comp 531 advanced programming - kuraztech

Comp 531

Advanced Programming

Computer Science Program

October, 2015

2

Chapter One

Introduction

Types of Computer Language

Programming languages may be divided into three general

types:

Machine languages

Assembly languages

High-level languages

Any computer can directly understand only its own

machine language, which is machine dependent

Assembly language forms English-like abbreviations to

represent elementary operations.

High-level languages allow programmers to write

instructions that look almost like everyday English and

contain commonly used mathematical notations.

The translators include assembler, compiler and

Interpreter 3

Overview of Java Programming

Java is a high level language.

1991 – Sun Microsystems initiates project “Green” with the

intent to develop a programming language for digitally

controlled consumer devices and computers.

The language OAK was developed by James Gosling with

the goal of using C++’s popularity.

OAK was later renamed to JAVA and released in 1995.

Can be used to create two types of programs: applications

and applets.

Robust: no pointers in java and no manual memory

handling.

4

Overview (cnt’d)

Powerful: massive libraries.

Java programs are portable.

Java promise: “Write once, run everywhere”.

Java differs from other programming languages in that it is

both compiled and interpreted language.

Java compilers produce the Java bytecode.

Java bytecodes are a set of instructions written for a

hypothetical computer, known as the Java virtual machine.

Bytecodes are platform-independent.

The JVM is an interpreter for bytecode.

5

Overview (cnt’d)

An interpreter reads the byte code and translates into a

sequence of commands that can be directly executed by

the computer.

Because the execution of every Java program is under the

control of the JVM, the JVM can contain the program and

prevent it from generating side effects outside of the

system.

6

Overview (cnt’d)

7

Object Oriented Programming

In the older styles of programming, a programmer who is

faced with some problem must identify a computing task

that needs to be performed in order to solve the problem.

Programming then consists of finding a sequence of

instructions that will accomplish that task.

But at the heart of object-oriented programming, instead

of tasks we find objects– entities that have behaviors,

that hold information, and that can interact with one

another.

Programming consists of designing a set of objects that

model the problem at hand.

9

Object Oriented (cnt’d)

For example, suppose you want to write a program that

automates the video rental process for a local video store.

The two main objects in this problem are the video and the

customer.

Then, specify for each object the relevant data and possible

operations to be performed on that data.

For a video object, the data might include: movie name, starring

actors, producer, production company, number of copies in stock

Some of the operations on a video object might include:

checking the name of the movie

reducing the number of copies in stock by one after a copy is rented

incrementing the number of copies in stock by one after a customer

returns a copy

10


In OO, data is critical – data is not allowed to move freely

around a system, but it is tied closely to the functions that

operate on it.

Data is protected because the data belonging to an object

can only be accessed and modified by the methods of that

object.

Different objects can 'talk' to each other through their

methods. In this way, Object A cannot directly modify data

belonging to Object B – but it can call a method of Object

B that in turn modifies the data.

11


To summarize the OO approach:

Emphasis on data, not procedure

Programs are made up of objects

Data is hidden from external functions

Objects can communicate with each other through methods

The basic concepts of OO are:

Objects and classes

Data abstraction and encapsulation

Inheritance

Polymorphism

12


Objects and Classes

Object:

Represent ‘things/objects’ from the real world, or from someproblem domain (example: “the red car down there in the carpark”)

A set of data items (fields) with operations (methods - thatimplement class behaviors) to manipulate them

object - usually a person, place or thing (a noun)

method - an action performed by an object (a verb)

Has characteristic behavior.

Combines data and operations in one place

An object is also known as an instance. E.g Ibsa is an instance of aStudent

13


Class:

Defines a type of object - a category of similar objects

(example: “automobiles”)

Specifies methods and data that type of object has

Map of a building(class) vs. building (object)

14


15


Class Declaration

The syntax for a simple class declaration is

modifiers class class-name

{

body

}

Where the optional modifiers may be one or more of the three

keywords {public, abstract, final},

Class-name is any valid identifier, and

Body is a sequence of declarations of variables, constructors,

and methods

16


Abstraction

Ignore details when appropriate

Think about what a method/object/class does, not how itdoes it

One of the fundamental ways in which we handle complexity

18


Encapsulation

Is the mechanism that binds together code and the data object

manipulates

Put related things in the same place

I.e. group related data and operations in an object

Each object has its own data and knows how to use it

Hide internal representation/implementation

Deny external access to internal fields/methods

Also called information hiding

19


Access an object through its interface:

Set of externally accessible fields and methods

Should not change even if internal implementation does

An analogy:

When you drive a car, you don’t have know the details of how many

cylinders the engine has or how the gasoline and air are mixed and

ignited.

Only have to know how to use the controls.

20


Inheritance

Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the

properties of another object.

Allows reuse of implementation

Classical Inheritance: “is-a” relationship

Example: fruits and types of fruit (an apple is a type of fruit)

Goal of inheritance: code reuse

21


Polymorphism

The ability to take more than one form

In terms of the OOP, this means that a particular operation

may behave differently for different sub-classes of the same

class.

Informally: same instruction means different things to different

agents

E.g. “write a note” is similar but different on:

Computer

Paper

Technically: many objects can implement same interface in

their own way (writing to screen vs. file)

23


Object-oriented programming methods aim to achieve the

following:

To simplify the design and implementation of complexprograms.

To make it easier for teams of designers andprogrammers to work on a single software project.

To enable a high degree of reusability of designs and ofsoftware codes.

To decrease the cost of software maintenance.

Simplify communication of object

Security through data hiding

24

Variables

Variables are locations in memory in which values can be

stored. They have a name, a type, and a value.

A variable has a type and holds a single value while the

object may contain many variables

Every variable has a unique name which is designated

when the variable is declared.

A variable is created when it is declared, and it remains

alive until the method in which it is declared terminates.

The syntax for declaring a variable of any type is:

type-name variable-name

25

Variables (cnt’d)

Besides reference types, there are eight other types in

Java. These are called primitive types, to distinguish them

from reference types - to store the locations of objects in

the computer’s memory.

Their names and values are:

26

API, JDK, and IDE

Computer languages have strict rules of usage.

If you do not follow the rules when writing a program, the

computer will be unable to understand it.

The Java language specification and Java API define the

Java standard.

The Java language specification is a technical definition of

the language that includes the syntax and semantics of the

Java programming language.

The application program interface (API) contains

predefined classes and interfaces for developing Java

programs.

The Java language specification is stable, but the API is

still expanding.27

API…

Java comes in three editions:

Java Standard Edition (Java SE) - to develop client-side standalone

applications or applets.

Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) - to develop server-side

applications, such as Java servlets and JavaServer Pages.

Java Micro Edition (Java ME) - to develop applications for mobile

devices

There are many versions of Java SE. The latest is Java SE

8.

JDK consists of a set of separate programs, each invoked

from a command line, for developing and testing Java

programs.

Besides JDK, you can use a Java development tool (e.g., Net-

Beans, Eclipse, etc) – provides IDE

28

Assignments

Read about:

Constructors

Method Override vs. overload

Abstract class vs. interface

29

Review Exercise

1. Implement quadratic equation of the form ax2+bx +c =0

by considering a,b,c as random numbers. Handle all

special cases

2. Write and run a Java program that generates four

random integers, determines their minimum, and prints

it.

3. Write and run a Java program that generates a random

double, determines which quintile of the unit interval it is

in, and reports it. A quintile is one of the five equal sized

pieces of the whole. The quintiles of the unit interval are

0 to 1/5, 1/5 to 2/5, 2/5 to 3/5, 3/5 to 4/5, and 4/5 to 1.

