Comparative LCA on Plastic Packaging

1N1800

25 May 2005 Group nr 2:

Britta Lehmann Francisco Vilaplana

Emma Strömberg Widad Suliman

Laura Rodriguez Cerrato

1

List of content 1. Goal and Scope.................................................................................................. 3

1.1 Goal of the study.......................................................................................... 3 1.2 Functional unit ............................................................................................. 4 1.3 System boundaries ....................................................................................... 5 1.4 Assumptions and limitations........................................................................ 5 1.5 Impact categories and impact assessment method ...................................... 6 1.6 Normalisation and weighting....................................................................... 6

2. Life cycle inventory analysis............................................................................. 7

2.1 Process flowchart ......................................................................................... 7 2.2 Data .............................................................................................................. 9

3. Life cycle interpretation .................................................................................. 18

3.1 Results........................................................................................................ 18 3.2 Conclusions and recommendations ........................................................... 21

4. References ....................................................................................................... 22

Appendix ............................................................................................................ 23

2

1. Goal and Scope

1.1 Goal of the study

Background The aim of this study is to compare the environmental effects during the whole life cycle (from manufacture to waste management) of the usage of two different plastic materials, PET and HDPE, for bottling applications. It is of great interest to have this comparison, since the HDPE resin is cheaper and could be beneficial to the bottling company. But the environmental effect of the material must be established in order to follow the guidelines issued by the legislation on packaging and packaging waste. Apart from the academic intention of this study, the results of a similar analysis carried out at a higher scale could be employed at the industrial level in order to select the most �“environmentally-friendly�” plastic material intended for bottling. The design of a product must nowadays take into account, apart from the economical aspects, other factors such as the legislation pressures on environmental issues and the publicity of having an ecological product. The intended audience for this LCA are mainly all the parties involved in the plastic industry, manufacturers, packaging processors, environmental consultants, legislators, etc. A summary of this LCA could also be made in a clear language so that the main public could understand the environmental effects of employing different plastics in bottle packaging. Since the main objective of the analysis is to compare and evaluate the environmental impacts of the employment of two different plastic materials for bottling applications, the LCA can be defined as accounting.

Polyethylene terephtalate, PET Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, containers form part of everyone's daily life. PET is a strong but lightweight form of clear polyester. It is used to make containers for soft drinks, juices, alcoholic drinks, water, edible oils, household cleaners, and other food and non-food applications. It is the strength of the material that contributes to make PET the success it is. The carbonated soft drinks can generate pressure inside the bottle reaching up to 6 bar. Such high pressure however, thanks to the alignment of macromolecules (crystallisation), is not capable of deforming the bottle nor can it make the bottle explode. PET�’s molecules consist of long chains of repeating units only containing carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, the repeating unit is shown in Figure 1.1.

CH2 CH2OCO C

OO

n

Figure 1.1: Repeating unit of PET Ethylene glycol, EG, and terephthalic acid, PTA, are the building blocks of the commercial PET. The substances react to form a resin, which is melted and injected into a mould to make a preform. The preform, a sort of test tube shorter than what the bottle will be but with thicker walls, is then stretch blow moulded. Blow moulding is the primary method to form hollow plastic objects such as soda bottles. The process includes clamping the ends of a softened tube of polymers which can be either extruded or reheated, inflating the polymer against the mould

3

walls with a blow pin, and cooling the product by conduction or evaporation of volatile fluids in the container. Stretching blow moulding is also called biaxial orientation blow moulding. During the blow moulding phase, high-pressure air is blown into the preform allowing it to take the exact shape of the mould it is set into. The final product is a transparent, strong and lightweight bottle.

High Density Polyethylene, HDPE Polyethylene is probably the most common polymer in daily life. HDPE plastics offer a wide range of desirable properties and characteristics for packaging applications such as toughness, low cost and good barrier properties. This is the polymer that makes grocery bags, beverage bottles, children's toys, and even bullet proof vests. For such a versatile material, it has a very simple structure, the simplest of all commercial polymers. A molecule of polyethylene is a long chain of carbon atoms, with two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom, the repeating unit of polyethylene is demonstrated in Figure 1.2.

CH2 CH2n

Figure 1.2: Repeating unit of polyethylene

High density poly(ethylene) is a linear polymer, it has very little branching along the hydrocarbon chains - the crystallinity is 95% or better, and has the density of 0,95-0,97 g/cm3. It is manufactured by a Ziegler-Natta polymerisation at low pressures and at temperatures of 50-75°C. A Ziegler-Natta catalyst is a catalyst used in the production of unbranched, stereoregular polyalkene polymers. Ziegler-Natta catalysts are typically based on titanium tetrachloride and the organometallic compound triethylaluminium. The polymer forms as a powder or granules which are insoluble in the reaction mixture. When the polymerization is completed, the catalyst is destroyed by adding water or alcohol to the reaction mixture. The polymer is then filtered or centrifuged off, washed and dried. Injection blow moulding process is used for production of bottles from HDPE. Injection blow moulding gives better definition of details (e.g. screw thread), and a better control of the distribution of the thickness of the material.

1.2 Functional unit Definition of function The system function was beverage bottles made of HDPE or PET during their whole life-time. In the model we didn�’t consider the two different types of PET for bottling applications (one-way and reusable bottles), which obviously would have changed the model building and the waste scenarios. If so, we should have had realistic data about if the weight and thickness of the different bottles made from PET possess really such different values. We think that the difference between the PET grade used in one-use and refill PET bottles is not in the thickness and weight of the bottles, but in their crystallinity and additives. Functional unit, which quantifies this function The functional unit for this study was 1 kg of polymeric material used for bottle application. The unit was chosen to 1 kg instead of 1 litre since it was the one specified by SimaPro. The average weight of the HDPE bottle is 32-54 g and of the PET bottle 53 g, so the weight was considered the same.

4

1.3 System boundaries Boundaries in relation to nature In this LCA we are taking into account the entire life-cycle of the bottles, from the raw material (oil) to the moment they loose totally their value (landfilling). Recycling and energy recovery of the bottles are therefore included in the study, since these operations revalue the product.

The material production phase includes the extraction of the raw materials as well as the materials manufacture, which is the processing of the raw materials into intermediate materials. This phase also includes transportation of raw materials to the location where they are processed into intermediate materials. The transportation of the collected and recycled materials is included in the waste management phase. Geographical boundaries Sweden is the geographical limit in this LCA.

Time horizon This study has a retrospective view, because it is accounting the environmental impact of two different materials. The purpose of this is therefore not to make future predictions.

Cut-off criteria One of the cut-offs performed in the study is the omission of the �“usage�” part of the bottles, since it is considered that the performance in use of both materials (PET and HDPE) during their life as bottles would be the same. Another cut-off is the transport of the bottles to the distribution market, since the weight, distance and transportation means are assumed equal. Another criterion is used in the implementation of the inventory, considering the negligible values of the impacts and their significance.

Allocation procedures There is no allocation problem in the material production and bottle production processes, because only one product is produced by process. However there is allocation in the waste treatment processes. In the incineration process the allocation problem is that the process has two functions: to decrease the amount of waste due to incineration and to recover energy mostly in form of heat. In the incineration method from SimaPro used in this model the emissions are allocated between these two functions by the amount of energy generated by a specific waste type in this case plastic (see also data part).

1.4 Assumptions and limitations The materials are considered to be clean, uncontaminated. No waste during processing of the materials. The targets for waste management are fulfilled. For PET more data and information was available than for HDPE, which leads to limitations in comparison.

5

1.5 Impact categories and impact assessment method The method chosen due to the relevance of the impact factors for the study is Eco-indicator 99 (I) V2.1/ Europe EI 99. The impact categories that are considered in this model are:

Climate change (Emissions to air like hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, methane etc.) Ozone layer (ozone depletion potential) Ecotoxicity (Emission to water, air and soil) Respiratory organics (Emissions to air, all kind of organics) Respiratory inorganics (Emissions to air, SO2, NOx) Carcinogens (Arsenic, Benzene, Cadmium, Heavy metals etc.) Radiation (Emissions to air and water from Cobalt, Hydrogen, Radon, Plutonium etc.) Acidification/ Eutrophication (Emissions to air, Nitrogen, Ammonia etc.) Land use (Emission from raw material, traffic etc.) Minerals (Aluminium, Iron, Lead, Copper etc.)

1.6 Normalisation and weighting Normalisation and weighting is provided by the Eco-indicator 99 method. In this method normalisation and weighting are performed at three different damage category levels: HH Human Health (unit: DALY= Disability adjusted life years; this means

different disability caused by diseases are weighted) EQ Ecosystem Quality (unit: PDF*m2yr; PDF= Potentially Disappeared Fraction of plant species) R Resources (unit: MJ surplus energy Additional energy requirement to compensate lower future ore grade) The impact category indicator results that were calculated in the Characterisation step are added to form damage categories. All impact categories that refer to the same damage type have the same unit. The damage categories are normalised on a European level (damage caused by 1 European per year), based on the year 1993, with some updates for the most important emissions. The default Eco-indicator 99 method is the Individualist version with average weighting set (average of the full panel). [Eco-indicator 99 (I) V2.1/ Europe EI 99, Sima Pro 6.0]

6

2. Life cycle inventory analysis

2.1 Process flowchart Figures 2.1 and 2.2 describe the life cycle of the materials from manufacture to waste management. The big difference between the charts is that PET bottles may be refilled several times before recycling, incineration or landfilling. When collected the PET bottles are washed, refilled and distributed again to the market. During the washing procedure energy, water and NaOH are consumed.

Crude oil

Extraction & Refinery

Production of Basic Chemicals

Production of EG + PTA

PET Synthesis

Preform production

Stretch blow moulding

Distribution

Consumption

Incineration Landfill Recycling

Granule Bottle to bottle

Refill

Out of the system boundary

Natural gas

Figure 2.1: Flowchart of PET-bottle life

7

Crude oil Natural gas

Figure 2.2: Flowchart of HDPE-bottle life The PET waste management model describes different scenarios the collected material can be exposed to. During recycling the bottles are washed, granulated and reprocessed. Some of the recycled material goes to new applications (as new products, sometimes blended with virgin materials). A part of the materials goes directly into production of new bottles.

Figure 2.3: Flowchart of the waste management for PET-bottles

Extraction & Refinery

Production of Basic Chemicals

Production of Ethylene

HDPE

Preform production

Injection blow moulding

Distribution

Consumption

Incineration Recycling Landfill

Granule Bottle to bottle

Out of the system boundary

Fibres Strapping

Refill

Collection/Separation

Washing

Sheet

Incineration Landfill Recycling

Reprocessing

Waste management

Bottle to bottle

8

2.2 Data The Data will be presented referring to the product stages: 1. Assembly 2. Life cycle 3. Disposal Scenario 4. Reuse

1. Assembly HDPE bottle: Table 2.2.1: Assembly Data HDPE bottle Materials/ Assemblies

Processes

Name HDPE blow moulded bottles A Blow moulding bottle I Amount 1kg

1Kg

Source Industry Data in SimaPro (APME Brussels et al. , 2000)

Data Archiv in SimaPro (Groenland, 1999)

Comments Production of 1 litre HDPE bottles with a blow moulding process, including production of PE resin, transport of the resin to the converter, the conversion process itself and packaging of the finished product for onward despatch. Typical uses: milk bottles or other applications. Bottle masses varied between 32 and 54 grams with an average of 43 gram per 1 litre bottle. Data from 7 plants in the United Kingdom, producing 3200 tonnes in 1995. The amounts given are taken from the data files as supplied by APME on their web site. These values are not rounded and will therefore differ slightly from the rounded values in the Ecoprofile reports. The entries in the reports saying " < 1 mg " (denoting values smaller than 0.5 mg) are reported as the actual amount in the data file, and are listed as such below.

Production of 1 kg HDPE blow moulded 1 litre bottles excluding production of resin, including transport to converter and packaging. Data from 7 bottle blowing installations producing 1 litre HDPE bottles (eg. milk bottles). Bottle masses vary between 32 and 54 grams, avg. 43 grams with dairy bottles at the low end of the range.

Data gaps --- --- There is an overlap regarding blow moulding of HDPE. We did not realise that the data from the material had itself a blow moulding procedure included, we just proceeded the same way as we did for the PET bottles that needed a processing step.

9

PET bottle: Table 2.2.2: Assembly Data PET bottle Materials/ Assemblies

Processes

Name Polyethylene terephthalat, granulate, bottle grade, at plant/ RE

Blow forming PET

Amount 1kg

1Kg

Source Ecoinvent Unit Processes in SimaPro (Hischier, 2004)

Buwal 250 in SimaPro (PRé Consultants et al. , 1998)

Comments Included processes: Average data

for the production of bottle grade PET out of ethylene glycol, PTA and amorphous PET. The data include material and energy input, waste as well as air and water emissions. Remark: Data are based on the average unit process from the Eco-profiles of the European plastics industry

Injection moulding combined with stretch blowing for PET bottles. Production of PET bottles (1022 kg granulate) with PE sleeves in one process, combining injection moulding and blow stretching of the pre-form. The data include drying of the granulate, melting, blowing, cooling and packing of the bottles. The inventory only concerns the processing data and auxiliary materials, PET production is excluded. No specific emissions. Data are derived from 1 factory in Switzerland. Waste treatment is not included. In multi-output processes the allocation is generally based on the mass ratios of the main to the co-products. Usable wastes listed under solid emissions in the inputs/outputs tables are not allocated any environmental burden. Environmental impacts from the treatment of production wastes listed in under solid emissions in the input/output table are not taken into account.

