competent crew day skipper (sail)
TRANSCRIPT
Competent Crew (sail)
Jack DaleISPA Yachtmaster Offshore
InstructorISPA Instructor Evaluator
Clothing Dress in layers Layer 1
Polypropylene Fleece Foul weather gear
Soft bag
Deck shoes Sea boots Sun hat Sunglasses Gloves Multi-tool
Parts of a Sailboat
Winches Self-tailing
Off the winch Over the feeder Around the gripper
Standard Must be tailed
Mainsail
Mainsail Systems Standard In Mast Furling Roller Furling Boom
Parts of a Mainsail
In Mast Roller Furling Worm screw thread Direct drive –
winch Direct drive –
endless line
In Boom Reefing Rolls around or into boom Works with fully battened mains
Foresails
Genoa, Jib, Storm Trysail Genoa
Larger than fore triangle
Jib Equal to fore triangle
Storm Jib Smaller than fore
triangle
Foresail Systems Roller Furling Hank On
Talk Like a Sailor
Parts of a Boat
Stern
Bow
Beam
Centerline
Port
Starboard
TerminologyAbeam
Astern Ahead
Terminology
Aft Forward
TerminologyWind
Windward
Leeward
Heading up
Bearing away
Sail TheorySail as airfoil Wind splits over sail High pressure to
windward Low pressure to leeward Lift generated
Keel TheoryKeel as airfoil Water flowing over keel
generates lift Reduces leeway
Points of Sail
Competent Crew Module 1(h)Page 82
Points of Sail
Sail Trim
Day Skipper Module 1Page 1
Sail Trim - Upwind
Sail Trim - Downwind
Foresail Telltales Both should fly
straight Leeward lifting
Ease sheet Head up
Windward lifting Harden sheet Bear away
Main Sail Telltales Top batten parallel
to boom All telltales flying
straight back Top one may break
Lee Helm and Weather Helm
Centre of Effort Finding centre of
effort Bisect angles of sail
Mainsail area 463 sq ft
Genoa area 495 sq ft
Combined 463/(495+463)=48%
C of E Main C of E
Genoa
Combined C of E
Centre of Lateral Resistance
Point about which a boat pivots
Finding CLR Loosen breast and spring
lines Walk along side Push on hull At CLR bow and stern will
both move away from dockCLR
Balanced Helm Centre of effort
and centre of lateral resistance coincide
Helm balanced
CLR
CofE
Lee Helm Tendency for the
boat to turn away from the wind
Center of effort is forward of center of lateral resistance
CLR
CofE
Weather Helm Tendency for the boat
to turn into the wind Center of effort is aft
of center of lateral resistance
CLR
CofE
Preferred Helm Slight weather helm
Creates lift from rudder Provides feel
Lulls – less weather helm Puffs – more weather helm
Boat will round up if helm released May heave-to
Adjusting Helm Sail change / reefing
Reducing mainsail area will lessen weather helm Reducing foresail area may increase weather
helm Easing mainsheet or traveller will reduce
weather helm Mast rake
Raking mast aft will increase weather helm Mast Position
Moving mast aft will increase weather helm
Main and Foresail Trim Trim foresail
Telltales straight back Trim mainsail
Ease until slight luffing Harden slightly Bottom two telltales
streaming Top telltale streaming 60% of
time Similar leech curve on
main and foresail
Slot
Reefing First depower sails by flattening When to reef
Excessive weather helm Excessive heeling (past 20°) Toerail in water Loss of control Uncomfortable crew When you think about it!