30

Review Exercise


integer and reports whether it is divisible by 2, by 3, or by

5. Hint: n is divisible by d if the remainder from dividing n

by d is 0.


year between 1800 and 2000 and then reports whether it

is a leap year. A leap year is an integer greater than

1584 that is either divisible by 400 or is divisible by 4

but not by 100. To generate an integer in the range 1800

to 2000, use int year = Math.round(200*x + 1800);

where x is a random float. The round( ) method of the

Math class returns the integer nearest the float passed to

it. The transformation y = 200x + 1800 converts a

number in the range 0 .5< x < 1 into a number in the

range 1800 <= y < 2000.31

33

Chapter Two

AWT and Swing

Objective

Within this chapter you will be introduced to many of

the Java components for constructing graphical user

interfaces (GUIs).

With the information in this chapter you will be able to

develop your own GUIs.

34

Introduction

A graphical user interface (GUI) presents a user-friendly

mechanism for interacting with an application.

A GUI gives an application a distinctive “look” and “feel”.

There are two main sets of visual components and

containers for user interface design in JAVA:

AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) - in package java.awt and

Swing - in package javax.swing

When Java was introduced, the GUI classes were bundled

in a library known as the Abstract Windows Toolkit (AWT).

35

AWT vs. Swing

AWT is fine for developing simple graphical user interfaces, but

not for developing comprehensive GUI projects.

Besides, AWT is prone to platform-specific bugs.

The AWT user-interface components were replaced by a more

robust, versatile, and flexible library known as Swing

components.

Swing components depend less on the target platform and use

less of the native GUI resource.

Swing components are painted directly on canvases using Java

code.

For this reason, Swing components that don’t rely on native GUI

are referred to as lightweight components, and AWT components

are referred to as heavyweight components.

36

AWT vs. Swing (cont’d)

AWT features include:

A rich set of user interface components.

A robust event-handling model.

Graphics and imaging tools, including shape, color, and font classes.

Swing features include:

All the features of AWT.

100% Pure Java certified versions of the existing AWT

component set (Button, Scrollbar, Label, etc.).

A rich set of higher-level components (such as tree view, list

box, and tabbed panes).

Pure Java design, no reliance on peers.

Pluggable Look and Feel.

37

Java GUI API

The GUI API contains classes that can be classified into

three groups:

component classes,

container classes, and

helper classes.

The component classes, such as JButton, JLabel, and

JTextField, are for creating the user interface.

The container classes, such as JFrame, JPanel, and

JApplet, are used to contain other components.

The helper classes, such as Graphics, Color, Font,

FontMetrics, and Dimension, are used to support GUI

components.

38

Java GUI API (cont’d)

39

Java GUI API (cont’d)

Class Object is the super class of the Java class hierarchy.

Component is the root class of all the user-interface

classes including container classes.

JComponent is the root class of all the lightweight Swing

components.

An instance of Container can hold instances of

Component.

Window, Panel, Applet, Frame, and Dialog are the

container classes for AWT components.

To work with Swing components, use Container, JFrame,

JDialog, JApplet, and Jpanel.

40

Java GUI API (cnt’d)

41

Common super classes of many of the Swing components

Frames

To create a user interface, you need to create either a

frame or an applet to hold the user-interface

components.

A top-level window (that is, a window that is not

contained inside another window) is called a frame in

Java.

A Frame has:

a title bar (containing an icon, a title, and the

minimize/maximize(restore-down)/close buttons),

an optional menu bar and

the content display area.

To create a frame, use the JFrame class

42

Frame

Example 1

import javax.swing.JFrame;

public class MyFrame {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a frame

JFrame frame = new JFrame("MyFrame");

frame.setSize(400, 300); // Set the frame size

// Center a frame

frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null); //or .setLocation(300,200)

frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

frame.setVisible(true); // Display the frame

}

}

43

Frame (cont’d)

44

JFrame is a top-level container to hold GUI components

Frame (cont’d)

Adding Components to a Frame


import javax.swing.JButton;

public class FrameWithButton {



// Add a button into the frame

JButton jbtOK = new JButton("OK");

frame.add(jbtOK);

frame.setSize(400, 300);

frame.setLocation(360,360);


frame.setVisible(true);

}

}45

Frame (cont’d)

Adding Lablel


import javax.swing.JLabel;

public class FrameWithLabel {



// Add a lable into the frame

JLabel jLblName = new JLabel(“First Name");

frame.add(jLblName);


frame.setLocation(360,360);



}

}46

Layout Managers

Java’s layout managers provide a level of abstraction that

automatically maps your user interface on all window

systems.

The Java GUI components are placed in containers, where

they are arranged by the container’s layout manager.

Layout managers are set in containers using the

setLayout(aLayoutManager) method.

This section introduces three basic layout managers:

FlowLayout, GridLayout, and BorderLayout.

47

FlowLayout

Flowlayout

Is the simplest layout manager.

The components are arranged in the container from left to right in the

order in which they were added. When one row is filled, a new row is

started.

You can specify the way the components are aligned by using one of

three constants:

FlowLayout RIGHT,

FlowLayout.CENTER, or

FlowLayout.LEFT.

You can also specify the gap between components in pixels.

48

FlowLayout (cont’d)

EXAMPLE


import javax.swing.JTextField;


import java.awt.FlowLayout;

public class ShowFlowLayout extends JFrame{

public ShowFlowLayout() {// Set FlowLayout, aligned left with horizontal gap 10

// and vertical gap 20 between components

setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT, 10, 20) );

// Add labels and text fields to the frame

add(new JLabel("First Name"));

add(new JTextField(8));

add(new JLabel("MI"));


add(new JLabel("Last Name"));


}

49

FlowLayout (cont’d)

/** Main method */public static void main(String[] args) {

ShowFlowLayout frame = newShowFlowLayout();

frame.setTitle("ShowFlowLayout");frame.setSize(200, 200);frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null); // Center the frame


frame.setVisible(true);}

}

50

Output

GridLayout

Arranges components in a grid (matrix) formation.

The components are placed in the grid from left to

right, starting with the first row, then the second, and

so on, in the order in which they are added.

51

GridLayout (cont’d)

EXAMPLE


import javax.swing.JTextField;


import java.awt.GridLayout;

public class ShowGridLayout extends JFrame {public ShowGridLayout() {

// Set GridLayout, 3 rows, 2 columns, and gaps 5 between

// components horizontally and vertically

setLayout(new GridLayout(3, 2, 5, 5));

// Add labels and text fields to the frame

add(new JLabel("First Name"));


add(new JLabel("MI"));


add(new JLabel("Last Name"));


}

52

GridLayout (cont’d)

/** Main method */


ShowGridLayout frame = new ShowGridLayout();

frame.setTitle("ShowGridLayout");


frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null); // Center the

frame

frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_O

N_CLOSE);


}

53

Output

BorderLayout

Divides a container into five areas: East, South, West,

North, and Center.

Components are added to a BorderLayout by using

add(Component, index), where index is a constant

BorderLayout.EAST,

BorderLayout.SOUTH,

BorderLayout.WEST,

BorderLayout.NORTH, or

BorderLayout.CENTER.

54

BorderLayout

EXAMPLEimport javax.swing.JButton;


import java.awt.BorderLayout;

public class ShowBorderLayout extends JFrame

{

public ShowBorderLayout() {

// Set BorderLayout with horizontal gap 5 and vertical gap 10

setLayout( new BorderLayout(5, 10));

// Add buttons to the frame

add(new JButton("East"), BorderLayout.EAST);

add(new JButton("South"), BorderLayout.SOUTH);

add(new JButton("West"), BorderLayout.WEST);

add(new JButton("North"), BorderLayout.NORTH);

add(new JButton("Center"), BorderLayout.CENTER);

}

55

BorderLayout (cont’d)

/** Main method */


ShowBorderLayout frame = new

ShowBorderLayout();

frame.setTitle("ShowBorderLayout");



frame


N_CLOSE);


}

56

Output

Panels

With Java GUI programming, you can divide a window

into panels.

