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COMPLEX SENTENCE

Ricky Herdiyansyah SP., MSi

ricky herdiyansyah SP.,MSc. Bahasa inggris agribisnis

What is a Complex Sentence?

• A complex sentence contains both an independent and a dependent clause.

• A complex sentence may contain more than just two clauses.

• A complex sentence may be combined with a compound sentence to form a compound-complex sentence.


Independent & Dependent Clauses

• A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.– An independent clause has a subject and a verb

and can stand alone because it expresses a complete thought.• I studied for the test.

– A dependent clause has a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone because it does not express a complete thought. It “depends” on another clause to be complete.• Although I was tired.


Complex Sentence

• A complex sentence combines both an independent and dependent clause.

– Although I was tired, I studied for the test.

– I studied for the test, although I was tired.


Subordinating Conjunctions

• Many dependent clauses begin with a subordinating conjunction (also known as a dependent word)– Subordinate means secondary, so

subordinating conjunctions are words that introduce secondary ideas.• e.g., because, since, when, while, although, even

though, if, as, whereas

– Subordinating conjunctions create a relationship between clauses, so they must be used properly.


Punctuating with Dependent Clauses & Subordinating Conjunctions

• When a dependent clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction falls at the beginning of the sentence, put a comma after the clause. (It acts as an introductory clause.)

• When it falls at the end, no comma is needed.

– Because I didn’t study, I didn’t pass the exam.

– I didn’t pass the exam because I didn’t study.ricky herdiyansyah SP.,MSc. Bahasa inggris

agribisnis

What is a Relative Pronoun?

• A relative pronoun describes a noun or pronoun.

– Relative pronouns:

• who, whom, whomever, whose, which, that

• Relative pronouns can be used to begin a relative clause, which is also “dependent” and can be used in a complex sentence.

– My uncle, who plays for the Houston Astros, is coming to visit this week.


Who vs. Which vs. That

• Use who (whom, whomever, whose) to add information about a person or animal.

– My cat, who is 15-years old, likes to lay on the porch all day.

• Use that to add essential information about a thing or animal.

– The animal that I like best is the platypus.

• Use which to add non-essential information about a thing or animal.

– A platypus, which is my favorite animal, was recently added to one of the exhibits at the zoo.


Punctuation with Relative Clauses

• Use commas to set off non-essential clauses.– Clauses beginning with which should be non-essential.

• My computer, which is a laptop, crashed.

– Some clauses beginning with who are non-essential.

• My teacher, whom I like a lot, just won an award for Best Teacher.

• Do not use commas with essential clauses.– Clauses beginning with that should be essential.

• The classes that I’m taking this semester are Reading and English.

– Some clauses beginning with who are essential.

• The tutor who is assigned to our class is very helpful.


• A complex sentence is a sentence containing an independent clause and one or more dependent clause. Like a compound sentence, a complex sentence has an independent clause; however, the dependent clause (or subordinate) clause is introduced by a subordinate conjunction, which is sometimes referred as a clause a clause signal.

Complex sentences employing adverbial clause

• An adverbial clause, as the name suggests, functions as an adverb and relates to the verb in the main or independent clause because it modifies the verb. The adverbial clause modifies or explain eight different aspects of the verbs, i.e.: 1) time, 2) place, 3) manner, 4) comparison, 5) reason, 6) result, 7) condition, and 8) contrast/concession.

• The subordinate conjunction of the clause will indicate its meaning and to which type of adverbial clause it belongs.


• Adverbial clause of time

• Subordinate conjunctions used are: when, whenever, while, since, after, before, until, till, etc.

1. Jono was working in the rice field when the buffalo attacked him.

2. We will keep on watering the paddy until they enter the reproductive stage.

3. Germinating seeds consume the endosperm for energy source before roots can function normally.

4. We grow peanuts, eggplants and sweet potatoes since we moved here two years ago.

5. In a glasshouse you can grow the plants whenever you want to.


Adverbial clause of place

• Subordinate conjunctions used are: where, wherever, etc.

1. The fusarium wilt disease usually occurs in place where there is high temperature along with high humidity.

2. Ferns grow well in forest floor where rain falls abundantly.

3. The spores of fungi can germinate wherever they can get water and carbohydrate supply.

4. During dry season many animals including birds and rabbits migrate to places where they can get enough food.

5. The plant pathologists will carry out research wherever they can get adequate facilities.


Adverbial clause of manner

• Subordinate conjunctions used are: as, like, just like, as if, etc.

1. Farmers set up several scarecrows on their rice field as if there are so many birds that should be kept away from stealing the rice.

2. Jono did the fruit picking very well as he was instructed by the manager.

3. We always take care of the plant like other farmers do.

Adverbial clause of reason/purpose

Subordinate conjunctions used are: as, because, because of, since, due to, for, so that, in order, etc.

1. Plants grown under low light intensity are taller than those grown under high light intensity because of auxin activity is higher under low light intensity.

2. The flowers soon degenerate due to high temperature.

3. Many rice fields are flooded with water because the dam is broken.


Adverbial clause of results

• Subordinate conjunctions used are: so …… that, such ……. that, etc.

1. The disease attack was so severe that caused high production lost.

2. The soil is so poor that we can not grow any plant on it.

3. It was such a beautiful orchid that I could not see it died because of high concentration of fertilizer.

Adverbial clause of condition

• Subordinate conjunctions used are: if, whether, unless, provided (that), on condition (that), etc.

1. Plants will grow better if they are well fertilized.

2. The quarantine officer is checking the imported plants to see if there is contaminated plant.

3. We need to know whether the irrigation system still works well or require fixing.


Adverbial clause of contrast/concern

• Subordinate conjunctions used are: although, though, even though, no matter how, if, even if, etc.

1. You should spray the plants regularly even if they look very healthy.

2. Tomatoes can grow well and produce high quality of fruits if they are watered and fertilized well.

3. Mycoplasm is very difficult to overcome although the growing area are kept clear of weeds.


• Complex sentences employing adjective clause

• As it has been discussed, an adjective modifies a noun or pronoun. Therefore, as the name suggests, an adjective clause is a dependent clause that function as an adjective, and it modifies noun or pronoun. The adjective clause modifies or explain five different aspects of the nouns: person, thing, time, place, reason. The subordinate conjunction or clause signals fir adjective clause are:

• who, whose, whom, that for person; Joy Thompson, who reclassified Clianthus formosus into S. formosa stated that the genus Swainsona has a uniform chromosome number of 2n = 32

• which, that for thing ; The endosperm, which is in the inner part of the seeds,provides foods during seed germination

• when for time.

• where for place; The seed bed, where they prepared the seedlings was also destroyed by the flood.

• why for reason.


• Complex sentences employing noun clause

• As the name suggests, a noun clause functions as a noun. They are used as the subject of a verb, as the object of a verb, as the object of a preposition, as a subjective complement, and as an appositive. The following are some of the clause signals or introductory word for noun clauses:

how that whether

how far what which

how long whatever who

how many when whoever

how often whenever whom

how old where whose

how soon wherever why


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