Genoa, Jib, Storm Jib (#1) Genoa
Larger than fore triangle
(#2) Jib Equal to fore triangle
(#3)Storm Jib Smaller than fore
triangle
Mainsail Reefing
General Seamanship
Competent Crew Module 1(c)
Vessel Recognition
Trimaran
Catamaran
Masthead Sloop
Sloop – Fractional Rig
Cutter
Ketch
Schooner
Yawl
Cat Rig
Deep Fin Keel
Shallow Fin KeelWith Bulb
Modified Fin KeelSkeg Rudder
Powerboats Planning hull
Lift out of water Ride on surface
Displacement hull Hull stays in water Low power to
weight ratio Water displaced
equals vessel weight
Dinghies Safety equipment
One PFD per person Paddles / oars Foot pump and repair kit Bailer Buoyant heaving line Sound making device Handheld VHF Small anchor Outboard spares and fire extinguisher
Towing the Dinghy Ensure towing points on dinghy
are substantial Use floating line
(polypropylene) Keep vessel and dinghy in sync
with waves Two wave lengths Remove transom plug Secure oars Store engine on vessel stern rail
Refueling Dock and tie up All crew ashore Shut down
electrical system Extinguish flames Class all doors,
hatches, etc No smoking
Ground nozzle Don’t overfill Wipe up any
spillage Open all hatches Run blower (gas) Check for vapours Start engine with
crew ashore
Living Aboard
Potable Water Normal consumption
2 gallons per person per day Minimum consumption
.5 gallons per person per day
Propane System Tank in
ventilated locker
Solenoid controlled from galley
Battery Use Keep charged Separate battery banks
Engine starting House
Shore Power Turn off AC switch when
connecting and disconnecting Connect boat first Disconnect shore power first Do not allow cable to droop into
water
Operating the Marine Head Flush lever to wet
Pump to wet bowl Flush lever to dry
Do your thing Sitting 4 squares of paper
Flush lever to wet Pump until empty
Flush lever to dry Empty remaining water
Close lid
Flush Lever
Pump
Precautions – Marine Head If it did not go through your digestive
system, it does not go into the head. Except small amounts of toilet paper
No Tissue Dental floss Feminine hygiene products
Be aware of holding tank capacity
Emergencies
Emergencies Four rules of preparation
Respect the boat Worst case scenarios
Prepare the crew Location and use of equipment Assign duties and chain of command Standing orders
Choose a safe route Prepare for emergencies
Practice
Distress Signals
Distress Signals
VHF Radio Calls Mayday
Distress Imminent danger to vessel or life
Pan Pan Urgency Vessel needs assistance
Securite Safety Navigation, weather, hazards
Vessel in Immediate Danger Lifejackets Mayday Stay with vessel, if appropriate Account for everyone Distress signals Use floating material to stay out of
water
Steering Failure Rig emergency tiller Tow with dinghy Jury rig rudder
Board lashed to pole Pole lashed to backstay
Tow bucket, dinghy, anchor Shift from side to side
Explosion / Fire Sources of explosion
Hydrogen Methane Propane Gasoline Alcohol / butane
Insert CD material on fires
Springing a Leak All crew in PFDs Start pumping Determine source
Look, smell and taste Fresh water
Water tank Leak from rain
Salt water Holed hull Through hulls Above water fixtures and seals
Holed Hull If on rocks, stay there! Collision mat (storm sail) Plug from inside
Tear out cabin sole and cabinets
Stuff cushions, rags, whatever
Hold in place with oars, planks
Pre-drilled marine plywood
Through Hulls Check flush lever
position in head Locate and check all
Loose or damaged hoses Close seacock Tighten or replace hose
clamps Broken seacock
Hammer in wood plug
Stuffing Box, etc Should drip occasionally If excessive flow
Tighten Pump grease into gland
Check prop shaft Check rudder post
Above Water Leaks Check ventilators and deck pipes Close and dog all hatches Inspect hull-deck join
Especially near chain plates) Check all deck fills Check mast partner and boot Clogged drains
Cockpit Anchor well
Avoiding Leaks Same measures to avoid running aground Look out for objects in water
Deadheads Fill tanks slowly Inspect all hoses
Stainless hose clamps Anti-siphoning loops
Check and lubricate seacocks
Avoiding Leaks (2) Sacrificial anode on prop shaft Check prop shaft alignment Inspect stuffing box Check operation of bilge pumps Inspect hatches, ports and
ventilators Replace gaskets
Running Aground It will happen! Procedures
All crew in PFDs Check crew safety Check vessel
integrity Check the tide
Float off Prepare for
falling tide
Heel the vessel Kedge off Sail or motor off Take a tow
Preparing for a Falling Tide Kedge anchor Heel boat
Mast to shore Secure items below Close hatches and ports Cushion hull
Avoiding Running Aground Know
Where you are Where you are going
Consult charts regularly Take a coastal navigation course In shallow water, use depth sounder or lead
line Be aware of tides and currents Avoid lee shores Post lookouts in narrow passes
Fouling a Propeller Stop engine immediately Gently tug on line
Pull out fuel stop Transmission in reverse “Stab” starter button
In calm waters Send diver to cut line
Mask, snorkel, fins Safety line
In rough water sail to calm anchorage