Panels act as subcontainers to group user-interface

components.

You add the buttons in one panel, then add the panel

into the frame.

You can use new JPanel() to create a panel with a

default FlowLayout manager or new

Panel(LayoutManager) to create a panel with the

specified layout manager.

57

Panels (cont’d)

Example 1import java.awt.GridLayout;

import javax.swing.*;


public class SimplePanel1 extends JFrame {

public SimplePanel1() {

// Create panel p1 for the buttons and set GridLayout

JPanel p1 = new JPanel();

p1.setLayout(new GridLayout(1, 2));

//Add label and text field to the panel

p1.add(new JLabel("First Name"));

p1.add(new JTextField(8));

// Create panel p2 to hold a p1

JPanel p2 = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());

p2.add(p1, BorderLayout.NORTH);

p2.add (new JButton("Button in Panel 2"));

// add contents into the frame

add(p2);

}58

Panels (cont’d)

/** Main method */


SimplePanel1 frame = new SimplePanel1();

frame.setTitle("Panel With Components");



frame


N_CLOSE);


}

59

Panels (cont’d)

Example 2import java.awt.GridLayout;



public class TestPanels extends JFrame {public TestPanels() {

// Create panel p1 for the buttons and set GridLayout

JPanel p1 = new JPanel();

p1.setLayout(new GridLayout(4, 3));

//Add buttons to the panel

for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {

p1.add(new JButton("" + i));

}

60

Panels (cont’d)

p1.add(new JButton("" + 0));

p1.add(new JButton("Start"));

p1.add(new JButton("Stop"));

// Create panel p2 to hold a text field and p1

JPanel p2 = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());

p2.add (new JTextField("Time to be displayed here"),

BorderLayout.NORTH);

p2.add(p1, BorderLayout.CENTER);

// add contents into the frame

add(p2, BorderLayout.EAST);

add(new JButton("Food to be placed here"),

BorderLayout.CENTER);

}

61

Panels (cont’d)

/** Main method */


TestPanels frame = new TestPanels();

frame.setTitle("The Front View of a Microwave Oven");


frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null); // Center the frame



}

}

62

Output

The Font Class

You can create a font using the java.awt.Font class and set

fonts for the components using the setFont method in the

Component class.

The constructor for Font is:

Font(String name, int style, int size);

You can choose a font name from SansSerif, Serif,

Monospaced, Dialog, or DialogInput,

Choose a style from Font.PLAIN (0), Font.BOLD (1),

Font.ITALIC (2), and Font.BOLD Font.ITALIC (3), and

specify a font size of any positive integer.

63

Font (cont’d)

Example:

Font font1 = new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 16);

Font font2 = new Font("Serif", Font.BOLD + Font.ITALIC, 12);


jbtOK.setFont(font1);

64

The Color Class

You can set colors for GUI components by using the

java.awt.Color class.

Colors are made of red, green, and blue components, each

represented by an int value that describes its intensity,

ranging from 0 (darkest shade) to 255 (lightest shade).

You can create a color using the following constructor:

public Color(int r, int g, int b);

Example:

Color color = new Color(128, 100, 100);

You can use the setBackground(Color c) and

setForeground(Color c) methods to set a component’s

background and foreground colors.

65

The Color Class (cont’d)

Example


jbtOK.setBackground(color);

jbtOK.setForeground(new Color(100, 1, 1));

Alternatively, you can use one of the 13 standard colors

(BLACK, BLUE, CYAN, DARK_GRAY, GRAY, GREEN,

LIGHT_GRAY, MAGENTA, ORANGE, PINK, RED,

WHITE, and YELLOW) defined as constants in

java.awt.Color.

The following code, for instance, sets the foreground color

of a button to red:

jbtOK.setForeground(Color.RED);

66


Exampleimport java.awt.GridLayout;

import java.awt.Color;


public class ColorExample extends JFrame{

public ColorExample(){

JFrame jf = new JFrame("Color Frame");

setLayout(new GridLayout(1,2));

Color color = new Color(128, 100, 100);

JButton bc1 = new JButton("Left Button");

JButton bc2 = new JButton("Right Button");

bc1.setBackground(color);

bc2.setForeground(new Color(250,0, 0));

//bc2.setForeground(Color.BLUE);

add(bc1);

add(bc2);}

67


public static void main(String[] args){

ColorExample ce = new ColorExample();

ce.setSize(300,150);

ce.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CL

OSE);

ce.setLocationRelativeTo(null);

ce.setVisible(true);}

}

68

Image Icons


import java.awt.*;

public class ImageExample extends JFrame {

public ImageExample() {

ImageIcon homeIcon = new ImageIcon("src/home.gif");

ImageIcon birdIcon = new ImageIcon("src/bird.gif");

ImageIcon mailIcon = new ImageIcon("src/mail.gif");


add(new JLabel(homeIcon));

add(new JButton(birdIcon));

add(new JLabel(mailIcon));

}

69

Image Icons (cont’d)

/** Main method */


ImageExample frame = new ImageExample();

frame.setTitle("TestImageIcon");


frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);



}

}

70

Event Handling

Event and Event Source

When you run a Java GUI program, the program interacts with

the user, and the events drive its execution.

An event can be defined as a signal to the program that

something has happened.

Events are triggered either by external user actions, such as

mouse movements, button clicks, and keystrokes, or by

internal program activities, such as a timer.

The program can choose to respond to or ignore an event.

The component that creates an event and fires it is called the

source object or source component.

For example, a button is the source object for a button-clicking

action event.

An event is an instance of an event class.

71

Event Handling

Java has a number of events and event handlers.

Java.awt.event –is the main package

It is up to the programmer to decide what to be

executed, how to handle the generated event, etc

There are more than 16 event types in java.

Eventhandler and ActionListener are the two

important aspects in event manipulation

Adding Listener helps to organize the action(event) to

be done after the button or the GUI control is selected

ActionListner is the main Interface in event handling

72

Event Handling (cont’d)

73

An event is an object of the EventObject class.


Listeners, Registrations, and Handling Events

Java uses a delegation-based model for event handling:

a source object fires an event, and an object

interested in the event handles it. The latterobject is called a listener.

For an object to be a listener for an event on a source object,

two things are needed:

The listener object must be an instance of the

corresponding event-listener interface to

ensure that the listener has the correct methodfor processing the event. The following table lists

event types, the corresponding listener interfaces,

and the methods defined in the listener interfaces.

The listener object must be registered by the

source object. Registration methods depend on74

EventTypesandListenerInterface.docx


Example 1import javax.swing.*;

import java.awt.event.*;

public class HandleEvent extends JFrame{

public HandleEvent() {

// Create two buttons


JButton jbtCancel = new JButton("Cancel");

// Create a panel to hold buttons

JPanel panel = new JPanel();

panel.add(jbtOK);

panel.add(jbtCancel);

add(panel); // Add panel to the frame 75


// Register listeners

OKListenerClass listener1 = new

OKListenerClass();

CancelListenerClass listener2 = new

CancelListenerClass();

jbtOK.addActionListener(listener1);

jbtCancel.addActionListener(listener2);}


JFrame frame = new HandleEvent();

frame.setTitle("Handle Event");


frame.setLocation(200, 100);


N_CLOSE);

76


class OKListenerClass implements ActionListener{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {

System.out.println("OK button clicked");

}

}

class CancelListenerClass implements ActionListener{


System.out.println("Cancel button clicked");

}

}

77


Example 2



import java.awt.*;

public class MyGUI extends Jframe

implements ActionListener {

private JButton clickme = new JButton("ClickMe");

private JButton tests = new JButton("Test");

public MyGUI() {

// Add clickme to the GUI and assign it a listener


add(clickme);

add(tests);clickme.addActionListener(this);setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE)