Data gaps Sum parameters to water (DOC, TOC, COD) are missing. Data for transport and infrastructure are estimated.

10

2. Life Cycle HDPE bottle: Assembly Waste Disposal Scenario Name HDPE bottle Waste Management HDPE

Amount 1p PET bottle:

Assembly Waste Disposal Scenario Name PET bottle Waste Management PET

Amount 1p

3. Disposal Scenario Waste Management HDPE: Referring to assembly:

HDPE bottle 1p

Waste Scenarios: Incineration 2000 B250 (98) avoided

40%

Landfill B250 (98) 30%

Recycling Plastic Bottles 30% Waste Management PET: Referring to assembly:

PET bottle 1p

Waste Scenarios: Incineration 2000 B250 (98) avoided

5%

Landfill B250 (98) 5%

Recycling Plastic Bottles

70%

Reuses: Refill PET 20%

11

Assumptions for Waste Scenarios Assumptions made for the Waste Scenarios are based on the recycling and recovery targets set up by Swedish legislation. The Environmental Code's (1998:808) Chapter 15 on waste and producer responsibility, as well as the Ordinance (1997:185) on Producer Responsibility for Packaging prescribe requirements and targets on certain recovery rates for plastics and other packaging materials that shall be met by 1 January 2005. Recovery can take the form of reuse, recycling or energy recovery, or a combination of these. Energy recovery takes place in waste incineration plants that make use of the energy. The last alternative form of waste management in the EU's hierarchy landfilling should be avoided. A ban on landfilling of combustible waste was enacted on 1 January 2002 in Sweden. The concrete national targets set for Sweden are, that plastics not including PET bottles should be recovered by 70 percent of which at least 30 percent should be recycled and that PET bottles should be recycled by 90 percent. [Naturvardsverket]

Referring to these targets it is assumed that 40 percent of the collected HDPE bottles in Sweden are incinerated with energy recovery and 30 percent recycled to meet the target of 70 percent recovery. The remaining 30 percent of the HDPE bottles are landfilled. HDPE bottles are not reused in Sweden.

In the recycling and recovery target for PET bottles it is explicit mentioned that 90 percent of the PET bottles should be recycled, which also includes reuse. Since PET bottles in Sweden are reused it is assumed that 20 percent are reused and 70 percent recycled. Five percent of the remaining PET bottles are incinerated with energy recovery and five percent landfilled. Although there is a ban on landfilling of combustible waste in Sweden since 2002 the landfill is included in this LCA as a waste scenario. It is assumed that the realisation of the ban is still in progress leading to a small amount of plastics still sent to landfill. We have chosen the targets for PET and HDPE waste management as the waste scenarios to model our SimaPro Life-cycle because we thought they were the levels to which our society should tend to in terms of sustainability. The chosen scenarios have a really large influence on the final results, so it would be also very interesting to simulate other waste scenarios in which the political targets were not taken into account. One good scenario should be a comparable one in which all the waste management procedures would be realistically the same and technically possible (we have to take into account that technically HDPE bottles cannot be refilled) in order to compare the effects of materials. Another interesting waste scenario to model in the SimaPro LCA would be the real situation of the different waste procedures nowadays according to the results of Rapport no 5380 from Naturvårdsverket. With these three waste scenarios surely more exact data about the influence of the materials in packaging applications would be obtained, but it couldn�’t be done due to time limitations.

12

Data for Waste Scenarios: Incineration 2000 B250 (98) avoided Source

Buwal 250 database in SimaPro (Pré Consultants et al. , 1998)

Avoided energy Electricity UCTPE B250 For 1p PET, we get -0,145MJ as avoided energy with the specified waste scenario For 1p HDPE we get -2,16MJ as avoided energy with the specified waste scenario (See Appendix 7: SimaPro flowcharts)

Comments Please note that BUWAL does not take "avoided emissions" into account. In waste treatment processes in which energy is obtained from wastes, the allocation is made according to the amount of energy generated by a specific waste type. This is calculated from the lower heating value of the waste, multiplied by the average gross efficiency of the Swiss waste treatment plants. The energy produced (electricity, thermal energy) is considered as by-product without emissions. No substitution scenarios are used, so no avoided emissions for energy production are taken into account. The WIP is a net energy producer with 31% efficiency. This record is intended to be used with BUWAL data. More detailed data for plastics (PET, PE, PP, PS, PVC, PVDC) other plastics treated as PE. Note this scenario leads to BUWAL waste treatment processes that have been adjusted to include avoided emissions and incineration. This is a deviation from the original BUWAL report by PRé Consultants; consequently this record has not been reviewed by EMPA.

Data gaps --- Remark: The waste scenario �“Incineration 2000 B250 (98) avoided�” has been chosen to

include avoided emission. This means that the PET and HDPE bottles are incinerated with energy recovery, like it is applied in Sweden. This waste scenario is therefore an expansion of the waste scenario �“Incineration 2000 B250 (98)�”. Anyway it cannot be seen any significant differences in the results of the model applying the incineration scenario with avoided emissions compared to the results obtained through the �“Incineration 2000 B250 (98)�” waste scenario.

13

Landfill B250 (98) Source

Buwal 250 database in SimaPro (Pré Consultants et al. ,1998)

Comments This record is not peer reviewed by EMPA. Partially updated December 1998

Data gaps No avoided emissions are taken into account.

14

Recycling Plastic Bottles Recycling PET bottles

Table 2.2.3: Data Recycling PET bottles Name Amount Source Comments Avoided Products PET granulate amorph B250

0,9 kg

Buwal 250 database in SimaPro (APME, 1998)

Average production of High Density Polyethylene in Europe according to APME data from 10 companies, producing 1,3 Mton HDPE. HDPE, with a density of 0.96 kg/dm3,is produced at normal atmospheric pressure and temperatures between 20 and 75 degrees Celsius. HDPE is a practically unbranched polymer and therefore it has a higher degree of crystallisation than LDPE. The average energy-use of the production processes including feedstock is 81.0 MJ/kg (range 69-102). Transports for imports of polymers into Switzerland are not included.

Materials/ Fuels Truck 28t B250 Electricity from gas B250

0,15 tkm 1 MJ

Buwal 250 database in SimaPro (ESU-ETHZ, 1994) Buwal 250 database in SimaPro

Road transport by diesel-truck (28t); per tonne.km average load 50%. Production of fuels is included. Inventory for 1 kWh electricity from gas, delivered from the network. Detailed data on electricity production from gas in Europe, including the energy use for the production of the gas and efficiency losses. Medium voltage.

Electricity/ Heat Electricity from gas B250

3,5 kWh

See above

Emissions to air Hydrocarbons, unspecified

0,1 g

Data Archiv database in SimaPro

Emissions to water Biological Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand Suspended solids, unspecified Phosphorus, total Nitrogen, total

1100 mg 6600 mg 2300 mg 11,2 mg 30,2 mg

IVL rapport B 1381 (Sundqvist et al. , 1999)

15

Recycling HDPE bottle Table 2.2.4: Data Recycling HDPE bottle Name Amount Source Comments Avoided Products HDPE B250

0,9 kg

Buwal 250 database in SimaPro (APME, 1998)

Average production of High Density Polyethylene in Europe according to APME data from 10 companies, producing 1,3 Mton HDPE. HDPE, with a density of 0.96 kg/dm3, is produced at normal atmospheric pressure and temperatures between 20 and 75 degrees Celsius. HDPE is a practically unbranched polymer and therefore it has a higher degree of crystallisation than LDPE. The average energy-use of the production processes including feedstock is 81.0 MJ/kg (range 69-102). Transports for imports of polymers into Switzerland are not included.

Materials/ Fuels Truck 28t B250 Electricity from gas B250

0,15 tkm 1 MJ

Buwal 250 database in SimaPro (ESU-ETHZ, 1994) Buwal 250 database in SimaPro

Road transport by diesel-truck (28t); per tonne.km average load 50%. Production of fuels is included. Inventory for 1 kWh electricity from gas, delivered from the network. Detailed data on electricity production from gas in Europe, including the energy use for the production of the gas and efficiency losses. Medium voltage.

Electricity/ Heat Electricity from gas B250

3,5 kWh

See above

Emissions to air Hydrocarbons, unspecified

0,1 g

Data Archiv database in SimaPro

Emissions to water Biological Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand Suspended solids, unspecified Phosphorus, total Nitrogen, total

1100 mg 6600 mg 2300 mg 11,2 mg 30,2 mg

IVL rapport B 1381 (Sundqvist et al. , 1999)

16

Data gaps for PET and HDPE bottle recycling: Data is missing for emissions to soil, non material emissions, social issues, economic issues and waste to treatment. Remark: A detailed data sheet to the recycling process is available in the appendix.

Electricity from gas, avoided products and the truck were chosen referring to the �“Recycling PET B250�” method in SimaPro 6.0.

Remark: There is really a big problem to model the recycling processes in SimaPro since there are not realistic data for the avoided materials, emissions of the processes, etc. It has been observed that by employing the Recycling scenario defined by SimaPro and modifying it with the data of IVL rapport B 1381 (Sundqvist et al. , 1999), there is inconsistent data between the avoided PET production and the original PET grade (they are different grades). Since the LCA data for both materials are different they may have led to inconsistencies in the final results. The same may be applied for HDPE.

4. Reuse: Refill PET Referring to assembly:

PET bottle 1p

Processes:

Wash and fill bottle 1p

Wash and fill bottle Source

Buwal 250 database in SimaPro (Pré Consultants et al. ,1998)

Comments In multi-output processes the allocation is generally based on the mass ratios of the main to the co-products. Usable wastes listed under solid emissions in the input/output table are not allocated any environmental burden. Washing and filling bottles (1000 p, 1 l, PET or Glass) Data are derived from one factory in Switzerland and include also waste water treatment. Inventories of most auxiliaries have not been carried out. Production of the bottles is NOT included. Waste treatment not included.

Data gaps Environmental impacts from the treatment of production wastes listed in under solid emissions in the input/output table are not taken into account.

Data gaps and limitations: The numbers for the waste scenarios are just assumptions. There is no concrete data for recycling and incineration of PET bottles and HDPE bottles existing. This can be explained by that plastics are not sorted out before incineration and that all kinds of plastics are incinerated in the same plant also with other types of combustible wastes. Therefore no numbers can be established. This includes also that no prediction can be made for emissions from PET or HDPE in the waste scenarios, because they are seldom treated separately.

17

3. Life cycle interpretation

3.1 Results Since normalization and weighting were performed by the Eco-indicator 99 method the interpretation of results will mainly base on single score and characterization. Main impacts of HDPEAs it can be seen on the left in the figure below respiratory inorganics (yellow) have the greatest contribution to the overall impact of the HDPE bottle. The second largest contribution to the overall impact of HDPE is presented by climate change (blue). Main impacts of PET: The most important impact evoked by PET is presented by minerals (green). Climate change (blue) is following in the row of the main impacts.

Figure 3.1: Single Score of comparing 1p life cycle HDPE bottle with 1p life cycle of PET bottle

[Sima Pro]

18

Comparison of the PET bottle life cycle and the HDPE bottle life cycle:

Figure 3.2.: Comparing 1p life cycle HDPE bottle with 1p life cycle PET bottle [Sima Pro] In general the figures show clearly that the overall impact of HDPE bottles is much higher than of PET bottles. Respiratory Inorganics Comparing the life cycle stages of the PET and HDPE bottle it is remarkable that respiratory inorganics have the greatest contribution to the overall impact of the HDPE bottle, but that this impact is not assigned for the PET bottle at all. The main emission considered as respiratory inorganics can be seen in NOx and SO2. The significant processes for these emissions are the PE or PET resin production as well the bottle production. [Ministry of Environment and Energy, Denmark] That the emissions in these processes are much higher for HDPE bottles than for PET bottles can be probably explained by that the amount of HDPE bottles produced is much higher compared to the PET bottle production, because not so much virgin material can be replaced due to recycling and reuse like it is the case for PET.