Towing Bridles Attach to strong points
Mast – if keel steeped Winches
Use anti-chafe at bow roller Long enough to synchronize with
waves
Towing Precautions Agree on terms Agree on hand signals Agree on VHF channel Tow at slow speed
Bow may submerge Cockpit might flood
All unnecessary crew below Both vessels need helmsmen
Rendering Assistance A legal requirement
Canada Shipping Act and the Criminal Code of Canada
Watch for signals that indicate distress and need of assistance
Render assistance to every person who is found at sea and in danger of being lost .. without posing serious danger to their own craft and the persons on board
Stop and offer assistance when the operator is involved in an accident
Knots
Competent Crew Module 2(f)Page 165
Terminology Standing part Working end Bitter end / tail Bight Loop
Overhand Underhand
Turn Round trun
Knots Reef Knot Clove Hitch Rolling Hitch Round turn and 2 half hitches Bowline ( 2 methods) Double Overhand Cow Hitch Double Sheet Bend
Safety
General Safety Wear a PFD Wear shoes One hand for
yourself, one for the boat
Avoid flogging sails Never straddle lines Never stand on
sails or lines
Avoid the leeward side
Stay alert Avoid wrapping
lines around hands A “tiddly” boat is a
safe boat Lock hatches
Safe Areas
Unsafe Areas
Jacklines Flat webbing Bow to stern Moving forward
Safety Harness / Tethers Wear
Night Heavy weather Single handing
Clip to Jacklines U bolts
Pulpits and Lifelines Prevent objects
from falling overboard
Not 100% reliable Do not clip on May be corroded
Safety and Risk Management
Personal Flotation Devices/ Lifejackets Must be worn to work Approved by Transport Canada Cannot be repaired or altered Dry in open air Clean with mild soap and running water Test occasionally Inflatable must be worn to count
Surviving overboard with PFD Avoid “Gasp reflex”
Take breath and hold Pinch nose and cover mouth
Keep calm, control breathing Assume “HELP” position Keep as much of body out of water
as possible
Hypothermia Causes
Convection Heat carried away from body by air or water
Conduction Direct transfer from warm object to cold
object Evaporation
Sweat or water from skin Radiation
Warm body to surrounding environment
Signs and Symptoms Shivering, slurred speech, slow
weal pulse, slow breathing Numbness, fatigue, weakness Confused or unusual behaviour Body temperature below 35° Unconsciousness
Hypothermia Treatment Conscious
Keep warm and dry Wrap in sleeping bag External heat sources – no direct
contact Warm liquids – no caffeine or alcohol Warm moist air Do not rub skin
Hypothermia Treatment Unconscious
Mayday Assist breathing Check pulse – 45 seconds CPR Warm moist air
Seasickness Causes Mixed messages
Inner ear Eyes Other motion sensors
Worsened by Odours Alcohol Fatty foods Spicy foods Overheating
Seasickness Symptoms Drowsiness Nausea Clammy skin Pale skin Vomiting Dry heaves
Seasickness Medication Meclizine (Bonine) Dimenhydrinate (Gravol) Transderm-Scopolamine Patch Side effects
Drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision
Take it before Trip (side effects) Onset
Seasickness – Non-medicinal Treatment Ginger ale (rehydrate) Dry crackers Focus on horizon Steer If incapacitated
Lie on centre line of cabin sole Close eyes
MOB Shout “Man overboard” Never lose contact – spotter Use swim ladder in calm waters Don’t jeopardize self Practice
Upwind MOB
Downwind MOB
Williamson Turn
Anderson Turn
Safety equipment
Personal Safety1. One (1) Canadian-approved personal flotation
device or lifejacket of appropriate size for each person on board
2. One (1) buoyant heaving line no less than 15 m (49’3”) in length
3. One (1) approved lifebuoy with an outside diameter of 610 mm or 762 mm that is attached to a buoyant line no less than 15 m (49’3”) in length
4. A reboarding device if the freeboard of the vessel is greater than 0.5 m (1’8”)
Boat Safety Equipment5. An anchor with no less than 30 m (98’5”) of cable, rope
or chain in any combination 6. One (1) bailer 7. One (1) manual water pump fitted with or accompanied
by sufficient hose to enable a person using the pump to discharge water from the bilge of the vessel over the side of the vessel
8. One (1) Class 10BC fire extinguisher, if the pleasure craft is a power-driven vessel, plus another class 10BC fire extinguisher if the pleasure craft is equipped with a fuel-burning cooking, heating or refrigerating appliance
Distress Equipment9. A watertight flashlight 10. 12* Canadian-approved flares of Type
A, B, C or D, no more than six (6) of which are of Type D
Navigation Equipment11. A sound-signalling device or a sound-
signalling appliance 12. Navigation lights that meet the
applicable standards set out in the Collision Regulations
Navigation Lights - Power
Navigation Lights - Sail
Day Shapes - Anchored
Additional Equipment Radar reflectors are required under
certain conditions. Power-driven pleasure craft greater
than 8 m (26’3”) in length require a properly adjusted compass. If the voyage is more than 20 nautical miles (37 km) from shore a compass bearing device is required.