;setSize(200,200);setVisible(true);

78


if (e.getSource() == clickme) {

tests.setText("Clickme button clicked");

}

} // actionPerformed()

public static void main(String args[]) {

MyGUI gui = new MyGUI();

}

} // MyGUI class

79

Example 3

import javax.swing.*; // Packages used

import java.awt.*;


public class Converter extends JFrame implements ActionListener{

private JLabel prompt = new JLabel("Distance in miles: ");

private JTextField input = new JTextField(6);

private JTextArea display = new JTextArea(10,20);

private JButton convert = new JButton("Convert!");

public Converter() {

setLayout(new FlowLayout());

add(prompt);

add(input);

add(convert);

add(display);

display.setLineWrap(true);

display.setEditable(false);

convert.addActionListener(this);

} // Converter()

80

public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent e ) {

//CHECK TO ACCEPT ONLY NUMBERS

double miles;

try{

miles = Double.valueOf(input.getText()).doubleValue();

}

catch ( NumberFormatException ex )

{

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Please Enter Only Number" );

return;

} // end catch

display.setText("");

double km = miles/0.62;

display.append(miles + " miles equals " + km + " kilometers\n");

} // actionPerformed()

81


Converter f = new Converter();

f.setSize(400, 300);

f.setVisible(true);

f.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {

public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {

System.exit(0); // Quit the application

}

});

} // main()

} // Converter class

82

More Examples

Checkbox- CheckBoxTest.java

Text Area – TextArea.java

Combobox – ComboBoxDemo.java – uses

DescriptionPanel.java class

Lists – ListTest.java

Tree – SimpleTree.java

Menu – SimpleTextEditor.java

Progress Indicators – ProgressBarDemo.java

83

Overview of Java Applets

Applet is a browser dependent program of java

In applet, methods like init(),paint() etc are included

There is no main() method in applet

Package:- import java.applet.*;

Java application uses JFrame but java applet uses

JApplet

Java application saved by filename.java and run by

javac filename

But, java applets needs another html file and save

by filename.html and run by appletviewer

filename.html84

Cont..

Basic drawing Tools:

Some of the known functions for drawing are:

drawLine()-x,y coordinates and length and height

drawRect();

fillRect();

drawPolygon()

drawOval();

drawstring();-gin-bcoordinates, end-coordinates

85

Cont..

for irregular shapes-we use drawPolygon()

eg:

int x[]={10,20,30,40,50,60};

int y[]={60,50,40,30,20,10};

int p=6;

drawPolygon(x,y,p);//hexagon

86

Examples

Eg1: public class eg1 extends Japplet{

Public void init()

{setBackground(Color.red);

}

Public void paint(Graphics g)

{ g.setColor(Color.blue);

g.fillRect(0,0,100,100);

}

}

87

Examples

import java.awt.*;

import java.applet.*;

public class Applet1 extends JApplet {

public void paint(Graphics g)

{

g.fillRect(30, 20, 200, 200);

g.clearRect(50, 30,70,50);

g.drawRect(60,50,40,20);

g.drawLine(10,50,250,55);

}}88

Examples(applet)

Eg html file for a java class name Eg;

<html>

<head>the result</head>

<body>

<applet code=”Eg.class” width=250 height=250>

</applet></body></html>

89

91

Chapter Three

Streams and File I/O

Introduction

Data stored in variables, arrays, and objects are

temporary.

To permanently store the data created in a program,

you need to save them in a file on a disk or a CD.

Computers use files for long-term retention of large

amounts of data.

We refer to data maintained in files as persistent

data.

In this chapter, we discuss Java’s powerful file-

processing and stream input/output features.

92

Data Hierarchy

Bit - smallest data item in a computer

character set is the set of all the characters used to write

programs and represent data items.

Characters in Java are Unicode characters composed of

two bytes.

Java contains a data type, byte, that can be used to

represent byte data.

Fields are composed of characters or bytes(E.g. Name)

Record is a group of related fields (E.g Id, name, sex, etc

for employee record)

A file is a group of related records. E.g all employee

records of an organization.

Database – group of related files.

93

Files and Streams

Java views each file as a sequential stream of bytes.

The term “stream” refers to ordered data that is read from

or written to a file.

File streams can be used to input and output data as either

characters or bytes.

Streams that input and output bytes to files are known as

byte-based streams.

Streams that input and output characters to files are known

as character-based streams.

Files that are created using byte-based streams are

referred to as binary files.

Files created using character-based streams are referred

to as text files.

94

Files and Streams (cont’d)

95

Java’s view of a file of n bytes.


Computers do not differentiate binary files and text

files.

All files are stored in binary format, and thus all files

are essentially binary files.

Encoding and decoding are automatically performed

for text I/O.

96


The program receives data through an input object

and sends data through an output object.

97


98

Text I/O requires encoding and decoding,

whereas binary I/O does not.


Binary I/O is more efficient than text I/O, because

binary I/O does not require encoding and decoding.

Binary files are independent of the encoding scheme

on the host machine and thus are portable.

Java programs on any machine can read a binary file

created by a Java program.

This is why Java class files are binary files. Java class

files can run on a JVM on any machine.

99

Class FIle

Useful for retrieving information about files or directories

from disk.

Objects of class File do not open files or provide any file-

processing capabilities.

However, File objects are used frequently with objects of

other java.io classes to specify files or directories to

manipulate.

Creating File Objects

public File( String name )

specifies the name of a file or directory toassociate with the File object.

100

Class File (cont’d)

Example

import java.io.File;

public class TestFileClass {

public static void main(String[] args) {File file = new

File("C:/Users/Abdi/Desktop/realitypod.com_files/welcome.java");

System.out.println("Does it exist? "+ file.exists() );

System.out.println("The file has " + file.length() + " bytes");

System.out.println("Can it be read? " + file.canRead());

System.out.println("Can it be written? " + file.canWrite());

System.out.println("Is it a directory? " + file.isDirectory());

System.out.println("Is it a file? " + file.isFile());

System.out.println("Is it absolute? " + file.isAbsolute());

System.out.println("Is it hidden? " + file.isHidden());

System.out.println("Name of the file? " + file.getName());

System.out.println("Parent Directory? " + file.getParent());

System.out.println("Absolute path is " +

file.getAbsolutePath());

System.out.println("Last modified on " +

new java.util.Date(file.lastModified()));

}

}101

File Input and Output

A File object encapsulates the properties of a file or a path but

does not contain the methods for creating a file or for

reading/writing data from/to a file.

In order to perform I/O, you need to create objects using

appropriate Java I/O classes.

The objects contain the methods for reading/writing data from/to

a file.

Writing Data Using PrintWriter

The java.io.PrintWriter class can be used to create a file and write

data to a text file.

First, you have to create a PrintWriter object for a text file as follows:

PrintWriter output = new PrintWriter(filename); Then, you can invoke the print, println, and printf methods on the

PrintWriter object to write data to a file.

102

File Input and Output (cont’d)

Example 1

import java.io.*;

public class WriteData {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

File file = new File("score.txt");

if (file.exists()) {

System.out.println("File already exists");

System.exit(0);

}

// Create a file

PrintWriter output = new PrintWriter(file);

//Write formatted output to the file

output.print("John T Smith ");

output.println(90);

output.print("Eric K Jones ");

output.println(85);

// Close the file

output.close();

}

}

103


Example 2

import java.io.File;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class ReadData {


File file = new File("scores.txt");

if (file.exists()) {

// Create a Scanner for the file

Scanner input = new Scanner(file);

while (input.hasNext()) {

String firstName = input.next();

String mi = input.next();

String lastName = input.next();

int score = input.nextInt();

System.out.println(firstName + " " + mi + " " + lastName + " " +

score);

}

104


//close the file

input.close();

}

else{

System.out.println("File does not exist");

}

}

}

105


Example 2 import java.util.Scanner;

import javax.swing.JFileChooser;

public class FileGUI {


JFileChooser fileChooser = new JFileChooser();

if (fileChooser.showOpenDialog(null) ==

JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION) {

// Get the selected file

java.io.File file = fileChooser.getSelectedFile();

// Create a Scanner for the fileScanner input = new Scanner(file);// Read text from the filewhile (input.hasNext()) {System.out.println(input.nextLine());}// Close the file

106

FileInputStream/FileOutputStream

FileInputStream/FileOutputStream is for reading/writing

bytes from/to files.

