industrial machines, networking equipment, and scientific instruments.RS-232 stands for Recommend Standard number 232 and C is the latest revision of the standard. The serial ports on most computers use a subset of the RS-232C standard. The full RS-232C standard specifies a 25-pin "D" connector of which 22 pins are used. Most of these pins are not needed for normal PC communications, and indeed, most new PCs are equipped with male D type connectors having only 9 pins.9 Pin Connector on a DTE device (PC connection)

Male RS232 DB9

Pin NumberDirection of signal:

1Carrier Detect (CD) (from DCE) Incoming signal from a modem

2Received Data (RD) Incoming Data from a DCE

3Transmitted Data (TD) Outgoing Data to a DCE

4Data Terminal Ready (DTR) Outgoing handshaking signal

5Signal Ground Common reference voltage

6Data Set Ready (DSR) Incoming handshaking signal

7Request To Send (RTS) Outgoing flow control signal

8Clear To Send (CTS) Incoming flow control signal

9Ring Indicator (RI) (from DCE) Incoming signal from a modem

L293D is a dual H-Bridge motor driverL293D is a dual H-Bridge motor driver, So with one IC we can interface two DC motors which can be controlled in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction and if you have motor with fix direction of motion the you can make use of all the four I/Os to connect up to four DC motors. L293D has output current of 600ma and peak output current of 1.2A per channel. Moreover for protection ofcircuitfrom back EMF ouputdiodesare included within the IC. The output supply (VCC2) has a wide range from 4.5Vto 36V, which has made L293D a best choice for DC motor driver.A simple schematic for interfacing a DC motor using L293D is shown below.

As you can see inthecircuit, threepinsare needed for interfacing a DC motor (A, B, Enable). If you want the o/p to be enabled completely then you can connect Enable to VCC and only 2 pins needed from controller to make the motor work.As per the truth mentioned in the image above its fairly simple to program themicrocontroller. Its also clear from the truth table of BJT circuit and L293D the programming will be same for both of them, just keeping in mind the allowed combinations of A and B. We will discuss about programming in C as well as assembly for running motor with the help of a microcontroller.