Powerboats Planning hull
Lift out of water Ride on surface
Displacement hull Hull stays in water Low power to
weight ratio Water displaced
equals vessel weight
Dinghies Safety equipment
One PFD per person Paddles / oars Foot pump and repair kit Bailer Buoyant heaving line Sound making device Handheld VHF Small anchor Outboard spares and fire extinguisher
Towing the Dinghy Ensure towing points on dinghy
are substantial Use floating line
(polypropylene) Keep vessel and dinghy in sync
with waves Two wave lengths Remove transom plug Secure oars Store engine on vessel stern rail
Inboard Diesel Engine - Daily Checks Oil levels
Engine and transmission Coolant levels Hoses, linkage Belt tension Charging system Raw water intake Leaks
Refueling Dock and tie up All crew ashore Shut down
electrical system Extinguish flames Class all doors,
hatches, etc No smoking
Ground nozzle Don’t overfill Wipe up any
spillage Open all hatches Run blower (gas) Check for vapours Start engine with
crew ashore
Battery Use Keep charged Separate battery banks
Engine starting House
Shore Power Turn off AC switch when
connecting and disconnecting Connect boat first Disconnect shore power first Do not allow cable to droop into
water
Operating the Marine Head Flush lever to wet
Pump to wet bowl Flush lever to dry
Do your thing Sitting 4 squares of paper
Flush lever to wet Pump until empty
Flush lever to dry Empty remaining water
Close lid
Flush Lever
Pump
Precautions – Marine Head If it did not go through your digestive
system, it does not go into the head. Except small amounts of toilet paper
No Tissue Dental floss Feminine hygiene products
Be aware of holding tank capacity
Colregs
International Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at
Sea
Application (Rule 1) All vessels upon the high seas All waters connected to the high seas
navigable by seagoing vessels Shall not interfere in the operation of
special rules made by an appropriate authority (Victoria – seaplane aerodrome)
Traffic separation schemes (rules differ)
Responsibility (Rule 2) Shall not exonerate any vessel, or
the owner, master, or crew Required by the ordinary practice
of seamen Due regard shall be had to all
dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances
Definitions (Rule 3) Read carefully May be counter-intuitive
Vessel Every description of watercraft Including non-displacement craft
and seaplanes Used or capable of being used as a
means of transportation on water
Power-driven vessel any vessel propelled by machinery
Sailing Vessel Any vessel under sail
provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used
Vessel Engaged in Fishing any vessel fishing
with nets, lines, trawls, or other fishing apparatus which restrict maneuverability
not trolling lines
Not Under Command A vessel which through some
exceptional circumstance is unable to maneuver as required by these Rules
Broken rudder No propulsion
Restricted in Ability to Maneuver
A vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to maneuver
Unable to keep out of the way of another vessel
Example Cable laying Minesweeper Towing Dredging Aircraft carrier
Underway A vessel
not at anchor not made fast
to the shore not aground
In Sight Vessels shall be deemed to be in
sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.