19

Climate Change Representing the second largest contribution to the overall impact of PET as well of HDPE, impacts on climate change are significant for both types of bottles. However compared to the HDPE bottles the impact on climate change aroused by PET bottles is much smaller. The significant emissions leading to climate change are seen in hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide emissions. Hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide are also emitted in the PE and PET resin production. PET bottles also contribute to carbon dioxide emissions due to the washing and filling process in the brewery. [Ministry of Environment and Energy, Denmark]. Thus the explanation is quite the same like for respiratory inorganics: Impact on climate change is lower from PET bottles because of a higher avoided production due to a higher recovery rate than HDPE bottles have. The differences between the HDPE bottles and PET bottles concerning impacts on climate change are not so significant like for respiratory inorganics. Explanation can be seen by carbon dioxide emissions of PET bottles evoked in the washing and filling process. This problem does not occur for HDPE bottles, because the bottles are not reused, which leads to a higher need of virgin material production and higher emissions. Minerals Just a small share in the impacts caused for HDPE, but for PET impact from minerals is much higher and has the biggest share in the overall impacts. The data shows that during the production of PET resin a substantial amount of minerals are used (Fe, Limestone, KCl, Bauxite, Sulphur, NaCl) compared to the production of HDPE. [Eco-profiles] Acidification/ Eutrophication The main contributions to acidification are SO2 emissions caused by the production of bottles. [Ministry of Environment and Energy, Denmark]. Anyway the emissions are quite low for the HDPE bottle and are not assigned at all for the PET bottle. Explanation can be seen by avoided PET bottle production due to a high recycling rate of 90 percent. Radiation, Carcinogens and Land Use In the categories radiation, carcinogens and land use the PET bottles have much higher impact then the HDPE bottles. There are no significant impacts for these categories caused by HDPE bottles. However considering the overall impact of the PET bottle (see single score) the environmental impacts aroused in these three categories just have a negligible share. Ozone Layer and Respiratory Organics The most important emissions leading to ozone depletion are hydrocarbon emission, which also belong to the category respiratory organics. In this case the categories ozone layer and respiratory organics have negative values, which mean that the environmental impact can be considered as positive. This can be explained again by avoided production. As already mentioned significant processes for hydrocarbon emissions are the PET and PE resin production. In the recycling process it is defined that 1 kg of recycled PET bottles avoids 0,9 kg of the product PET granulate amorph B250, which can be used for fibre production. Also the recycling of 1 kg of HDPE bottles avoids 0,9 kg of HDPE B250. The amount of avoided products is substituted from the environmental impacts from the production of new bottles and leads in this case to a positive environmental impact.

20

Considerations In general the higher environmental impact of HDPE bottles can be explained by lower recovery rate compared to PET bottles and no reuse. This leads to higher production and less avoided products and therefore to higher impacts. Looking at the impacts and trying to find the significant processes it must be considered that some emissions can refer to two different impact categories like for instance SO2.

3.2 Conclusions and recommendations The goal of this LCA was to compare the environmental effects during the life cycle of two different plastic materials, PET and HDPE, for bottling applications. The main question was: which material would be a better environmental choice for a large scale production of bottles. In case of carcinogens, radiation, ecotoxicity, land use and minerals PET seems to have a greater environmental impact than HDPE, but the overall environmental impact is much greater for HDPE. Also the impact on the climate change is smaller for PET, even though that is one of the main factors for both plastic materials. HDPE also has a higher total process impact than PET. The surprising part of the LCA is how much these two plastics differ in the environmental effects. The fact that PET bottles can be refilled several times seems to be of great importance for different impacts. The waste managing phase is assumed to be corresponding to the targets set up by Swedish authority. The targets are probably not fulfilled in the actual scenario, which has a great influence on the results. The results would probably differ if the amount of data available for both materials was equal. The results from this LCA clearly show that PET has lower environmental impact and should be chosen as the preferred material for bottle applications. Even though it is somewhat more expensive than HDPE, the overall environmental gain of usage of PET bottles gives good marketing and accordance to legislations.

21

4. References APME (2003) Polyolefins. Eco-profiles of the European plastics industry. A report for APME, Brussels, Belgium. APME (2002) Polyethylene Terephthalate. Eco-profiles of the European plastics industry. A report for European Centre for Plastics in the Environment, Brussels, Belgium. APME (1998), Ecoprofiles of chemicals and polymers Clean Washington Center (2005) www.cwc.org (accessed 050512) Directive 2004/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (2004). Official Journal of the European Union, Strasbourg, France. ETH-ESU, Frischknecht et al. (1994), Ökoinventare von Energiesystemen, 3rd edition Groenland F., (1999). APME report reference Hischier R. (2004) Life Cycle Inventories of Packaging and Graphical Paper. Final report ecoinvent 2000. Volume: 11. Swiss Centre for LCI, EMPA-SG. Dübendorf, CH. Naturvardsverket (2005) www.naturvardsverket.se (accessed 050523) The Macrogalleria, a cyberwonderland of polymer fun (2005) www.pslc.ws/macrog/ (accessed 050512) Ministry of Environment and Energy (1998) Life Cycle Assessment of Packaging Systems for Beer and Soft Drinks. Environmental Project, Main Report, Denmark Petcore (2005) www.petcore.org (accessed 050512) PRé Consultants et al. (1997) Injection moulding combined with stretch blowing for PET bottles Sundqvist J., Baky A., Björklund A., Carlsson M., Eriksson O., Frostell B., Granath J., Thyselius L. (1999) Systemanalys av energiutnyttjande från avfall – utvärdering av energi, miljö och ekonomi. Fallstudie. IVL rapport B 1381, För Statens Energimyndighets forskningprogram Energi från avfall, Stockholm, Sweden

22

Appendix 1

Normalisation and Weighting graphic

Figure 1: Normalisation

Figure 2: Weighting

23

Appendix 2

Recycling Process Data Sheet Recycling HDPE bottle Data sheet SimaPro 6.0 Process Date: 2005-05-25 Time: 13:41:03 Process Category type Waste treatment Process identifier FMS.EDUX11241300017 Type Name Time period Unspecified Geography Unspecified Technology Unspecified Representativeness Unspecified Waste treatment allocation Unspecified Cut off rules Unspecified Capital goods Unspecified Boundary with nature Unspecified Infrastructure No Date 2005-05-11 Record Generator Literature references Collection method Data treatment Verification Comment Allocation rules System description Waste treatment Recycling HDPE bottle 1 kg All waste types Recycling Avoided products HDPE B250 0,9 kg Resources Materials/fuels Truck 28t B250 0,15 tkm average Electricity from gas B250 1 MJ shredding, sorting, magnetic

separation, cyclone and agglomeration

Electricity/heat Electricity from gas B250 3,5 kWh extrusion, purification and

granulation Emissions to air Hydrocarbons, unspecified 0,1 g Emissions to water BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand 1100 mg COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand 6600 mg Suspended solids, unspecified 2300 mg

24

Phosphorus, total 11,2 mg Nitrogen, total 30,2 mg Emissions to soil Final waste flows Production waste, not inert 0,1 kg Non material emission Social issues Economic issues Waste to treatment Recycling PET bottle Data sheet SimaPro 6.0 Process Date: 2005-05-25 Time: 13:41:03 Process Category type Waste treatment Process identifier FMS.EDUX11241300016 Type Name Time period Unspecified Geography Unspecified Technology Unspecified Representativeness Unspecified Waste treatment allocation Unspecified Cut off rules Unspecified Capital goods Unspecified Boundary with nature Unspecified Infrastructure No Date 2005-05-11 Record Generator Literature references Collection method Data treatment Verification Comment Allocation rules System description Waste treatment Recycling HDPE bottle 1 kg All waste types Recycling Avoided products HDPE B250 0,9 kg Resources Materials/fuels Truck 28t B250 0,15 tkm average Electricity from gas B250 1 MJ shredding, sorting, magnetic

separation, cyclone and agglomeration

25

Electricity/heat Electricity from gas B250 3,5 kWh extrusion, purification and

granulation Emissions to air Hydrocarbons, unspecified 0,1 g Emissions to water BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand 1100 mg COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand 6600 mg Suspended solids, unspecified 2300 mg Phosphorus, total 11,2 mg Nitrogen, total 30,2 mg Emissions to soil Final waste flows Production waste, not inert 0,1 kg Non material emission Social issues Economic issues Waste to treatment

26

Appendix 3

Inventory List Title: Comparing 1 p life cycle 'HDPE bottle' with 1 p life cycle 'PET bottle' Method: Eco-indicator 99 (I) V2.1 / Europe EI 99 I/I Indicator: Inventory Category: Skip unused: No Relative mode: Non Cut-off: 0% No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 1 Air Raw g 119 x 2 Aluminium, 24% in bauxite,

11% in crude ore, in ground Raw mg x 763 3 Anhydrite, in ground Raw mg x 10,4 4 Artificial fertilizer Raw mg x 19,1 5 Barite, 15% in crude ore,

in ground Raw mg x 768 6 Baryte, in ground Raw µg 139 x 7 Basalt, in Boden Raw mg x 484 8 Bauxite, in ground Raw g 36 -0,071 9 Biogas Raw cm3 x 3,96 10 Biomass Raw mg x 465 11 Borax, in ground Raw mg x 9,34 12 Calcite, in ground Raw g 4,3E-25 23,2 13 Calcium sulfate, in ground Raw mg 2,5 x 14 Carbon dioxide, in air Raw g x 12,5 15 Chromium, 25.5 in chromite,

11.6% in crude ore, in ground Raw g x 1,41 16 Chromium, in ground Raw ng 29,9 x 17 Chrysotile, in ground Raw µg x 35,5 18 Cinnabar, in ground Raw µg x 3,26 19 Clay, bentonite, in ground Raw mg 25,1 389 20 Clay, unspecified, in ground Raw g 0,0109 6,5 21 Coal, 18 MJ per kg, in ground Raw g 41,9 147 22 Coal, 29.3 MJ per kg, in ground Raw g 497 x 23 Coal, brown, 8 MJ per kg,

in ground Raw g -19,4 -6,31 24 Coal, brown, in ground Raw g x 193 25 Coal, hard, unspecified,

in ground Raw g x 157 26 Cobalt, in ground Raw ng x 872 27 Colemanite, in ground Raw µg x 619 28 Complexing agent Raw µg x 18,6 29 Copper, 0.99% in sulfide,

Cu 0.36% and Mo 8.2E-3% in crude ore, in ground Raw mg x 499

30 Corn Raw g x 1,45 31 Defoamer Raw µg x 70,3 32 Diatomite, in ground Raw ng x 158 33 Dolomite, in ground Raw mg 2,52 38,4 34 Energy, from biomass Raw kJ 51,1 x 35 Energy, from coal Raw MJ 11,3 x

27

No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 36 Energy, from coal, brown Raw kJ 109 x 37 Energy, from gas, natural Raw MJ 27,2 x 38 Energy, from hydro power Raw MJ 1,22 x 39 Energy, from hydrogen Raw kJ 150 x 40 Energy, from oil Raw MJ 50,6 x 41 Energy, from peat Raw kJ 2,37 x 42 Energy, from sulfur Raw kJ 3,03 x 43 Energy, from uranium Raw MJ 9,69 x 44 Energy, from wood Raw J 13,4 x 45 Energy, gross calorific value,

in biomass Raw kJ x 142 46 Energy, kinetic, flow, in wind Raw kJ x 140 47 Energy, potential, stock,

in barrage water Raw MJ -0,0999 5,82 48 Energy, recovered Raw kJ -635 x 49 Energy, solar Raw kJ x 1,86 50 Energy, unspecified Raw MJ 3,62 x 51 Feldspar, in ground Raw µg 5,73E-25 232 52 Ferromanganese Raw µg 186 x 53 Fluorine, 4.5% in apatite, 1%

in crude ore, in ground Raw mg x 3,56 54 Fluorine, 4.5% in apatite, 3%

in crude ore, in ground Raw mg x 1,57 55 Fluorspar, 92%, in ground Raw mg x 101 56 Fluorspar, in ground Raw mg 645 x 57 Gas, natural, 30.3 MJ per kg,

in ground Raw g 41 x 58 Gas, natural, 35 MJ per m3,

in ground Raw l 273 649 59 Gas, natural, 36.6 MJ per m3,

in ground Raw l -126 -246 60 Gas, natural, feedstock,

35 MJ per m3, in ground Raw l -157 -197 61 Gas, natural, in ground Raw l x 824 62 Glue Raw mg x 20 63 Granite, in ground Raw mg 616 0,465 64 Gravel, in ground Raw g 0,000756 170 65 Gypsum, in ground Raw mg x 5,19 66 Herbicide Raw µg x 251 67 Iron ore, in ground Raw mg 719 -312 68 Iron, 46% in ore, 25%

in crude ore, in ground Raw g x 14,2 69 Iron, in ground Raw mg 259 x 70 Kaolinite, 24% in crude ore,

in ground Raw mg x 4,1 71 Kieserite, 25% in crude ore,

in ground Raw µg x 30,2 72 Lead, in ground Raw µg 927 x 73 Limestone, in ground Raw g 3,39 0,76 74 Magnesite, 60% in crude ore,

in ground Raw mg x 203 75 Magnesium sulfate Raw µg x 112 76 Magnesium, 0.13% in water Raw µg x 2,42 77 Manganese, 35.7% in sedimentary

deposit, 14.2% in crude ore, in ground Raw mg x 100

78 Manure Raw mg x 965

28

No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 79 Molybdenum, 0.11% in sulfide,