A java.io.FileNotFoundException will occur if you attempt

to create a FileInputStream with a nonexistent file.

Example

import java.io.*;

public class TestFileStream {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

// Create an output stream to the file

FileOutputStream output = new FileOutputStream("temp.txt",

true); //If append is true, data are appended to the existing file.

107

FileInputStream/FileOutputStream(cont’d)

// Output values to the file

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

output.write(i);

// Close the output stream

output.close();

// Create an input stream for the file

FileInputStream input = new FileInputStream("temp.txt");

// Read values from the file

int value;

while ((value = input.read()) != -1)

System.out.print(value + " ");

// Close the output stream

input.close();

}

}

108

The Serializable Interface

Serialization is the process of transforming an object into a

stream of bytes.

Deserialization is the reverse prorcess.

Objects of classes that implement the java.io.Seralizable

interface can be serializaed and deserialized.

Serialization allows objects to be easily saved to files or

sent to remote hosts over a network.

Classes whose instances to be stored in files or sent to

remote hosts should implement the java.io.Seralizable

interfaces.

ObjectInputStream/ObjectOutputStream enables you to

perform I/O for objects.

109

Serializable(cont’d)

Exampleimport java.io.*;

import java.io.Serializable;

public class TestObjectIOStream implements Serializable {

public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException,

IOException {

// Create an output stream for file object.dat

ObjectOutputStream output =

new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("object.dat"));

// Write a string, double value, and object to the file

output.writeUTF("John");

output.writeDouble(85.5);

output.writeObject(new java.util.Date());

// Close output stream

output.close();

110

Serializable(cont’d)

// Create an input stream for file object.dat

ObjectInputStream input =

new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("object.dat"));

// Write a string, double value, and object to the file

String name = input.readUTF();

double score = input.readDouble();

java.util.Date date = (java.util.Date)(input.readObject());

System.out.println(name + " " + score + " " + date);

// Close output stream

input.close();

}

}

111

Random-Access Files

Java provides the RandomAccessFile class to allow a

file to be read from and written to at random locations.

When creating a RandomAccessFile, you can specify

one of two modes

Mode “r” means that the stream is read-only,

and mode “rw” indicates that the stream allows both read and

write.

112

Random-Access Files(cont’d)

Example

import java.io.*;

public class TestRandomAccessFile {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

// Create a random access file

RandomAccessFile inout = new RandomAccessFile("inout.dat", "rw");

// Write new integers to the file

for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++)

inout.writeInt(i);

// Display the current length of the file

System.out.println("Current file length is " + inout.length());

// Retrieve the first number

inout.seek(0); // Move the file pointer to the beginning

System.out.println("The first number is " + inout.readInt());

113

Random-Access Files(cont’d)

// Retrieve the second number

inout.seek(1*4); // Move the file pointer to the second number

System.out.println("The second number is " + inout.readInt());

// Retrieve the tenth number

inout.seek(9*4); // Move the file pointer to the tenth number

System.out.println("The tenth number is " + inout.readInt());

// Modify the eleventh number

inout.writeInt(555);

// Append a new number

inout.seek(inout.length()); // Move the file pointer to the end

inout.writeInt(999);

// Display the new length

System.out.println("The new length is " + inout.length());

// Retrieve the new eleventh number

inout.seek(10 * 4); // Move the file pointer to the eleventh number

System.out.println("The eleventh number is " + inout.readInt());

inout.close();

}

}114

116

Chapter Four

Multithreading

Introduction

One of the powerful features of Java is its built-in

support for multithreading.

Multithreading—the concurrent running of multiple

tasks within a program.

In many programming languages, you have to invoke

system-dependent procedures and functions to

implement multithreading.

This chapter introduces the concepts of threads and

how to develop multithreading programs in Java.

117

Thread Concepts

A program may consist of many tasks that can run

concurrently.

A thread is the flow of execution, from beginning to

end, of a task. It provides the mechanism for running

a task.

With Java, you can launch multiple threads from a

program concurrently.

These threads can be executed simultaneously in

multiprocessor systems.

118

Thread Concepts (cont’d)

119

(a) Here multiple threads are running on multiple CPUs.

(b) Here multiple threads share a single CPU.

Thread Concepts (cont’d)

Multithreading can make your program more

responsive and interactive, as well as enhance

performance.

For example,

A good word processor lets you print or save a file while you

are typing.

When downloading a large file, we can put multiple threads to

work—one to download the clip, and another to play it.

In some cases, multithreaded programs run faster

than single-threaded programs even on single-

processor systems.

120

Process vs. Threads

Process:

A process runs independently and isolated of other

processes.

It cannot directly access shared data in other processes.

The resources of the process are allocated to it via the

operating system, e.g. memory and CPU time.

Threads:

Threads are so called lightweight processes which have their

own call stack but an access shared data.

Every thread has its own memory cache. If a thread reads

shared data it stores this data in its own memory cache.

121

Thread States

Java thread can be in one of these states:

New – thread allocated & waiting for start()

Runnable – thread can execute

Blocked – thread waiting for event (I/O, etc.)

Terminated – thread finished

122

Thread States (cont’d)

123

Thread States

Creating and Executing Threads

The preferred means of creating multithreaded Java

applications is by implementing the Runnable

interface.

A Runnable object represents a “task” that can

execute concurrently with other tasks.

The Runnable interface declares a single method,

run.

You need to implement run method to tell the system

how your thread is going to run.

124

Creating and Executing Threads(cont’d)

125


Example 1

public class HelloThread implements Runnable {

public void run() {

System.out.println("Hello from a thread!");

}


Thread thread1 = new Thread( new

HelloThread() );

thread1.start();

}

}

126


Example 2public class PrimeRun implements Runnable{

String msg;

PrimeRun (String mg)

{

msg=mg;

}

public void run()

{

for(int i=0;i<=5;i++)

{

System.out.println("Run method: "+msg);

}

}

127



Thread dt1=new Thread(new PrimeRun("Run"));

Thread dt2=new Thread(new PrimeRun("Thread"));

dt1.start(); // this will start thread of object 1

dt2.start(); // this will start thread of object 2

}

}

128


Example 3

public class TaskThreadDemo {


// Create tasks

PrintChar printA = new PrintChar('a', 100);

PrintChar printB = new PrintChar('b', 100);

PrintNum print100 = new PrintNum(100);

// Create threads

Thread thread1 = new Thread(printA);

Thread thread2 = new Thread(printB);

Thread thread3 = new Thread(print100);

// Start threads

thread1.start();

thread2.start();

thread3.start();}

}

129


// The task for printing a character a specified number of times

class PrintChar implements Runnable {

private char charToPrint; // The character to print

private int times; // The number of times to repeat

public PrintChar(char c, int t) {

charToPrint = c;

times = t;}

public void run(){

for (int i = 0; i < times; i++) {

System.out.print(charToPrint);

}

}

}

130


// The task class for printing numbers from 1 to n for a given n

class PrintNum implements Runnable {

private int lastNum;

/** Construct a task for printing 1, 2, ... , n */

public PrintNum(int n) {

lastNum = n;

}

/** Tell the thread how to run */

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= lastNum; i++) {

System.out.print(" " + i);

}

}

}

Activity: Modify this program to display the result in a text area.