Restricted Visibility Visibility is restricted by
fog mist falling snow heavy rainstorms sandstorms any other similar causes.
Wing in Ground-effect Boat with wings that
cruises just above the water surface
Floating on a cushion of relatively high-pressure air between its wing and the water surface.
Look Out (Rule 5) Every vessel shall at all times
maintain a proper look-out by sight by hearing by all available means appropriate make a full appraisal of the situation
and of the risk of collision
Safe Speed (Rule 6) All Vessels
Visibility Traffic density Stopping distance and
turning ability Background light State of wind, sea and
current Proximity of
navigational hazards Draft
Equipped with Radar Characteristics,
efficiency and limitations of equipment
Radar range scale Sea state, weather and
other sources of interference
Objects may not be detected
Number, location and movement of vessels
Risk of Collision (Rule 7) Shall use all available means appropriate Radar shall be used if fitted and operating Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of
scanty information Determining risk of collision
Compass bearing does not change substantially May still exist if change is substantial
Large vessel, tow, or close range
Avoiding Collision (Rule 8) Alter speed, alter course or both “Make it big and make it early” Due regard to good seamanship Avoid close calls until the other vessel is finally past
and clear Avoid creating another collision
situation
Narrow Channels (Rule 9) Keep as far to starboard as possible Vessels of 20 m or less and sailboat
shall not impede larger vessels Do not cross if you will impede Use appropriate sounds
Overtaking Bends or obscured vision
Avoid anchoring
Traffic Separation (Rule 10) Use correct lane Joining / leaving
Termination Small angle
Avoid crossing 90
Rules change
Application Rules for Section II apply to
unrestricted visibility
Sailing Vessels (Rule 12) Opposite tack Port tack gives way to starboard
tack
Sailing Vessels (Rule 12) Same tack Windward gives
way to leeward (same tack)
Close-hauled, starboard tack is almost always stand-on
Sailing Vessels (Rule 12) If on port tack and you are
uncertain of other vessel’s tack – keep out of the way
Tack determined by position of boom Port tack – main boom on starboard Starboard tack – main boom on port
Overtaking (Rule 13) Overtaken vessel – stand on Overtaking vessel – give way Pass to either side Keep clear of the overtaken vessel
until finally past and clear
Head –0n (Rule 14) Power-driven Alter course to
starboard Pass port – to –
port
Crossing Situation (Rule 15) Power-driven Give way to vessel on
starboard “Vessel on right is right”
Action by Give Way Vessel (Rule 16) Alter course Alter speed Alter course and speed “Do it big and do it early”
Action by Stand-on Vessel (Rule 17) Maintain course and speed May have to avoid collision if give
way does nothing Avoid altering course to port
Responsibilities between Vessels (Rule 18)
Over Night Room For Sale Plus Snacks
Overtaken (Rule 13) Not under command Restricted in Ability to Maneuver Fishing Sailboat Powerboat Seaplane WIG – taking off
Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility (Rule 19) Safe speed with engine(s) ready When using radar
Avoid altering course to port forward of beam
Avoid altering course towards vessels abeam or abaft the beam
Fog signal forward of beam Slow down and navigate carefully until risk
of collision is over
Sounds Signals (Rules 32-37) Definitions
Short blast – one seconds Prolonged blast – 4 to 6 seconds
Requirements Under 12 meters – whistle (horn) 12 meters and over – whistle and bell
Maneuvering and Warning Signals
1 short blast 2 short blasts 3 short blasts 5 short blasts
May also be light flashes
Altering course to starboard
Altering course to port Operating astern
propulsion Your intentions are
unclear
Overtaking Signals 2 long, 1 short
2 long, 2 short
1 long, 1 short, 1 long, 1 short
I intend to overtake on your starboard
I intend to overtake on your port
I am in agreement with your intentions
Sound Signals –Restricted Visibility
1 prolonged blast 2 prolonged blasts 1 prolonged, 2 short
Each signal within 2 minutes
Moving (under power)
Not moving Almost all others
Radar Reflectors (Rule 40) Required if
Under 20 meters, or Non-metallic construction
Mounted 4 meters above waterline Strong return
Blue Flashing Light (Rule 45)
Government ship Providing
assistance Engaged in law
enforcement Adheres to Steering
and Sailing Rules