competition. what a wondrous problem it is, what a play of forces, determining the kind and...
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competition
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What a wondrous problem it is, what a play of forces, determining the kind and proportion of each plant in a square yard of turf!!
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10.1 Relationships between yield of dry matter (g) and plant density for two pasture plants
At some point, individuals start competing for resources. Greater density of seeds does not = greater total, final, dry weight.
Increasing soil fertility = greater final biomass…but that is also density dependant.
Do you see why??
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10.2 Average individual plant weight (g) for Trifolium subterraneum
At some point, individuals start competing for resources.
Variable are density and time.
Do you see why??
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10.3 Frequencies of dry weights of individual seedlings of Tagetes patula
Timing is everything!!
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10.5 The effect of relative order of emergence on seedling dry weight (mg)
Timing is everything!If you emerge first you have a big advantage.
Asymmetric competition
Role of propagules & regeneration niche
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10.7 A transect through a natural population of Myosotis micrantha
Competition, but…for what?
And, how?
Neighborhood concept…
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10.8(A) A strangler fig, (B) Pueraria lobata
Direct competition…wrestling!!
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10.9 Separate root and shoot competition while keeping total soil volume constant
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10.10 Ratio of biomass in intraspecific competition for Panicium maximum and Hyparrhenia hirta
Outcome of competition of often resource dependant.- The “winner” often the species that can persist at the lowest levels of whatever resource is most limiting
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Liebig’s Law of the Minimum:plant growth is limited by the essential nutrient in lowest supply…
not by the total nutrient compliment available
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F. arundinacea
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ControlKalmia latifoliaRhododendron maximumLonicera maackiiLonicera japonica
Allelopathy vs. other forms of interference
D) C. lanceolata
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B) P. pratensis
C) I. wallerana
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A) F. arundinacea
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LoniceraAsiminaLinderaControl
Allelopathy is a form of chemical interference. Suppression of one plant, by another, via chemical suppression. There is great variation among the kinds of species , and the particular chemical. Allelopathy seems to have been “invented” evolutionarily many times. One important question is whether the compounds’ primary purposes is this suppression of competitors, or….whether it is a useful side benefit of a compound that does a different job.
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Allelopathy has a long, and tortuous, history in ecology. Cornelius Muller published a paper in 1964 focused on shrubs. It made the cover of Science. These shrubs became the essential example of allelopathy- this led to significant recognition for Muller. It was a revolution in the field….
This finding was later challenged, and allelopathy remains a controversial topic. At least, for a while- allelopathy lost favor as an explanation of plant dominance.
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In 2004 Ray Callaway published a paper drawing attention to the idea that invasive species may use allelopathy as a “novel weapon” during invasion. I will come back to this.
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A closing word on facilitation…
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competition