131

The Thread Class

The Thread class contains the constructors for

creating threads for tasks, and the methods for

controlling threads.

132

The Thread Class (cont’d)

You can use the yield() method to temporarily release

time for other threads.

Example:public void run() {



Thread.yield();

}

}

Every time a number is printed, the thread of the

print100 task is yielded. So each number is followed

by some characters.

133

The Thread Class(cont’d)

The sleep(long millis) method puts the thread to sleep

for the specified time in milliseconds to allow other

threads to execute.

Examplepublic void run() {

try {



if (i >= 50) Thread.sleep(1) ;

}

}

catch (InterruptedException ex) {

}

}

134


You can use the join() method to force one thread to wait

for another thread to finish.

Examplepublic void run() {

Thread thread4 = new Thread new PrintChar('c', 40));

thread4.start();

try {

f or (int i = 1; i <= lastNum; i++) {

System.out.print (" " + i);

if (i == 50) thread4.join();

}

}


}

}

A new thread4 is created. It prints character c 40 times.

The numbers from 50 to 100 are printed after thread

thread4 is finished.135


To set priority for threads you can use setPriority

method.

Priorities are numbers ranging from 1 to 10.

Examp;le

thread3.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY); //10

thread2.setPriority(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY); //5

thread1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY); //1

thread1.start();

thread2.start();

thread3.start();

136

Thread Pools

You learned how to create a thread to run a task like

this:

Runnable task = new TaskClass(task);

new Thread(task).start();

This approach is convenient for a single task

execution.

But it is not efficient for a large number of tasks,

because you have to create a thread for each task.

Starting a new thread for each task could limit

throughput and cause poor performance.

137

Thread Pool (cont’d)

A thread pool is ideal to manage the number of tasks

executing concurrently.

Java provides the Executor interface for executing

tasks in a thread pool and the ExecutorService

interface for managing and controlling tasks.

To create an Executor object, use the static methods

newFixedThreadPool(int).

If a thread completes executing a task, it can be

reused to execute another task.

ExecutorExample.java

138

Thread Synchronization

When multiple threads share an object and that object

is modified by one or more of the threads,

indeterminate results may occur.

If one thread is in the process of updating a shared

object and another thread also tries to update it, it is

unclear which thread’s update takes effect.

This can be solved by giving only one thread at a time

exclusive access to code that manipulates the

shared object.

Thread synchronization, coordinates access to

shared data by multiple concurrent threads.

139

Thread Synchronization (cont’d)

Example – without synchronizationimport java.util.concurrent.*;

public class AccountWithoutSync {

private static Account account = new Account();


ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();

// Create and launch 100 threads

for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {

executor.execute(new AddAPennyTask());

}

executor.shutdown();

// Wait until all tasks are finished

while (!executor.isTerminated()) {

}

System.out.println("What is balance? " + account.getBalance());

}

140

// A thread for adding a penny to the account

private static class AddAPennyTask implements Runnable {

public void run() {

account.deposit(1);

}

}

// An inner class for account

private static class Account {

private int balance = 0;

public int getBalance() {

return balance;

}

141

public void deposit(int amount) {

int newBalance = balance + amount;

// This delay is deliberately added to magnify the

// data-corruption problem and make it easy to see.

try {

Thread.sleep(5);

}


}

balance = newBalance;

}

}

}

142


A class is said to be thread-safe if an object of the class

does not cause a race condition in the presence of multiple

threads.

One approach is to make Account thread-safe by adding

the keyword synchronized in the deposit method as

follows:

public synchronized void deposit(double amount)

A synchronized method acquires a lock before it executes.

With the deposit method synchronized, the preceding

scenario cannot happen.

If Task 1 enters the method, Task 2 is blocked until Task 1

finishes the method,

144


145


A synchronized instance method implicitly acquires a

lock on the instance before it executes the method.

Java enables you to acquire locks explicitly, which

gives you more control for coordinating threads.

A lock is an instance of the Lock interface, which

defines the methods for acquiring and releasing locks.

lock() - Acquires the lock.

unlock() - Releases the lock.

newCondition() - creates any number of Condition objects,

which can be used for thread communications.

Example: AccountWithSyncUsingLock

146

Cooperation Among Threads

Thread synchronization suffices to avoid race

conditions by ensuring the mutual exclusion of

multiple threads in the critical region.

But, sometimes you also need a way for threads to

cooperate.

Conditions can be used to facilitate communications

among threads.

A thread can specify what to do under a certain

condition.

Conditions are objects created by invoking the

newCondition() method on a Lock object.

147

Cooperation Among Threads (cont’d)

Once a condition is created, you can use its await(),

signal(), and signalAll() methods for thread

communications.

The await() method causes the current thread to wait until the

condition is signaled.

The signal() method wakes up one waiting thread, and

the signalAll() method wakes all waiting threads.

Example: ThreadCooperation.java

148

151

Chapter four

Java Database Connectivity

Objective:

To introduce database systems,

and how to develop database

applications using Java.

152

Introduction

Database is an organized collection of data.

DBMS provides a mechanism to store, retrieve, organize

and modify data for many users.

Relational database – data is stored without consideration

of its physical structure.

SQL - a language used with relational database to perform

queries & to manipulate data.

E.g of RDBMSs: SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, DB2,

MySQL, etc

Integrity Constraints - imposes a condition that all the

legal values in a table must satisfy.

153

Introduction (cont’d)

Three types of constraints: domain constraints,

primary key constraints, and foreign key

constraints. Domain constraints specify the permissible values for an

attribute.

The foreign key constraints define the relationships among

relations.

154


155

JDBC

The Java API for developing Java database applications is

called JDBC.

JDBC provides Java programmers with a uniform interface

for accessing and manipulating a wide range of relational

databases.

Using the JDBC API, applications written in the Java can

execute SQL statements, retrieve results, present data in a

user-friendly interface, and propagate changes back to the

database.

The JDBC API can also be used to interact with multiple

data sources in a distributed, heterogeneous environment.

156

JDBC (cont’d)

157

Developing Database Applications

The JDBC API is a Java application program interface to

generic SQL databases.

The JDBC API consists of classes and interfaces for:

Establishing connections with databases,

Sending SQL statements to databases,

Processing the results of the SQL statements, and

Obtaining database metadata.

Four key interfaces are needed to develop any database

application using Java: Driver, Connection, Statement,

and ResultSet.

The JDBC API defines these interfaces.

The JDBC driver vendors provide implementation for

them. Programmers use the interfaces.

158

Developing Database Applications (cont’d)

A JDBC application:

loads an appropriate driver using the Driver interface,

connects to the database using the Connection interface,

creates and executes SQL statements using the Statement

interface, and

processes the result using the ResultSet interface if the

statements return results.

Note that some statements, such as SQL data

definition statements and SQL data modification

statements, do not return results.

159


1. Loading drivers

An appropriate driver must be loaded using the

statement shown below before connecting to a

database.

Class.forName("JDBCDriverClass");

160

Database Driver Class

Access sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver

MySQL com.mysql.jdbc.Driver

Oracle oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver


2. Establishing connections.

To connect to a database, use the static method

getConnection(databaseURL) in the DriverManager

class, as follows:

Connection connection =

DriverManager.getConnection(databaseURL);

Example:

Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection

("jdbc:odbc:ExampleMDBDataSource");

Connection connection =

DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost/javabook

", "scott", "tiger");

161


162

Database URL Pattern

Access jdbc:odbc:dataSource

MySQL jdbc:mysql://hostname/dbname

Oracle jdbc:oracle:thin:@hostname:port#:oracleDBSI

D


3. Creating Statements

If a Connection object can be envisioned as a cable

linking your program to a database, an object of

Statement can be viewed as a cart that delivers SQL

statements for execution by the database and brings

the result back to the program

Once a Connection object is created, you can create

statements for executing SQL statements as follows:

Statement statement = connection.createStatement();

163


4. Executing Statements

SQL DDL or update statement can be executed using

executeUpdate(String sql)

SQL query statement can be executed using

executeQuery(String sql).