Mo 0.41% and Cu 0.36% in crude ore, in ground Raw mg x 13

80 Nickel, 1.13% in sulfides, 0.76% in crude ore, in ground Raw mg x 3,14

81 Nickel, 1.98% in silicates, 1.04% in crude ore, in ground Raw g x 2,33

82 Nickel, in ground Raw ng 7,47 x 83 Nitrogen, in air Raw g 65,5 x 84 Occupation, arable,

non-irrigated Raw mm2a x 27,8 85 Occupation, construction site Raw mm2a x 162 86 Occupation, dump site Raw cm2a x 18,2 87 Occupation, dump site, benthos Raw mm2a x 84 88 Occupation, forest, intensive Raw mm2a x 192 89 Occupation, forest, intensive,

normal Raw cm2a x 222 90 Occupation, industrial area Raw mm2a 0,00154 944 91 Occupation, industrial area,

benthos Raw mm2a x 0,737 92 Occupation, industrial area,

built up Raw cm2a x 23,6 93 Occupation, industrial area,

vegetation Raw mm2a x 739 94 Occupation, mineral

extraction site Raw mm2a x 800 95 Occupation, pasture and

meadow, extensive Raw mm2a x 9,68 96 Occupation, permanent crop,

fruit, intensive Raw mm2a x 1,46 97 Occupation, shrub land,

sclerophyllous Raw mm2a x 25 98 Occupation, traffic area Raw mm2a 0,18 x 99 Occupation, traffic area, rail

embankment Raw mm2a x 720 100 Occupation, traffic area, rail

network Raw mm2a x 796 101 Occupation, traffic area, road

embankment Raw mm2a x 286 102 Occupation, traffic area,

road network Raw mm2a x 598 103 Occupation, urban,

discontinuously built Raw mm2a x 0,036 104 Occupation, water bodies,

artificial Raw cm2a x 11,7 105 Occupation, water courses,

artificial Raw mm2a x 634 106 Oil Raw mg x 1,6 107 Oil, crude, 42.6 MJ per kg,

in ground Raw g -59,4 -181 108 Oil, crude, 42.7 MJ per kg,

in ground Raw g 107 x 109 Oil, crude, feedstock,

41 MJ per kg, in ground Raw g -149 -455 110 Oil, crude, in ground Raw g x 496

29

No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 111 Olivine, in ground Raw mg 1,92 3,13 112 Oxygen, in air Raw mg 40,8 x 113 Paper waste, feedstock Raw g x 6,15 114 Peat, in ground Raw mg x 7,55 115 Peroxitan Raw mg x 42,8 116 Pesticides Raw µg x 776 117 PGM, 4.7E-4% Pt, 3.1E-4% Pd,

0.2E-4% Rh, in crude ore, in ground Raw pg x 707

118 Phosphorus pentoxide Raw µg 390 x 119 Phosphorus, 18% in apatite,

12% in crude ore, in ground Raw mg x 6,39 120 Phosphorus, 18% in apatite,

4% in crude ore, in ground Raw mg x 14,2 121 Potassium chloride Raw mg 1,03 x 122 Potatoes Raw mg x 199 123 Rhenium, in crude ore,

in ground Raw ng x 3,74 124 Rutile, in ground Raw µg 6,18E-19 232 125 Sand and clay, unspecified,

in ground Raw mg -5,4 -12,4 126 Sand, unspecified, in ground Raw mg 151 45,5 127 Shale, in ground Raw mg 7,07 30 128 Silver, 0.01% in crude ore,

in ground Raw ng x 763 129 Sodium chloride, in ground Raw g 32,4 -0,0521 130 Sodium dichromate, in ground Raw ng x 23,2 131 Sodium sulphate, various forms,

in ground Raw mg x 29,6 132 Steam from waste incineration Raw J x 56,6 133 Stibnite, in ground Raw ng x 16,5 134 Sulfur containing material Raw µg x 427 135 Sulfur dioxide, secondary Raw mg 0,062 494 136 Sulfur, bonded Raw mg 159 x 137 Sulfur, in ground Raw mg 327 16,6 138 Sylvite, 25 % in sylvinite,

in ground Raw mg x 5,74 139 Talc, in ground Raw µg x 268 140 Tin, 79% in cassiterite,

0.1% in crude ore, in ground Raw mg x 1,86 141 TiO2, 45-60% in Ilmenite,

in ground Raw mg x 78,6 142 Transformation, from arable Raw mm2 x 0,564 143 Transformation, from arable,

non-irrigated Raw mm2 x 51,4 144 Transformation, from arable,

non-irrigated, fallow Raw mm2 x 0,0447 145 Transformation, from dump site,

inert material landfill Raw mm2 x 1,73 146 Transformation, from dump site,

residual material landfill Raw mm2 x 3,16 147 Transformation, from dump site,

sanitary landfill Raw mm2 x 0,0746 148 Transformation, from dump site,

slag compartment Raw mm2 x 0,0202

30

No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 149 Transformation, from forest Raw mm2 x 190 150 Transformation, from forest,

extensive Raw mm2 x 173 151 Transformation, from

industrial area Raw mm2 x 2,03 152 Transformation, from

industrial area, benthos Raw mm2 x 0,00566 153 Transformation, from

industrial area, built up Raw mm2 x 0,00508 154 Transformation, from

industrial area, vegetation Raw mm2 x 0,00864 155 Transformation, from

mineral extraction site Raw mm2 x 16,9 156 Transformation, from pasture

and meadow Raw mm2 x 13,1 157 Transformation, from pasture

and meadow, intensive Raw mm2 x 0,0414 158 Transformation, from sea

and ocean Raw mm2 x 84,8 159 Transformation, from shrub

land, sclerophyllous Raw mm2 x 8,56 160 Transformation, from unknown Raw mm2 x 138 161 Transformation, to arable Raw mm2 x 18,2 162 Transformation, to arable,

non-irrigated Raw mm2 x 51,4 163 Transformation, to arable,

non-irrigated, fallow Raw mm2 x 0,0718 164 Transformation, to dump site Raw mm2 x 13,6 165 Transformation, to dump site,

benthos Raw mm2 x 84 166 Transformation, to dump site,

inert material landfill Raw mm2 x 1,73 167 Transformation, to dump site,

residual material landfill Raw mm2 x 3,16 168 Transformation, to dump site,

sanitary landfill Raw mm2 x 0,0746 169 Transformation, to dump site,

slag compartment Raw mm2 x 0,0202 170 Transformation, to forest Raw mm2 x 10,9 171 Transformation, to forest,

intensive Raw mm2 x 1,28 172 Transformation, to forest,

intensive, normal Raw mm2 x 170 173 Transformation, to heterogeneous,

agricultural Raw mm2 x 9,2 174 Transformation, to

industrial area Raw mm2 5,69E-6 15 175 Transformation, to industrial

area, benthos Raw mm2 x 0,119 176 Transformation, to industrial

area, built up Raw mm2 x 47,8 177 Transformation, to industrial

area, vegetation Raw mm2 x §15,1 178 Transformation, to mineral

extraction site Raw mm2 x 204

31

No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 179 Transformation, to pasture

and meadow Raw mm2 x 0,928 180 Transformation, to permanent

crop, fruit, intensive Raw mm2 x 0,0146 181 Transformation, to sea

and ocean Raw mm2 x 0,00566 182 Transformation, to shrub land,

sclerophyllous Raw mm2 x 4,98 183 Transformation, to traffic area,

rail embankment Raw mm2 x 1,67 184 Transformation, to traffic area,

rail network Raw mm2 x 1,84 185 Transformation, to traffic area,

road embankment Raw mm2 x 1,86 186 Transformation, to traffic area,

road network Raw mm2 x 5,05 187 Transformation, to unknown Raw mm2 x 3,57 188 Transformation, to urban,

discontinuously built Raw mm2 x 0,000717 189 Transformation, to water

bodies, artificial Raw mm2 x 11,8 190 Transformation, to water

courses, artificial Raw mm2 x 7,6 191 Ulexite, in ground Raw µg x 68 192 Uranium ore, 1.11 GJ per kg,

in ground Raw g 6 x 193 Uranium, 451 GJ per kg,

in ground Raw mg -0,703 39,3 194 Uranium, in ground Raw mg x 10,4 195 Urea Raw mg x 61,2 196 Water, barrage Raw kg 3,35 x 197 Water, cooling, salt, ocean Raw kg 17,6 x 198 Water, cooling, surface Raw g 170 x 199 Water, cooling, unspecified

natural origin/kg Raw kg 37,3 x 200 Water, cooling, unspecified

natural origin/m3 Raw l x 84 201 Water, cooling, well, in ground Raw g 2,69 x 202 Water, lake Raw cm3 x 264 203 Water, process and cooling,

unspecified natural origin Raw l -2,57 -10,6 204 Water, process, drinking Raw kg 2,94 x 205 Water, process, salt, ocean Raw g 104 x 206 Water, process, surface Raw g 2,16 x 207 Water, process, unspecified

natural origin/kg Raw g 909 x 208 Water, process, unspecified

natural origin/m3 Raw cm3 404 50 209 Water, process, well,

in ground Raw mg 51,8 x 210 Water, river Raw l x 5,28 211 Water, salt, ocean Raw cm3 x 840 212 Water, salt, sole Raw cm3 x 90,4 213 Water, turbine use, unspecified

natural origin Raw m3 x 5,95

32

No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 214 Water, unspecified

natural origin/kg Raw kg 10,1 0,19 215 Water, unspecified

natural origin/m3 Raw l x 17 216 Water, well, in ground Raw l x 1,78 217 Volume occupied, final

repository for low-active radioactive waste Raw mm3 x 20,6

218 Volume occupied, final repository for radioactive waste Raw mm3 x 5,17

219 Volume occupied, reservoir Raw m3y x 0,0126 220 Volume occupied, underground

deposit Raw mm3 x 540 221 Wood, feedstock Raw g x 17,5 222 Wood, hard, standing Raw cm3 x 3,39 223 Wood, soft, standing Raw cm3 x 10,4 224 Wood, unspecified, standing/kg Raw g 0,763 16,6 225 Wood, unspecified, standing/m3 Raw mm3 x 1,34 226 Zinc 9%, Lead 5%, in sulfide,

in ground Raw mg x 648 227 Zinc, in ground Raw µg 34,9 x 228 Acetaldehyde Air µg x 856 229 Acetic acid Air mg x 178 230 Acetone Air µg x 536 231 Acrolein Air ng x 126 232 Actinides, radioactive,

unspecified Air nBq x 221 233 Aerosols, radioactive,

unspecified Air µBq x 16,1 234 Aldehydes, unspecified Air µg 3,46 270 235 Aluminum Air mg x 38,7 236 Ammonia Air mg 3,03 32,5 237 Ammonium carbonate Air µg x 2,21 238 Antimony Air µg x 20,7 239 Antimony-124 Air nBq x 23,3 240 Antimony-125 Air nBq x 242 241 Argon-41 Air Bq x 4,56 242 Arsenic Air µg x 208 243 Barium Air µg x 162 244 Barium-140 Air µBq x 15,8 245 Benzaldehyde Air ng x 15 246 Benzene Air mg 4,26 16,8 247 Benzene, ethyl- Air µg 0,0285 154 248 Benzene, hexachloro- Air ng x 143 249 Benzene, pentachloro- Air ng x 17,8 250 Benzo(a)pyrene Air µg x 15,5 251 Beryllium Air µg x 1,19 252 Boron Air mg x 6,47 253 Bromine Air µg x 387 254 Butadiene Air pg x 24,7 255 Butane Air mg x 12,2 256 Butene Air µg x 152 257 Cadmium Air µg -1,55 110 258 Calcium Air mg x 1,62 259 Carbon-14 Air Bq x 17,8

33

No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 260 Carbon dioxide Air kg 6,13 1,07 261 Carbon dioxide, biogenic Air g x 13,4 262 Carbon dioxide, fossil Air kg x 1,97 263 Carbon disulfide Air mg 6,85E-5 5,43 264 Carbon monoxide Air g 2,92 -10,5 265 Carbon monoxide, biogenic Air mg x 24,3 266 Carbon monoxide, fossil Air g x 1,75 267 Cerium-141 Air µBq x 3,82 268 Cesium-134 Air nBq x 183 269 Cesium-137 Air µBq x 3,25 270 Chlorinated fluorocarbons, soft Air µg 50,1 x 271 Chlorine Air µg 483 404 272 Chloroform Air ng x 218 273 Chromium Air mg 5,35E-9 3,25 274 Chromium-51 Air nBq x 245 275 Chromium VI Air µg x 82,6 276 Cobalt Air µg x 145 277 Cobalt-58 Air nBq x 342 278 Cobalt-60 Air µBq x 3,02 279 Copper Air mg x 1,05 280 Cumene Air µg x 73,1 281 Cyanide Air µg x 296 282 Dinitrogen monoxide Air mg 7 43,3 283 Dioxins, measured as

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo -p-dioxin Air ng 4,65 149

284 Ethane Air mg x 31,9 285 Ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-,

HFC-134a Air µg x 94,8 286 Ethane, 1,2-dichloro- Air µg 0,000141 243 287 Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-

tetrafluoro-, CFC-114 Air µg x 4,13 288 Ethane, hexafluoro-, HFC-116 Air µg x 6,39 289 Ethanol Air µg x 922 290 Ethene Air mg x 49,3 291 Ethene, chloro- Air µg 9,19E-5 254 292 Ethylene diamine Air pg x 541 293 Ethylene oxide Air mg x 3,9 294 Ethyne Air µg x 406 295 Fluorine Air µg 506 269 296 Fluosilicic acid Air µg x 7,47 297 Formaldehyde Air mg 4,28E-5 2,82 298 Halogenated hydrocarbons,

chlorinated Air µg x 248 299 Heat, waste Air MJ x 34,5 300 Helium Air µg x 256 301 Heptane Air mg x 1,52 302 Hexane Air mg x 4,7 303 Hydrocarbons, aliphatic,

alkanes, cyclic Air µg x 233 304 Hydrocarbons, aliphatic,

alkanes, unspecified Air mg x 7,81 305 Hydrocarbons, aliphatic,

unsaturated Air mg x 1,43 306 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Air mg 144 293