The result of the query is returned in ResultSet.

For example, the following code executes the SQL

statement create table Temp (col1 char(5), col2 char(5)):

statement.executeUpdate("create table Temp (col1 char(5), col2

char(5))");

164


The next code executes the SQL query select firstName,

mi, lastName from Student where lastName = 'Smith':

// Select the columns from the Student table

ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery

("select firstName, mi, lastName from Student where lastName "

+ " = 'Smith'");

165


5. Processing ResultSet

The ResultSet maintains a table whose current row can be

retrieved.

The initial row position is null.

You can use the next method to move to the next row and

the various get methods to retrieve values from a current

row.

For example, the code given below displays all the results

from the preceding SQL query.

// Iterate through the result and print the student names

while (resultSet.next())

System.out.println(resultSet.getString(1) + " " +

resultSet.getString(2) + ". " + resultSet.getString(3));

166

168

Chapter 6

Networking in Java

Introduction

A network is a collection of computers and other devices that can

send data to and receive data from each other.

What a network program do?

Retrieve data

Send data – Once a connection between two machines is

established, Java programs can send data across the connection just

as easily as they can receive from it.

Peer-to-peer interaction

Games

Chat

File sharing

Servers

Searching the web

E-commerce

169


When a computer needs to communicate with another

computer, it needs to know the other computer’s

address.

An Internet Protocol (IP) address uniquely identifies

the computer on the Internet.

TCP and UDP

TCP enables two hosts to establish a connection and

exchange streams of data.

TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees that

packets will be delivered in the same order in which they

were sent.

UDP is a connectionless protocol.

170

Client/Server Computing

Networking is tightly integrated in Java.

Java API provides the classes for creating sockets to

facilitate program communications over the Internet.

Sockets are the endpoints of logical connections between

two hosts and can be used to send and receive data.

Java treats socket communications much as it treats I/O

operations; thus programs can read from or write to

sockets as easily as they can read from or write to files.

Network programming usually involves a server and one or

more clients.

171

Client/Server Computing (Cont’d)

The client sends requests to the server, and the server

responds.

The client begins by attempting to establish a connection

to the server.

The server can accept or deny the connection.

Once a connection is established, the client and the server

communicate through sockets.

The server must be running when a client attempts to

connect to the server.

The server waits for a connection request from a client.

172

The Server Socket

To establish a server, you need to create a server socket

and attach it to a port, which is where the server listens for

connections.

Port is a software address of a computer on the network.

The port identifies the TCP service on the socket.

A socket is a communication path to a port.

To communicate program over the network, give a way of

addressing the port. How? Create a socket and attach it to

the port.

Port numbers range from 0 to 65536, but port numbers 0 to

1024 are reserved for privileged services.

For instance, the email server runs on port 25, and the

Web server usually runs on port 80. 173

The Server Socket (cont’d)

You can choose any port number that is not currently

used by any other process.

The following statement creates a server socket

serverSocket:

ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port);

After a server socket is created, the server can use

the following statement to listen for connections:

Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();

174

The Client Socket

The client issues the following statement to request a

connection to a server:

Socket socket = new Socket(serverName, port);

ServerName is the server’s Internet host name or

IP address.

The following statement creates a socket at port 8000

on the client machine to connect to the host

130.254.204.36:

Socket socket = new Socket("130.254.204.36", 8000)

175

The Client Socket(cont’d)

The server creates a server socket and, once a

connection to a client is established, connects to the

client with a client socket.

176

Data Transmission Through Sockets

177

The server and client exchange data

through I/O streams on top of the socket.

Data Transmission…

Example: The client sends the radius to the server;

the server computes the area and sends it to the

client.

178

(a) The client sends the radius to the server.

(b) The server sends the area to the client.

Example: Sever

//Server.java

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

import java.util.*;

import java.awt.*;


public class Server extends JFrame {

// Text area for displaying contents

private JTextArea jta = new JTextArea();


new Server();

}

public Server() {

// Place text area on the frame

setLayout(new BorderLayout());

add(new JScrollPane(jta), BorderLayout.CENTER);

setTitle("Server");

179

Example: Sever(cont’d)

setSize(500, 300);

setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

setVisible(true); // It is necessary to show the frame here!

try {

// Create a server socket

ServerSocket serverSocket = new

ServerSocket(8000);

jta.append("Server started at " + new Date() + '\n');

// Listen for a connection request

Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();

// Create data input and output streams

DataInputStream inputFromClient = new

DataInputStream(180

Example: Sever(cont’d)

outputToClient.writeDouble(area);jta.append("Radius received from client: " + radius + '\n');

jta.append("Area found: " + area + '\n');}

}

catch(IOException ex) {

System.err.println(ex);

}

}

}

181

Example: Client

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

import java.awt.*;



public class Client extends JFrame {

// Text field for receiving radius

private JTextField jtf = new JTextField();

// Text area to display contents

private JTextArea jta = new JTextArea(); // IO streams

private DataOutputStream toServer;

private DataInputStream fromServer;


new Client();

}

182

Example: Client(cont’d)

public Client() {

// Panel p to hold the label and text field

JPanel p = new JPanel();

p.setLayout(new BorderLayout());

p.add(new JLabel("Enter radius"), BorderLayout.WEST);

p.add(jtf, BorderLayout.CENTER);

jtf.setHorizontalAlignment(JTextField.LEFT);

setLayout(new BorderLayout());

add(p, BorderLayout.NORTH);

add(new JScrollPane(jta), BorderLayout.CENTER);

jtf.addActionListener(new TextFieldListener());

setTitle("Client");

setSize(500, 300);

setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

setVisible(true); // It is necessary to show the frame here!

183


try {

// Create a socket to connect to the server

Socket socket = new Socket("localhost",8000);

// Socket socket = new Socket("130.254.204.36", 8000);

// Socket socket = new Socket("drake.Armstrong.edu", 8000);

// Create an input stream to receive data from the server

fromServer = new DataInputStream(

socket.getInputStream());

// Create an output stream to send data to the server

toServer =

new DataOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());

}

catch (IOException ex) {

jta.append(ex.toString() + '\n');

}

}

184


private class TextFieldListener implements ActionListener {


try {

// Get the radius from the text field

double radius = Double.parseDouble(jtf.getText().trim());

// Send the radius to the server

toServer.writeDouble(radius);

toServer.flush();

// Get area from the server

double area = fromServer.readDouble() ;

// Display to the text area

jta.append("Radius is " + radius + "\n");

jta.append("Area received from the server is "

+ area + '\n');

}

catch (IOException ex) {

System.err.println(ex);

}

}

}

}

185

The InetAddress Class

To know who is connecting to sever, You can use the

InetAddress class.

InetAddress has three static methods

public static InetAddress getByName(String hostName)

public static InetAddress[] getAllByName(String hostName)

public static InetAddress getLocalHost( )

186

InetAddress (cont’d)

Example - A program that prints the address of host

import java.net.*;

public class HostName {

public static void main (String[] args) {

try {

InetAddress address = InetAddress.getByName("www.google.com");

System.out.println(address);

}

catch (UnknownHostException ex) {

System.out.println("Could not find www.google.com");

}

}

}

187


Some computers have more than one Internet address.

Given a hostname, InetAddress.getAllByName() returns an

array that contains all the addresses corresponding to that

name.

Exampleimport java.net.*;

public class AllAddressOfGoogle {


try {

InetAddress[] addresses =

netAddress.getAllByName("www.google.com");

for (int i = 0; i < addresses.length; i++) {

System.out.println(addresses[i]);

}

}


System.out.println("Could not find www.google.com");

}188


Exampleimport java.net.*;

public class MyAddress {


try {

InetAddress address = InetAddress.getLocalHost( );

System.out.println(address);

}


System.out.println("Could not find this computer's address.");

}

}

}

189

Serving Multiple Clients

Multiple clients are quite often connected to a single

server at the same time.

Typically, a server runs continuously on a server

computer, and clients from all over the Internet can

connect to it.

You can use threads to handle the server’s multiple

clients simultaneously.

Simply create a thread for each connection.

Here is how the server handles the establishment of

a connection:

190

while (true) {

Socket socket = serverSocket.accept(); // Connect to a client

Thread thread = new ThreadClass(socket);

thread.start();

}

The server socket can have many connections.

Each iteration of the while loop creates a new

connection.

Whenever a connection is established, a new thread is

created to handle communication between the server and

the new client; and this allows multiple connections to run

at the same time.

191



By Biruk

193

Chapter Seven

Remote Method Invocation

`

Objective:

Understand the role of distributed

objects in application development

Write Java programs that

communicate through distributed

object with remote objects

194


Before the mid-80s, computers were

very expensive (hundred of thousands or even millions of

dollars)

very slow (a few thousand instructions per second)

not connected among themselves

After the mid-80s: two major developments

cheap and powerful microprocessor-based computers

appeared

computer networks

LANs at speeds ranging from 10 to 1000 Mbps

WANs at speed ranging from 64 Kbps to gigabits/sec

195


Consequence

feasibility of using a large network of computers to work for the

same application; this is in contrast to the old centralized

systems where there was a single computer with its

peripherals.

Definition:

A distributed system is a collection of independent computers

that appears to its users as a single coherent system.

This definition has two aspects:

1. hardware: autonomous machines

2. software: a single system view for the users

196


Why Distributed?

Resource and Data Sharing

printers, databases, multimedia servers, ...

Availability, Reliability

the loss of some instances can be hidden

Scalability, Extensibility

the system grows with demand (e.g., extra servers)

Performance

huge power (CPU, memory, ...) available

197

RMI

RMI is Java's distributed object solution.

RMI allows us to leverage on the processing power of

another computer. This is called distributed

computing.

RMI attempts to make communication over the

network as transparent as possible.

198

RMI (cont’d)

An RMI application is often composed of two separate

programs, a server and a client.

The object whose method makes the remote call is

called the client object. The remote object is called

the server object.

The computer running the Java code that calls the

remote method is the client for that call, and the

computer hosting the object that processes the call is

the server for that call.

199

Stubs and Parameter Marshaling

When client code wants to invoke a remote method on a

remote object, it actually calls an ordinary method on a

proxy object called a stub.

The stub resides on the client machine, not on the server.

A stub acts as a client local representative for the remote

object.

The client invokes a method on the local stub.

The stub packages the parameters used in the remote

method into a block of bytes. This packaging uses a

device-independent encoding for each parameter.

The process of encoding the parameters is called

parameter marshalling.

Purpose: to convert the parameters into a format suitable

for transport from one virtual machine to another. 200

Stubs…

The stub method on the client builds an information

block that consists of:

An identifier of the remote object to be used;

A description of the method to be called; and

The marshalled parameters.

The stub then sends this information to the server.

On the server side, a receiver object performs the

following actions for every remote method call:

It unmarshals the parameters.

It locates the object to be called.

It calls the desired method.

It captures and marshals the return value or exception of the call.

It sends a package consisting of the marshalled return data back to

the stub on the client.

201

RMI Registry

Is a simple name server provided for storing references to

remote objects.

The server is responsible for registering remote objects

with the registry service.

The registry keeps track of the addresses of remote

objects.

A remote objects handle can be stored using the methods

of java.rmi.Naming class.

A client can obtain a reference to a remote object by

looking up in the server registry.

203

The Server Side

To create a new remote object, first define an

interface that extends the java.rmi.Remote interface.

Purpose of Remote: to tag remote objects so that they

can be identified as such.

Your subinterface of Remote determines which

methods of the remote object clients may call.

A remote object may have many public methods, but

only those declared in a remote interface can be

invoked remotely.

205

//Hello Interface

import java.rmi.*;

public interface Hello extends Remote

{

public String hello() throws RemoteException;

}

206

The next step is to define a class that implements

this remote interface.

This class should extend

java.rmi.server.UnicastRemoteObject.

public class HelloImpl extends UnicastRemoteObject

implements Hello

UnicastRemoteObject provides a number of methods

that make remote method invocation work.

In particular, it marshals and unmarshals remote

references to the object.

207

//Hello Implementation

import java.rmi.*;

import java .rmi.server.*;

public class HelloImpl extends UnicastRemoteObject

implements Hello

{

public HelloImpl() throws RemoteException

{

}

public String hello() throws RemoteException

{

return "Hello World!";

}

}

208

Next, we need to write a server that makes the Hello

remote object available to the world. All it has is a

main( ) method.

It constructs a new HelloImpl object and binds that

object to the name “h" using the Naming class to talk

to the local registry.

A registry keeps track of the available objects on an

RMI server and the names by which they can be

requested.

209

//Hello Server

import java.rmi.*;

import java.rmi.server.*;

public class HelloServer

{

public static void main(String args [])

{

try

{

Naming.bind("h",new HelloImpl());

System.out.println("hello server is running");

}

catch (Exception e)

{

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

}

210

Client Side

Before a regular Java object can call a method, it needs a

reference to the object whose method it's going to call.

Before a client object can call a remote method, it needs a

remote reference to the object whose method it's going to

call.

A program retrieves this remote reference from a registry

on the server where the remote object runs.

It queries the registry by calling the registry's lookup( )

method.

The exact naming scheme depends on the registry; the

java.rmi.Naming class provides a URL-based scheme for

locating objects.

211

//Hello Client

import java.rmi.*;

public class HelloClient

{

public static void main(String args [])

{

try {

Hello h1=(Hello)Naming.lookup("rmi://localhost/h");

System.out.println(h1.hello());

}

catch(Exception e)

{

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

}

212

How to run?

I. Compile all using javac *.java

I. Give path c:\jdk1.6.0_06\bin

II. start rmiregistry

III. start java HelloServer

IV. java HelloClient

213

Reading Assignment

Read the difference between socket and RMI.

RMI is built on top of sockets, It translates method

calls and return values and sends those through

sockets.

Socket programming - you have to handle exactly

which sockets are being used, you specify TCP or

UDP, you handle all the formatting of messages

travelling between client and server. However, if you

have an existing program that talks over sockets that

you want to interface to, it doesn't matter what

language it's written in, as long as message formats

match.

214

RMI - hides much of the network specific code, you

don't have to worry about specific ports used (but you

can if you want), RMI handles the formatting of

messages between client and server. However, this

option is really only for communication between Java

programs. (You *could* interface Java RMI programs

with programs written in other languages, but there

are probably easier ways to go about it...)

RMI: remote method invocation. Strictly JAVA stuff.

outrside of java, known as RPC remote procedure

call.

Sockets is just a way to send data on a port to a

different

host, DATA not METHOD. it's up to you then to define

your own protocol. 215

You're talking apples and oranges here. Sockets

deals with the low-level workings of establishing and

maintaining connection between points in a network,

as far as the nature of a Java program as one running

inside a virtual machine allows.

RMI on the other hand, is just an application of

Sockets for transmitting messages between two Java

programs according to a set of rules and conditions.

What these rules and conditions do is they provide

you with a structure. Such that you don't have to worry

about the underlying workings of the connection and

can focus on higher-level design requirements.

Think of it like this, Without sockets RMI wouldn't

exist. But RMI is just a small application of Sockets.216

comp 531 advanced programming - kuraztech

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