34

No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 307 Hydrocarbons, chlorinated Air µg 84,7 1,05 308 Hydrocarbons, halogenated Air µg 1,24 -0,0445 309 Hydrocarbons, unspecified Air g 8,41 -5,79 310 Hydrogen Air mg 99,8 36,2 311 Hydrogen-3, Tritium Air Bq x 92,8 312 Hydrogen chloride Air mg 493 61,3 313 Hydrogen cyanide Air pg 2,11E-18 x 314 Hydrogen fluoride Air mg 23,6 10,9 315 Hydrogen sulfide Air mg 1,89 4,95 316 Iodine Air µg x 215 317 Iodine-129 Air mBq x 18 318 Iodine-131 Air mBq x 190 319 Iodine-133 Air µBq x 18,9 320 Iron Air g x 7,13 321 Isocyanic acid Air µg x 81,6 322 Krypton-85 Air Bq x 13,3 323 Krypton-85m Air mBq x 560 324 Krypton-87 Air mBq x 230 325 Krypton-88 Air mBq x 285 326 Krypton-89 Air mBq x 82,4 327 Lanthanum-140 Air µBq x 1,35 328 Lead Air mg -0,0125 1,21 329 Lead-210 Air mBq x 115 330 m-Xylene Air µg x 8,32 331 Magnesium Air mg x 3,1 332 Manganese Air µg -2,22 156 333 Manganese-54 Air nBq x 126 334 Mercaptans, unspecified Air µg 19,7 0,561 335 Mercury Air µg 401 335 336 Metals, unspecified Air mg 13,3 11,9 337 Methane Air g 13,7 3,59 338 Methane, biogenic Air mg x 2,97 339 Methane, bromochlorodifluoro-,

Halon 1211 Air µg x 8,96 340 Methane, bromotrifluoro-,

Halon 1301 Air µg -16,8 -32 341 Methane, chlorodifluoro-,

HCFC-22 Air µg x 37 342 Methane, dichloro-, HCC-30 Air ng x 6,61 343 Methane, dichlorodifluoro-,

CFC-12 Air ng x 35,7 344 Methane, dichlorofluoro-,

HCFC-21 Air pg x 0,552 345 Methane, fossil Air g x 4,18 346 Methane, monochloro-, R-40 Air pg x 21,2 347 Methane, tetrachloro-, CFC-10 Air ng x 390 348 Methane, tetrafluoro-, FC-14 Air µg x 57,5 349 Methane, trichlorofluoro-,

CFC-11 Air pg x 1,04 350 Methane, trifluoro-,

HFC-23 Air pg x 176 351 Methanol Air mg x 98,8 352 Molybdenum Air µg x 44,1 353 Monoethanolamine Air µg x 10,1 354 Naphthalene Air ng 4,9 x

35

No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 355 Nickel Air mg 0,367 3,01 356 Niobium-95 Air nBq x 14,9 357 Nitrate Air µg x 1,36 358 Nitrogen oxides Air g 21,4 -1,25 359 NMVOC, non-methane volatile

organic compounds, unspecified origin Air g -4,42 -19,4

360 Noble gases, radioactive, unspecified Air kBq x 173

361 Organic substances, unspecified Air mg 4,62 x

362 Ozone Air mg x 5,5 363 PAH, polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons Air µg 110 372 364 Paraffins Air ng x 1,83 365 Particulates Air g 6,69 -1,64 366 Particulates, < 2.5 um Air mg x 450 367 Particulates, > 10 um Air mg x 903 368 Particulates, > 2.5 um,

and < 10um Air mg x 546 369 Particulates, SPM Air g 7,2 x 370 Pentane Air mg 9,8E-5 18,4 371 Phenol Air µg x 103 372 Phenol, pentachloro- Air µg x 6,38 373 Phosphorus Air µg x 73,8 374 Platinum Air pg x 9,95 375 Plutonium-238 Air nBq x 2,46 376 Plutonium-alpha Air nBq x 5,63 377 Polonium-210 Air mBq x 203 378 Polychlorinated biphenyls Air ng x 229 379 Potassium Air mg x 2,64 380 Potassium-40 Air mBq x 26,5 381 Propanal Air ng x 15 382 Propane Air mg x 16,6 383 Propene Air µg x 823 384 Propionic acid Air µg x 113 385 Propylene oxide Air µg x 5,18 386 Protactinium-234 Air mBq x 2,44 387 Radioactive species,

other beta emitters Air mBq x 255 388 Radioactive species,

unspecified Air kBq -60,7 3,41E3 389 Radium-226 Air mBq x 108 390 Radium-228 Air mBq x 58,3 391 Radon-220 Air µBq x 808 392 Radon-222 Air kBq x 324 393 Ruthenium-103 Air nBq x 3,27 394 Scandium Air µg x 1,02 395 Selenium Air µg x 79,4 396 Silicon Air mg x 12,9 397 Silicon tetrafluoride Air µg x 10,9 398 Silver Air pg x 811 399 Silver-110 Air nBq x 32,5 400 Sodium Air mg x 2,27 401 Sodium chlorate Air µg x 1,39

36

No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 402 Sodium dichromate Air µg x 1,54 403 Sodium formate Air ng x 23 404 Soot Air µg 1,43 x 405 Strontium Air µg x 212 406 Styrene Air ng x 80,8 407 Sulfate Air mg x 3,78 408 Sulfur dioxide Air g 8,91E-7 5,83 409 Sulfur hexafluoride Air µg x 89,6 410 Sulfur oxides Air g 43 -11,5 411 Sulfuric acid Air ng 1,32 x 412 t-Butyl methyl ether Air ng x 317 413 Thallium Air µg x 1,42 414 Thorium Air µg x 1,54 415 Thorium-228 Air mBq x 7,58 416 Thorium-230 Air mBq x 9,28 417 Thorium-232 Air mBq x 7,76 418 Thorium-234 Air mBq x 2,45 419 Tin Air µg x 39,6 420 Titanium Air µg x 310 421 Toluene Air mg 0,000116 2,9 422 Uranium Air µg x 2,04 423 Uranium-234 Air mBq x 28,7 424 Uranium-235 Air mBq x 1,38 425 Uranium-238 Air mBq x 49,6 426 Uranium alpha Air mBq x 134 427 Vanadium Air mg x 5,61 428 Water Air mg x 46 429 Xenon-131m Air Bq x 1,04 430 Xenon-133 Air Bq x 53,2 431 Xenon-133m Air mBq x 183 432 Xenon-135 Air Bq x 13,8 433 Xenon-135m Air Bq x 6,44 434 Xenon-137 Air mBq x 184 435 Xenon-138 Air Bq x 1,11 436 Xylene Air mg x 4,28 437 Zinc Air mg 0,0449 1,98 438 Zinc-65 Air nBq x 627 439 Zirconium Air ng x 49,6 440 Zirconium-95 Air nBq x 613 441 Acenaphthene Water ng x 46,6 442 Acenaphthylene Water ng x 2,84 443 Acetic acid Water µg x 22,7 444 Acidity, unspecified Water mg 50,4 24,2 445 Actinides, radioactive,

unspecified Water mBq x 29,2 446 Aluminum Water g 0,075 1,12 447 Ammonium, ion Water mg 15,1 -6,37 448 Antimony Water mg x 8,31 449 Antimony-122 Water µBq x 9,36 450 Antimony-124 Water mBq x 4,62 451 Antimony-125 Water mBq x 3,97 452 AOX, Adsorbable Organic

Halogen as Cl Water µg -13,8 83,9 453 Arsenic, ion Water mg 0,146 1,84 454 Barite Water mg x 52,6

37

No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 455 Barium Water mg -2,84 18,4 456 Barium-140 Water µBq x 41 457 Benzene Water µg x 626 458 Benzene, ethyl- Water µg x 175 459 Beryllium Water µg x 75,4 460 BOD5, Biological Oxygen

Demand Water g 0,598 3,82 461 Boron Water mg x 14,3 462 Bromate Water µg x 187 463 Bromine Water mg x 13 464 Butene Water ng x 44,1 465 Cadmium, ion Water µg 0,362 307 466 Calcium, ion Water g 0,0213 2,81 467 Carbonate Water mg 25,5 91,2 468 Carboxylic acids, unspecified Water mg x 31,8 469 Cerium-141 Water µBq x 16,4 470 Cerium-144 Water µBq x 5 471 Cesium Water µg x 7,3 472 Cesium-134 Water mBq x 3,61 473 Cesium-136 Water µBq x 2,91 474 Cesium-137 Water Bq x 3,36 475 Chlorate Water mg x 1,67 476 Chloride Water g 0,98 10,2 477 Chlorinated solvents,

unspecified Water µg x 241 478 Chlorine Water µg 0,365 445 479 Chloroform Water pg x 0,552 480 Chromate Water ng 36 x 481 Chromium Water mg 0,742 2,71 482 Chromium-51 Water mBq x 4,79 483 Chromium VI Water mg x 12,2 484 Chromium, ion Water µg x 75,6 485 Cobalt Water mg x 4,16 486 Cobalt-57 Water µBq x 92,8 487 Cobalt-58 Water mBq x 36 488 Cobalt-60 Water mBq x 28,3 489 COD, Chemical Oxygen

Demand Water g 3,53 87,7 490 Copper, ion Water mg 0,457 20,9 491 Cumene Water µg x 176 492 Cyanide Water mg 0,258 1,58 493 Detergent/oil Water mg 73,9 x 494 Dichromate Water µg x 5,69 495 DOC, Dissolved Organic

Carbon Water g -0,00137 -6,96 496 Ethane, 1,2-dichloro- Water µg x 234 497 Ethene Water µg x 33,1 498 Ethene, chloro- Water µg 8,05E-22 232 499 Ethylene diamine Water ng x 1,31 500 Ethylene oxide Water ng x 14,8 501 Fluoride Water mg 18,3 29,3 502 Fluosilicic acid Water µg x 13,4 503 Formaldehyde Water mg x 1,78 504 Glutaraldehyde Water µg x 6,49 505 Heat, waste Water kJ x 297

38

No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 506 Hydrocarbons, aliphatic,

alkanes, unspecified Water µg x 947 507 Hydrocarbons, aliphatic,

unsaturated Water µg x 87,4 508 Hydrocarbons, aromatic Water mg -2,84 -1,75 509 Hydrocarbons, chlorinated Water µg -0,88 -1,37 510 Hydrocarbons, unspecified Water mg 57,8 366 511 Hydrogen Water ng 8,29 x 512 Hydrogen-3, Tritium Water kBq x 7,7 513 Hydrogen peroxide Water µg x 1,7 514 Hydrogen sulfide Water µg x 621 515 Hydroxide Water µg x 13,6 516 Hypochlorite Water µg x 530 517 Iodide Water µg x 761 518 Iodine-131 Water µBq x 840 519 Iodine-133 Water µBq x 25,8 520 Iron Water mg -2,81 103 521 Iron-59 Water µBq x 7,09 522 Iron, ion Water mg x 701 523 Kjeldahl-N Water mg -1,25 -2,97 524 Lanthanum-140 Water µBq x 43,8 525 Lead Water mg 0,356 4,91 526 Lead-210 Water mBq x 73,2 527 Magnesium Water mg 2,97 357 528 Manganese Water mg x 6,22 529 Manganese-54 Water mBq x 2,18 530 Mercury Water µg 255 280 531 Metallic ions, unspecified Water mg -0,922 -16,7 532 Methane, dichloro-, HCC-30 Water µg x 106 533 Methanol Water µg x 659 534 Molybdenum Water µg x 656 535 Molybdenum-99 Water µBq x 15 536 Nickel, ion Water mg -0,0667 18,6 537 Niobium-95 Water µBq x 276 538 Nitrate Water mg 20,3 51,3 539 Nitrite Water µg x 92,7 540 Nitrogen Water mg x 10,2 541 Nitrogen, organic bound Water mg x 2,75 542 Nitrogen, total Water mg 35,8 8,9 543 Oils, unspecified Water g 0,00873 1,41 544 Organic substances,

unspecified Water mg 1,6 x 545 PAH, polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons Water µg -44,5 15,7 546 Paraffins Water ng x 5,31 547 Phenol Water mg 4,83 2,08 548 Phenols, unspecified Water µg -438 -929 549 Phosphate Water mg 5,8 75,3 550 Phosphorus Water µg x 482 551 Phosphorus pentoxide Water mg 1,05 x 552 Phosphorus, total Water mg 3,36 7,94 553 Polonium-210 Water mBq x 94,5 554 Potassium Water µg 30,5 x 555 Potassium-40 Water mBq x 45,9 556 Potassium, ion Water mg x 474

39

No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 557 Propene Water µg x 75,5 558 Propylene oxide Water µg x 12,5 559 Protactinium-234 Water mBq x 45,3 560 Radioactive species,

alpha emitters Water µBq x 122 561 Radioactive species,

Nuclides, unspecified Water Bq x 17,6 562 Radium-224 Water mBq x 364 563 Radium-226 Water Bq x 28,8 564 Radium-228 Water mBq x 730 565 Rubidium Water µg x 74,7 566 Ruthenium-103 Water µBq x 3,18 567 Scandium Water µg x 150 568 Selenium Water µg x 250 569 Silicon Water g x 13,1 570 Silver-110 Water mBq x 27,1 571 Silver, ion Water µg x 15,2 572 Sodium-24 Water µBq x 114 573 Sodium formate Water ng x 55,4 574 Sodium, ion Water g 0,373 2,75 575 Solids, inorganic Water mg x 688 576 Solved organics Water mg 28,4 x 577 Solved solids Water mg 358 482 578 Solved substances Water µg x 11,6 579 Solved substances, inorganic Water g 0,63 1,19 580 Strontium Water mg x 52,4 581 Strontium-89 Water µBq x 432 582 Strontium-90 Water Bq x 29,3 583 Sulfate Water g 0,249 8,26 584 Sulfide Water mg 4,53 0,343 585 Sulfite Water mg x 1,38 586 Sulfur Water mg x 1,37 587 Suspended solids, unspecified Water g 3,39 2,13 588 Suspended substances,

unspecified Water mg 209 477 589 t-Butyl methyl ether Water µg x 15,7 590 Technetium-99m Water µBq x 350 591 Tellurium-123m Water µBq x 482 592 Tellurium-132 Water nBq x 872 593 Thallium Water µg x 13,2 594 Thorium-228 Water Bq x 1,46 595 Thorium-230 Water Bq x 6,18 596 Thorium-232 Water mBq x 7,63 597 Thorium-234 Water mBq x 45,3 598 Tin, ion Water µg x 558 599 Titanium, ion Water mg x 21,9 600 TOC, Total Organic Carbon Water g 0,356 1,66 601 Toluene Water µg -389 63,6 602 Tributyltin compounds Water µg x 13,7 603 Triethylene glycol Water µg x 104 604 Tungsten Water µg x 131 605 Uranium-234 Water mBq x 54,3 606 Uranium-235 Water mBq x 89,6 607 Uranium-238 Water mBq x 174 608 Uranium alpha Water Bq x 2,61

40

No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 609 Vanadium, ion Water mg x 3,06 610 Waste water/m3 Water cm3 9,32E-5 376 611 VOC, volatile organic

compounds, unspecified origin Water mg x 2,66 612 Xylene Water µg x 747 613 Zinc-65 Water mBq x 1,54 614 Zinc, ion Water mg 0,817 344 615 Zirconium-95 Water µBq x 17,9 616 Aluminium waste Waste mg x 150 617 Cardboard waste Waste g x 26,4 618 Chemical waste, inert Waste mg 536 x 619 Chemical waste, regulated Waste g 7,78 x 620 Construction waste Waste mg 280 x 621 Glass waste Waste mg x 580 622 Metal waste Waste mg 11,9 x 623 Mineral waste Waste g 233 x 624 Mineral waste, from mining Waste g -4,86 -16,7 625 Packaging waste,

paper and board Waste pg 2,19E-12 x 626 Packaging waste, plastic Waste mg 10,6 x 627 Packaging waste, wood Waste µg 30,2 x 628 Plastic waste Waste mg x 640 629 Polyethylene waste Waste mg x 160 630 Polyvinyl chloride waste Waste mg x 3 631 Production waste, not inert Waste g 30 70 632 Rejects, corrugated cardboard Waste g x 1,69 633 Slags Waste ng 691 x 634 Slags and ashes Waste g 54,6 x 635 Waste in bioactive landfill Waste g -3,51 -7,09 636 Waste in incineration Waste mg -214 -682 637 Waste in inert landfill Waste mg x 6,98 638 Waste to recycling Waste mg 11,1 x 639 Waste, final, inert Waste ng 608 x 640 Waste, industrial Waste g 3,41 x 641 Waste, unspecified Waste g 1,18 x 642 Aclonifen Soil ng x 98,4 643 Aluminum Soil mg x 4,43 644 Antimony Soil pg x 254 645 Arsenic Soil µg x 1,75 646 Atrazine Soil ng x 2,62 647 Barium Soil mg x 2,1 648 Bentazone Soil ng x 50,1 649 Boron Soil µg x 80,6 650 Cadmium Soil µg 0,225 1,96 651 Calcium Soil mg x 19,6 652 Carbetamide Soil ng x 18,6 653 Carbon Soil mg 51,6 19,2 654 Chloride Soil mg x 88 655 Chlorothalonil Soil ng x 896 656 Chromium Soil µg x 105 657 Chromium VI Soil µg x 218 658 Cobalt Soil ng x 188 659 Copper Soil µg x 309 660 Cypermethrin Soil pg x 428 661 Dinoseb Soil ng x 243

41

No Substance Compartment Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle 662 Fenpiclonil Soil ng x 38,6 663 Fluoride Soil µg x 358 664 Glyphosate Soil mg x 48,5 665 Heat, waste Soil kJ x 22,6 666 Iron Soil mg x 101 667 Lead Soil µg 0,00627 23,4 668 Linuron Soil ng x 761 669 Magnesium Soil mg x 3,67 670 Mancozeb Soil µg x 1,16 671 Manganese Soil µg x 354 672 Mercury Soil µg 1,89 0,00554 673 Metaldehyde Soil ng x 3,7 674 Metolachlor Soil µg x 5,5 675 Metribuzin Soil ng x 40,9 676 Molybdenum Soil ng x 47 677 Napropamide Soil ng x 6,56 678 Nickel Soil µg x 57,8 679 Nitrogen, total Soil µg 405 x 680 Oils, biogenic Soil mg x 2 681 Oils, unspecified Soil mg x 519 682 Orbencarb Soil ng x 221 683 Phosphorus Soil µg x 302 684 Pirimicarb Soil ng x 4,74 685 Potassium Soil mg x 1,98 686 Radioactive species,

unspecified Soil Bq -558 3,13E4 687 Silicon Soil mg x 1,27 688 Silver Soil µg x 1,66 689 Sodium Soil mg x 8,5 690 Strontium Soil µg x 42,2 691 Sulfur Soil mg x 2,65 692 Tebutam Soil ng x 15,5 693 Teflubenzuron Soil ng x 2,73 694 Tin Soil ng x 53,9 695 Titanium Soil µg x 12,8 696 Vanadium Soil ng x 366 697 Zinc Soil µg 0,00022 631

42

Appendix 4

Process Contribution Product: HDPE bottle Project: Comparison bottles Category: Life cycle\Others Method: Eco-indicator 99 (I) V2.1 / Europe EI 99 I/I Indicator: Single score Cut-off: 0% Process Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle Total of all processes Pt 0,272 0,133 Wash and fill bottles Pt x 0 Truck 28t B250 Pt 0 0 Trailer I Pt 3,4E-8 x Sulphuric acid B250 Pt x 9,32E-8 Sulphur B250 Pt x 4,06E-7 Recycling Plastics bottles Pt 0 0 Recycling PET bottles Pt x 5,54E-6 Recycling HDPE bottle Pt 2,38E-6 x Polyethylene terephthalate, granulate, bottle grade, at plant/RER S Pt x 0,152 PET granulate amorph B250 Pt x -0,064 Paper wood-free C B250 Pt x 4,64E-6 NaOH (100%) Pt x 4,66E-6 NaCl (100%) Pt x 5,67E-8 Landfill PET B250 Pt x 0,00021 Landfill PE B250 (1998) Pt 0,00185 x Landfill B250 (98) Pt 0 0 Incineration 2000 B250 (98) Pt 0 0 Incin. PET 2000 B250 Pt x 0,00141 Incin. PE 2000 B250 (98) Pt 0,0167 x Heat oil (S,EU) B250 Pt x 2,26E-7 Heat oil (EL,CH) B250 Pt x 7,99E-5 Heat diesel B250 Pt 0,000177 0,000412 HDPE blow moulded bottles A Pt 0,136 x HDPE B250 Pt -0,0138 0,000408 HCl (100%) B250 Pt x 0 Electricity UCPTE B250 Pt x 0 Electricity Swiss B250 Pt x 0 Electricity from uranium B250 Pt x 0,000243 Electricity from oil B250 Pt x 0,00264 Electricity from lignite B250 Pt x 0,00145 Electricity from hydropwr B250 Pt x 0 Electricity from gas B250 Pt 0,0142 0,0336 Electricity from coal B250 Pt x 0,0041 Diesel I Pt 3,39E-9 x Corr. cardboard new Pt x 0,000577 Blow moulding bottles I Pt 0,116 x Blow forming PET Pt x 0

43

Appendix 5

Check List Title: Method: Eco-indicator 99 (I) V2.1 Compartment Substance Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle emissions to soil Heat, waste MJ 0,0226 emissions to soil Vanadium kg 3,66E-10 emissions to soil Titanium kg 1,28E-8 emissions to soil Tin kg 5,39E-11 emissions to soil Teflubenzuron kg 2,73E-12 emissions to soil Tebutam kg 1,55E-11 emissions to soil Sulfur kg 2,65E-6 emissions to soil Strontium kg 4,22E-8 emissions to soil Sodium kg 8,5E-6 emissions to soil Silver kg 1,66E-9 emissions to soil Silicon kg 1,27E-6 emissions to soil Potassium kg 1,98E-6 emissions to soil Pirimicarb kg 4,74E-12 emissions to soil Phosphorus kg 3,02E-7 emissions to soil Orbencarb kg 2,21E-10 emissions to soil Oils, unspecifie kg 0,000519 emissions to soil Oils, biogenic kg 2E-6 emissions to soil Nitrogen, total kg 4,05E-7 emissions to soil Napropamide kg 6,56E-12 emissions to soil Molybdenum kg 4,7E-11 emissions to soil Metolachlor kg 5,5E-9 emissions to soil Metaldehyde kg 3,7E-12 emissions to soil Manganese kg 3,54E-7 emissions to soil Mancozeb kg 1,16E-9 emissions to soil Magnesium kg 3,67E-6 emissions to soil Linuron kg 7,61E-10 emissions to soil Iron kg 0,000101 emissions to soil Glyphosate kg 4,85E-5 emissions to soil Fluoride kg 3,58E-7 emissions to soil Fenpiclonil kg 3,86E-11 emissions to soil Dinoseb kg 2,43E-10 emissions to soil Cypermethrin kg 4,28E-13 emissions to soil Cobalt kg 1,88E-10 emissions to soil Chlorothalonil kg 8,96E-10 emissions to soil Chloride kg 8,8E-5 emissions to soil Carbon kg 5,16E-5 1,92E-5 emissions to soil Carbetamide kg 1,86E-11 emissions to soil Calcium kg 1,96E-5 emissions to soil Boron kg 8,06E-8 emissions to soil Barium kg 2,1E-6 emissions to soil Antimony kg 2,54E-13 emissions to soil Aluminum kg 4,43E-6 emissions to soil Aclonifen kg 9,84E-11 emissions to soil Radioactive species,

unspecified Bq -558 3,13E4 final waste flows Waste, unspec kg 0,00118 final waste flows Waste, indus kg 0,00341 final waste flows Waste, final,

inert kg 6,08E-10 final waste flows Waste to recyc kg 1,11E-5

44

Compartment Substance Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle final waste flows Waste in inert

landfill kg 6,98E-6 final waste flows Waste in incin kg -0,000214 -0,000682 final waste flows Waste in bioactive

landfill kg -0,00351 -0,00709 final waste flows Slags and ashes kg 0,0546 final waste flows Slags kg 6,91E-10 final waste flows Rejects,

corrugated cardboard kg 0,00169 final waste flows Production waste,

not inert kg 0,03 0,07 final waste flows Polyvinyl chloride waste kg 3E-6 final waste flows Polyethylene waste kg 0,00016 final waste flows Plastic waste kg 0,00064 final waste flows Packaging waste,

wood kg 3,02E-8 final waste flows Packaging waste,

plastic kg 1,06E-5 final waste flows Packaging waste,

paper and board kg 2,19E-27 final waste flows Mineral waste,

from mining kg -0,00486 -0,0167 final waste flows Mineral waste kg 0,233 final waste flows Metal waste kg 1,19E-5 final waste flows Glass waste kg 0,00058 final waste flows Construction waste kg 0,00028 final waste flows Chemical waste,

regulated kg 0,00778 final waste flows Chemical waste, inert kg 0,000536 final waste flows Cardboard waste kg 0,0264 final waste flows Aluminium waste kg 0,00015 waterborne emissions Heat, waste MJ 0,297 waterborne emissions Waste water/m3 m3 9,32E-11 0,000376 waterborne emissions Xylene kg 7,47E-7 waterborne emissions VOC, volat org comp,

unspecified origin kg 2,66E-6 waterborne emissions Vanadium, ion kg 3,06E-6 waterborne emissions Tungsten kg 1,31E-7 waterborne emissions Triethylene glycol kg 1,04E-7 waterborne emissions Tributyltin compounds kg 1,37E-8 waterborne emissions TOC, Total Organic

Carbon kg 0,000356 0,00166 waterborne emissions Titanium, ion kg 2,19E-5 waterborne emissions Tin, ion kg 5,58E-7 waterborne emissions Thallium kg 1,32E-8 waterborne emissions t-Butyl methyl ether kg 1,57E-8 waterborne emissions Suspended substances,

unspecified kg 0,000209 0,000477 waterborne emissions Suspended solids,

unspecified kg 0,00339 0,00213 waterborne emissions Sulfur kg 1,37E-6 waterborne emissions Sulfite kg 1,38E-6 waterborne emissions Sulfide kg 4,53E-6 3,43E-7 waterborne emissions Sulfate kg 0,000249 0,00826 waterborne emissions Strontium kg 5,24E-5

45

Compartment Substance Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle waterborne emissions Solved substances,

inorganic kg 0,00063 0,00119 waterborne emissions Solved substances kg 1,16E-8 waterborne emissions Solved solids kg 0,000358 0,000482 waterborne emissions Solved organics kg 2,84E-5 waterborne emissions Solids, inorganic kg 0,000688 waterborne emissions Sodium, ion kg 0,000373 0,00275 waterborne emissions Sodium formate kg 5,54E-11 waterborne emissions Silver, ion kg 1,52E-8 waterborne emissions Silicon kg 0,0131 waterborne emissions Selenium kg 2,5E-7 waterborne emissions Scandium kg 1,5E-7 waterborne emissions Rubidium kg 7,47E-8 waterborne emissions Propylene oxide kg 1,25E-8 waterborne emissions Propene kg 7,55E-8 waterborne emissions Potassium, ion kg 0,000474 waterborne emissions Potassium kg 3,05E-8 waterborne emissions Phosphorus, total kg 3,36E-6 7,94E-6 waterborne emissions Phosphorus pentoxide kg 1,05E-6 waterborne emissions Phosphorus kg 4,82E-7 waterborne emissions Phosphate kg 5,8E-6 7,53E-5 waterborne emissions Phenols, unspecified kg -4,38E-7 -9,29E-7 waterborne emissions Phenol kg 4,83E-6 2,08E-6 waterborne emissions Paraffins kg 5,31E-12 waterborne emissions Organic substances,

unspecified kg 1,6E-6 waterborne emissions Oils, unspecified kg 8,73E-6 0,00141 waterborne emissions Nitrogen, total kg 3,58E-5 8,9E-6 waterborne emissions Nitrogen, organic bound kg 2,75E-6 waterborne emissions Nitrogen kg 1,02E-5 waterborne emissions Nitrite kg 9,27E-8 waterborne emissions Nitrate kg 2,03E-5 5,13E-5 waterborne emissions Molybdenum kg 6,56E-7 waterborne emissions Methanol kg 6,59E-7 waterborne emissions Methane, dichloro-,

HCC-30 kg 1,06E-7 waterborne emissions Manganese kg 6,22E-6 waterborne emissions Magnesium kg 2,97E-6 0,000357 waterborne emissions Kjeldahl-N kg -1,25E-6 -2,97E-6 waterborne emissions Iron, ion kg 0,000701 waterborne emissions Iron kg -2,81E-6 0,000103 waterborne emissions Iodide kg 7,61E-7 waterborne emissions Hypochlorite kg 5,3E-7 waterborne emissions Hydroxide kg 1,36E-8 waterborne emissions Hydrogen sulfide kg 6,21E-7 waterborne emissions Hydrogen peroxide kg 1,7E-9 waterborne emissions Hydrogen kg 8,29E-12 waterborne emissions Hydrocarbons, unspec kg 5,78E-5 0,000366 waterborne emissions Hydrocarbons, chlorin kg -8,8E-10 -1,37E-9 waterborne emissions Hydrocarbons, aromatic kg -2,84E-6 -1,75E-6 waterborne emissions Hydrocarbons, aliphatic,

unsaturated kg 8,74E-8 waterborne emissions Hydrocarbons, aliphatic,

alkanes, unspecified kg 9,47E-7 waterborne emissions Glutaraldehyde kg 6,49E-9

46

Compartment Substance Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle waterborne emissions Formaldehyde kg 1,78E-6 waterborne emissions Fluosilicic acid kg 1,34E-8 waterborne emissions Fluoride kg 1,83E-5 2,93E-5 waterborne emissions Ethylene oxide kg 1,48E-11 waterborne emissions Ethylene diamine kg 1,31E-12 waterborne emissions Ethene kg 3,31E-8 waterborne emissions Ethane, 1,2-dichloro- kg 2,34E-7 waterborne emissions DOC, Dissolved Organic

Carbon kg -1,37E-6 -0,00696 waterborne emissions Detergent/oil kg 7,39E-5 waterborne emissions Cyanide kg 2,58E-7 1,58E-6 waterborne emissions Cumene kg 1,76E-7 waterborne emissions COD, Chemical Oxygen

Demand kg 0,00353 0,0877 waterborne emissions Cobalt kg 4,16E-6 waterborne emissions Chromate kg 3,6E-11 waterborne emissions Chloroform kg 5,52E-16 waterborne emissions Chlorine kg 3,65E-10 4,45E-7 waterborne emissions Chlorinated solvents,

unspecified kg 2,41E-7 waterborne emissions Chloride kg 0,00098 0,0102 waterborne emissions Chlorate kg 1,67E-6 waterborne emissions Cesium kg 7,3E-9 waterborne emissions Carboxylic acids,

unspecified kg 3,18E-5 waterborne emissions Carbonate kg 2,55E-5 9,12E-5 waterborne emissions Calcium, ion kg 2,13E-5 0,00281 waterborne emissions Butene kg 4,41E-11 waterborne emissions Bromine kg 1,3E-5 waterborne emissions Bromate kg 1,87E-7 waterborne emissions Boron kg 1,43E-5 waterborne emissions BOD5, Biological Oxygen

Demand kg 0,000598 0,00382 waterborne emissions Beryllium kg 7,54E-8 waterborne emissions Benzene, ethyl- kg 1,75E-7 waterborne emissions Barium kg -2,84E-6 1,84E-5 waterborne emissions Barite kg 5,26E-5 waterborne emissions AOX, Adsorbable Organic

Halogen as Cl kg -1,38E-8 8,39E-8 waterborne emissions Antimony kg 8,31E-6 waterborne emissions Ammonium, ion kg 1,51E-5 -6,37E-6 waterborne emissions Aluminum kg 7,5E-5 0,00112 waterborne emissions Acidity, unspecified kg 5,04E-5 2,42E-5 waterborne emissions Acetic acid kg 2,27E-8 waterborne emissions Acenaphthylene kg 2,84E-12 waterborne emissions Acenaphthene kg 4,66E-11 waterborne emissions Zirconium-95 Bq 1,79E-5 waterborne emissions Zinc-65 Bq 0,00154 waterborne emissions Uranium alpha Bq 2,61 waterborne emissions Thorium-234 Bq 0,0453 waterborne emissions Thorium-232 Bq 0,00763 waterborne emissions Thorium-230 Bq 6,18 waterborne emissions Thorium-228 Bq 1,46 waterborne emissions Tellurium-132 Bq 8,72E-7 waterborne emissions Tellurium-123m Bq 0,000482

47

Compartment Substance Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle waterborne emissions Technetium-99m Bq 0,00035 waterborne emissions Strontium-89 Bq 0,000432 waterborne emissions Sodium-24 Bq 0,000114 waterborne emissions Ruthenium-103 Bq 3,18E-6 waterborne emissions Radium-228 Bq 0,73 waterborne emissions Radium-224 Bq 0,364 waterborne emissions Radioactive species,

Nuclides, unspecified Bq 17,6 waterborne emissions Radioactive species,

alpha emitters Bq 0,000122 waterborne emissions Protactinium-234 Bq 0,0453 waterborne emissions Potassium-40 Bq 0,0459 waterborne emissions Polonium-210 Bq 0,0945 waterborne emissions Niobium-95 Bq 0,000276 waterborne emissions Molybdenum-99 Bq 1,5E-5 waterborne emissions Lead-210 Bq 0,0732 waterborne emissions Lanthanum-140 Bq 4,38E-5 waterborne emissions Iron-59 Bq 7,09E-6 waterborne emissions Iodine-133 Bq 2,58E-5 waterborne emissions Cobalt-57 Bq 9,28E-5 waterborne emissions Chromium-51 Bq 0,00479 waterborne emissions Cesium-136 Bq 2,91E-6 waterborne emissions Cerium-144 Bq 5E-6 waterborne emissions Cerium-141 Bq 1,64E-5 waterborne emissions Barium-140 Bq 4,1E-5 waterborne emissions Antimony-122 Bq 9,36E-6 waterborne emissions Actinides, radioactive,

unspecified Bq 0,0292 airborne emissions Heat, waste MJ 34,5 airborne emissions Zirconium kg 4,96E-11 airborne emissions Water kg 4,6E-5 airborne emissions Vanadium kg 5,61E-6 airborne emissions Uranium kg 2,04E-9 airborne emissions Titanium kg 3,1E-7 airborne emissions Tin kg 3,96E-8 airborne emissions Thorium kg 1,54E-9 airborne emissions Thallium kg 1,42E-9 airborne emissions Sulfuric acid kg 1,32E-12 airborne emissions Styrene kg 8,08E-11 airborne emissions Strontium kg 2,12E-7 airborne emissions Soot kg 1,43E-9 airborne emissions Sodium formate kg 2,3E-11 airborne emissions Sodium chlorate kg 1,39E-9 airborne emissions Sodium kg 2,27E-6 airborne emissions Silver kg 8,11E-13 airborne emissions Silicon tetrafluoride kg 1,09E-8 airborne emissions Silicon kg 1,29E-5 airborne emissions Selenium kg 7,94E-8 airborne emissions Scandium kg 1,02E-9 airborne emissions Propylene oxide kg 5,18E-9 airborne emissions Potassium kg 2,64E-6 airborne emissions Platinum kg 9,95E-15 airborne emissions Phosphorus kg 7,38E-8 airborne emissions Particulates, > 2.5 um,

and < 10um kg 0,000546

48

Compartment Substance Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle airborne emissions Particulates, > 10 um kg 0,000903 airborne emissions Particulates kg 0,00669 -0,00164 airborne emissions Ozone kg 5,5E-6 airborne emissions Organic substances,

unspecified kg 4,62E-6 airborne emissions Naphthalene kg 4,9E-12 airborne emissions Molybdenum kg 4,41E-8 airborne emissions Mercaptans, unspec kg 1,97E-8 5,61E-10 airborne emissions Manganese kg -2,22E-9 1,56E-7 airborne emissions Magnesium kg 3,1E-6 airborne emissions Isocyanic acid kg 8,16E-8 airborne emissions Iron kg 0,00713 airborne emissions Iodine kg 2,15E-7 airborne emissions Hydrogen sulfide kg 1,89E-6 4,95E-6 airborne emissions Hydrogen fluoride kg 2,36E-5 1,09E-5 airborne emissions Hydrogen cyanide kg 2,11E-33 airborne emissions Hydrogen chloride kg 0,000493 6,13E-5 airborne emissions Hydrogen kg 9,98E-5 3,62E-5 airborne emissions Helium kg 2,56E-7 airborne emissions Fluosilicic acid kg 7,47E-9 airborne emissions Ethylene oxide kg 3,9E-6 airborne emissions Cyanide kg 2,96E-7 airborne emissions Cobalt kg 1,45E-7 airborne emissions Chlorine kg 4,83E-7 4,04E-7 airborne emissions Chlorinated fluorocarbons,

soft kg 5,01E-8 airborne emissions Carbon disulfide kg 6,85E-11 5,43E-6 airborne emissions Calcium kg 1,62E-6 airborne emissions Bromine kg 3,87E-7 airborne emissions Boron kg 6,47E-6 airborne emissions Beryllium kg 1,19E-9 airborne emissions Barium kg 1,62E-7 airborne emissions Antimony kg 2,07E-8 airborne emissions Ammonium carbonate kg 2,21E-9 airborne emissions Aluminum kg 3,87E-5 airborne emissions Zirconium-95 Bq 6,13E-7 airborne emissions Zinc-65 Bq 6,27E-7 airborne emissions Xenon-138 Bq 1,11 airborne emissions Xenon-137 Bq 0,184 airborne emissions Xenon-135m Bq 6,44 airborne emissions Xenon-135 Bq 13,8 airborne emissions Xenon-131m Bq 1,04 airborne emissions Uranium alpha Bq 0,134 airborne emissions Thorium-234 Bq 0,00245 airborne emissions Thorium-232 Bq 0,00776 airborne emissions Thorium-228 Bq 0,00758 airborne emissions Silver-110 Bq 3,25E-8 airborne emissions Ruthenium-103 Bq 3,27E-9 airborne emissions Radon-220 Bq 0,000808 airborne emissions Radium-228 Bq 0,0583 airborne emissions Radioactive species,

unspecified Bq -6,07E4 3,41E6 airborne emissions Radioactive species,

other beta emitters Bq 0,255 airborne emissions Protactinium-234 Bq 0,00244

49

Compartment Substance Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle airborne emissions Potassium-40 Bq 0,0265 airborne emissions Noble gases, radioactive,

unspecified Bq 1,73E5 airborne emissions Niobium-95 Bq 1,49E-8 airborne emissions Manganese-54 Bq 1,26E-7 airborne emissions Lanthanum-140 Bq 1,35E-6 airborne emissions Krypton-89 Bq 0,0824 airborne emissions Krypton-88 Bq 0,285 airborne emissions Krypton-87 Bq 0,23 airborne emissions Krypton-85m Bq 0,56 airborne emissions Chromium-51 Bq 2,45E-7 airborne emissions Cerium-141 Bq 3,82E-6 airborne emissions Barium-140 Bq 1,58E-5 airborne emissions Argon-41 Bq 4,56 airborne emissions Antimony-125 Bq 2,42E-7 airborne emissions Antimony-124 Bq 2,33E-8 airborne emissions Aerosols, radioactive,

unspecified Bq 1,61E-5 airborne emissions Actinides, radioactive,

unspecified Bq 2,21E-7 raw materials Steam from waste incineration MJ 5,66E-5 raw materials Energy, unspecified MJ 3,62 raw materials Energy, solar MJ 0,00186 raw materials Energy, recovered MJ -0,635 raw materials Energy, potential, stock,

in barrage water MJ -0,0999 5,82 raw materials Energy, kinetic, flow, in wind MJ 0,14 raw materials Energy, gross calorific value,

in biomass MJ 0,142 raw materials Energy, from wood MJ 1,34E-5 raw materials Energy, from uranium MJ 9,69 raw materials Energy, from sulfur MJ 0,00303 raw materials Energy, from peat MJ 0,00237 raw materials Energy, from oil MJ 50,6 raw materials Energy, from hydrogen MJ 0,15 raw materials Energy, from hydro power MJ 1,22 raw materials Energy, from gas, natural MJ 27,2 raw materials Energy, from coal, brown MJ 0,109 raw materials Energy, from coal MJ 11,3 raw materials Energy, from biomass MJ 0,0511 raw materials Volume occupied, reservoir m3y 0,0126 raw materials Wood, unspecified, standing/m3 m3 1,34E-9 raw materials Wood, soft, standing m3 1,04E-5 raw materials Wood, hard, standing m3 3,39E-6 raw materials Volume occupied,

underground deposit m3 5,4E-7 raw materials Volume occupied, final repository

for radioactive waste m3 5,17E-9 raw materials Volume occupied, final repository

for low-active radioactive waste m3 2,06E-8 raw materials Water, well, in ground m3 0,00178 raw materials Water, unspecified

natural origin/m3 m3 0,017 raw materials Water, turbine use,

unspecified natural origin m3 5,95

50

Compartment Substance Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle raw materials Water, salt, sole m3 9,04E-5 raw materials Water, salt, ocean m3 0,00084 raw materials Water, river m3 0,00528 raw materials Water, process,

unspecified natural origin/m3 m3 0,000404 5E-5 raw materials Water, process and cooling,

unspecified natural origin m3 -0,00257 -0,0106 raw materials Water, lake m3 0,000264 raw materials Water, cooling,

unspecified natural origin/m3 m3 0,084 raw materials Gas, natural, in ground m3 0,824 raw materials Gas, natural, feedstock,

35 MJ per m3, in ground m3 -0,157 -0,197 raw materials Gas, natural, 36.6 MJ per m3,

in ground m3 -0,126 -0,246 raw materials Gas, natural, 35 MJ per m3,

in ground m3 0,273 0,649 raw materials Biogas m3 3,96E-6 raw materials Occupation, water courses,

artificial m2a 0,000634 raw materials Occupation, water bodies,

artificial m2a 0,00117 raw materials Occupation, industrial area,

benthos m2a 7,37E-7 raw materials Occupation, dump site, benthos m2a 8,4E-5 raw materials Wood, unspecified, standing/kg kg 0,000763 0,0166 raw materials Wood, feedstock kg 0,0175 raw materials Water, unspecified

natural origin/kg kg 10,1 0,19 raw materials Water, process, well, in ground kg 5,18E-5 raw materials Water, process, unspecified

natural origin/kg kg 0,909 raw materials Water, process, surface kg 0,00216 raw materials Water, process, salt, ocean kg 0,104 raw materials Water, process, drinking kg 2,94 raw materials Water, cooling, well, in ground kg 0,00269 raw materials Water, cooling, unspecified

natural origin/kg kg 37,3 raw materials Water, cooling, surface kg 0,17 raw materials Water, cooling, salt, ocean kg 17,6 raw materials Water, barrage kg 3,35 raw materials Urea kg 6,12E-5 raw materials Uranium, in ground kg 1,04E-5 raw materials Uranium, 451 GJ per kg,

in ground kg -7,03E-7 3,93E-5 raw materials Uranium ore, 1.11 GJ per kg,

in ground kg 0,006 raw materials Ulexite, in ground kg 6,8E-8 raw materials TiO2, 45-60% in Ilmenite,

in ground kg 7,86E-5 raw materials Talc, in ground kg 2,68E-7 raw materials Sylvite, 25 % in sylvinite,

in ground kg 5,74E-6 raw materials Sulfur, in ground kg 0,000327 1,66E-5 raw materials Sulfur, bonded kg 0,000159

51

Compartment Substance Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle raw materials Sulfur dioxide, secondary kg 6,2E-8 0,000494 raw materials Sulfur containing material kg 4,27E-7 raw materials Stibnite, in ground kg 1,65E-11 raw materials Sodium sulphate, various forms,

in ground kg 2,96E-5 raw materials Sodium dichromate, in ground kg 2,32E-11 raw materials Sodium chloride, in ground kg 0,0324 -5,21E-5 raw materials Silver, 0.01% in crude ore,

in ground kg 7,63E-10 raw materials Shale, in ground kg 7,07E-6 3E-5 raw materials Sand, unspecified, in ground kg 0,000151 4,55E-5 raw materials Sand and clay, unspecified,

in ground kg -5,4E-6 -1,24E-5 raw materials Rutile, in ground kg 6,18E-28 2,32E-7 raw materials Rhenium, in crude ore,

in ground kg 3,74E-12 raw materials Potatoes kg 0,000199 raw materials Potassium chloride kg 1,03E-6 raw materials Phosphorus, 18% in apatite,

4% in crude ore, in ground kg 1,42E-5 raw materials Phosphorus, 18% in apatite,

12% in crude ore, in ground kg 6,39E-6 raw materials Phosphorus pentoxide kg 3,9E-7 raw materials PGM, 4.7E-4% Pt, 3.1E-4% Pd,

0.2E-4% Rh, in crude ore, in ground kg 7,07E-13

raw materials Pesticides kg 7,76E-7 raw materials Peroxitan kg 4,28E-5 raw materials Peat, in ground kg 7,55E-6 raw materials Paper waste, feedstock kg 0,00615 raw materials Oxygen, in air kg 4,08E-5 raw materials Olivine, in ground kg 1,92E-6 3,13E-6 raw materials Oil, crude, in ground kg 0,496 raw materials Oil, crude, feedstock,

41 MJ per kg, in ground kg -0,148 -0,455 raw materials Oil, crude, 42.7 MJ per kg,

in ground kg 0,107 raw materials Oil, crude, 42.6 MJ per kg,

in ground kg -0,0594 -0,181 raw materials Oil kg 1,6E-6 raw materials Nitrogen, in air kg 0,0655 raw materials Manure kg 0,000965 raw materials Magnesium, 0.13% in water kg 2,42E-9 raw materials Magnesium sulfate kg 1,12E-7 raw materials Magnesite, 60% in crude ore,

in ground kg 0,000203 raw materials Limestone, in ground kg 0,00339 0,00076 raw materials Kieserite, 25% in crude ore,

in ground kg 3,02E-8 raw materials Kaolinite, 24% in crude ore,

in ground kg 4,1E-6 raw materials Herbicide kg 2,51E-7 raw materials Gypsum, in ground kg 5,19E-6 raw materials Gravel, in ground kg 7,56E-7 0,17 raw materials Granite, in ground kg 0,000616 4,65E-7

52

Compartment Substance Unit HDPE bottle PET bottle raw materials Glue kg 2E-5 raw materials Gas, natural, 30.3 MJ per kg,

in ground kg 0,041 raw materials Fluorspar, in ground kg 0,000645 raw materials Fluorspar, 92%, in ground kg 0,000101 raw materials Fluorine, 4.5% in apatite,

3% in crude ore, in ground kg 1,57E-6 raw materials Fluorine, 4.5% in apatite,

1% in crude ore, in ground kg 3,56E-6 raw materials Ferromanganese kg 1,86E-7 raw materials Feldspar, in ground kg 5,73E-34 2,32E-7 raw materials Dolomite, in ground kg 2,52E-6 3,84E-5 raw materials Diatomite, in ground kg 1,58E-10 raw materials Defoamer kg 7,03E-8 raw materials Corn kg 0,00145 raw materials Complexing agent kg 1,86E-8 raw materials Colemanite, in ground kg 6,19E-7 raw materials Cobalt, in ground kg 8,72E-10 raw materials Coal, hard, unspecified,

in ground kg 0,157 raw materials Coal, brown, in ground kg 0,193 raw materials Coal, brown, 8 MJ per kg,

in ground kg -0,0194 -0,00631 raw materials Coal, 29.3 MJ per kg, in ground kg 0,497 raw materials Coal, 18 MJ per kg, in ground kg 0,0419 0,147 raw materials Clay, unspecified, in ground kg 1,09E-5 0,0065 raw materials Clay, bentonite, in ground kg 2,51E-5 0,000389 raw materials Chrysotile, in ground kg 3,55E-8 raw materials Calcium sulfate, in ground kg 2,5E-6 raw materials Calcite, in ground kg 4,3E-28 0,0232 raw materials Borax, in ground kg 9,34E-6 raw materials Biomass kg 0,000465 raw materials Basalt, in Boden kg 0,000484 raw materials Baryte, in ground kg 1,39E-7 raw materials Barite, 15% in crude ore,

in ground kg 0,000768 raw materials Artificial fertilizer kg 1,91E-5 raw materials Anhydrite, in ground kg 1,04E-5 raw materials Air kg 0,119

53

Appendix 6 SimaPro flow charts

0,202 MJHeat diesel

B250

0,000412

0,437 MJElectricity from

coal B250

0,00388

9,63 MJElectricity from

gas B250

0,0335

3,92 MJElectricity fromhydropwr B250

2,79E-17

0,126 MJElectricity from

lignite B250

0,00133

4,86 MJElectricity fromuranium B250

0,00024

0,23 MJElectricity from

oil B250

0,00247

-0,145 MJElectricity

UCPTE B250

-0,00055

0,05 kgLandfill PET

B250

0,00021

0,05 kgLandfill B250

(98)

0,00021

0,0534 MJHeat oil (EL,CH)

B250

7,99E-5

4,76E-5 MJHeat oil (S,EU)

B250

2,26E-7

9,82 MJElectricity Swiss

B250

0,00885

0,105 tkmTruck 28t B250

0,000412

0,008 kgHDPE B250

0,000408

-0,63 kgPET granulateamorph B250

-0,064

0,000232 kgPaper wood-free

C B250

4,64E-6

0,0264 kgCorr. cardboard

new

0,000577

9,9E-5 kgNaOH (100%)

4,66E-6

7,72E-6 kgSulphuric acid

B250

5,35E-7

2,55E-6 kgSulphur B250

4,42E-7

0,8 kgBlow forming

PET

0,00981

1,62E-5 kgHCl (100%)

B250

7,91E-7

8,84E-6 kgNaCl (100%)

5,67E-8

0,05 kgIncin. PET 2000

B250 avoided

0,00086

0,05 kgIncineration

2000 B250 (98)avoided

0,00086

0,2 pWash and fill

bottles

0,00011

0,8 kgPolyethyleneterephthalate,

granulate, bottle

0,152

1 pWaste

managementPET

-0,0697

1 pPET bottle

0,133

0,8 pPET bottle

0,162

0,2 pRefill PET

-0,0403

0,7 kgRecycling PET

bottles

-0,0304

0,7 kgRecycling

Plastics bottles

-0,0304

54

-0,375 MJElectricity f rom

coal B250

-0,00333

3,92 MJElectricity f rom

gas B250

0,0137

-0,168 MJElectricity f rom

lignite B250

-0,00177

-0,231 MJElectricity f rom oil

B250

-0,00248

-2,16 MJElectricity UCPTE

B250

-0,00818

0,3 kgLandf ill PE B250

(1998)

0,00185

0,3 kgLandf ill B250 (98)

0,00185

-0,27 kgHDPE B250

-0,0138

0,4 kgIncin. PE 2000

B250 (98) av oided

0,00853

0,4 kgIncineration 2000

B250 (98) av oided

0,00853

1 kgHDPE blow

moulded bottles A

0,136

1 kgBlow moulding

bottles I

0,116

1 pHDPE bottle

0,253

1 pHDPE bottle

0,264

1 pWaste

management

0,011

0,3 kgRecy cling HDPE

bottle

0,000616

0,3 kgRecy cling

Plastics bottles

0,000616

55