community-led total sanitation (clts)
TRANSCRIPT
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Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)
Leo P. de Castro, MS Soc Project Coordinator Scaling Up Rural Sanitation Program
Introduction to
Sanitation Concepts and Approaches
within an iWASH Framework
Module Content
Understanding Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)
Facilitating CLTS
Triggering Process
• Dealing with Difference Types of Responses
• Action Planning for Zero Open Defecation (ZOD)
2
UNDERSTANDING
CLTS
Does TAE
matter?
It does!!!
Improper excreta disposal is the principal factor in the transmission and spread of
gastrointestinal infections including intestinal parasitism.
Excreta or tae contains: 10,000,000 viruses
1,000,000 bacteria
1,000 parasite cysts
100 parasite eggs
In short, tae makes people sick!
Open Defecation where there is
Practice of passing feces outside a latrine
or toilet, or in a natural environment (open
field, body of water, etc.) and leaving the
fecal matter exposed
Contamination of water supply sources
(positive for e-coli)
Unpleasant conditions and foul odors
which are nuisance to any community
What are the consequences?
On the health of the people
On the dignity of the people
On human development
On the environment
On the progress of the economy
How do
we
eradicate
OD?
How CLTS Started
Developed by Dr. Kamal Kar sometime
in 1999
Based on an evaluation of the Water Aid Bangladesh
traditional water and sanitation program
Projects involved household latrine construction that is
heavily subsidized with externally-supplied hardware
Kamal Kar’s Findings
Open defecation practice continued despite the
increase in the number of toilets in the villages
Provision of external sanitation hardware subsidy
was not the driver that led to the community’s
decision to stop open defecation (OD) practices
Decision to stop OD was a collective one made by
the entire community
Principles of Rural CLTS
No upfront household hardware subsidy on sanitation
No blueprint design or top down prescription, only people’s
designs at the beginning. All other support is demand driven
and are not supply driven.
People first: they can do it
Don’t teach but facilitate
Don’t lecture
Facilitate more collective visual analysis by communities than
only verbal discourse
Principles of Rural CLTS
Don’t provide first, let the demand grow after triggering
Watch out for the time when true demand for technology, market and many other issues emerge.
Respond and act and involve Natural Leaders
Don’t divide or segregate communities Involve all
Source: Kamal Kar, CLTS Innovator
Stages of CLTS
Implementation
Stage 1. PRE-TRIGGERING – Selecting a community
– Introduction and building rapport
Stage 2. TRIGGERING – Participatory sanitation profile analysis
– Ignition
Stage 3. POST-TRIGGERING – ZOD action planning by community
– Follow-up
Stage 4. SCALING-UP and GOING
BEYOND CLTS
PRE-TRIGGERING
Preparing a local community for the CLTS triggering
Selecting community (purok or sitio)
- courtesy call to local purok officials
- introducing the program and building rapport
- identify ideal venue for triggering
- inform members of the community
- inform that no subsidy will be provided at the onset
- doing a preliminary visit around the purok to be able to plan the transect walk
Set date/schedule for triggering activity
Community Selection Criteria
Number of people in the community who are practicing open
defecation
Morbidity/mortality cases (due to sanitation-related diseases)
Preferably with no history of sanitation hardware subsidy
Presence of strong community leaders
Readiness to set up local organizations for follow-up activities
Data to be gathered during Community Assessment
Number of households with toilets, without toilets, sharing toilets, public or
communal toilets
Gender disaggregated - Open defecation areas
Defecation practices and after defecation cleansing practices
Cultural beliefs on health and illness causation
Secondary data on purok morbidity and mortality rates for STH and AGE
Secondary data on water quality
Other on-going sanitation programs in the purok
Other salient characteristics of the community such as having congested or widely
spaced houses, original settlers or recent migrants, housing tenure status, coastal
or inland, IP or non-IP, Muslim or non-Muslim and other relevant data.
Community-Led Total Sanitation
(CLTS)
Integrated approach to
achieving and sustaining zero
open defecation (ZOD) status
Utilizes participatory rural
assessment (PRA) methods
Analysis of own sanitation
conditions
Collectively internalize the
terrible impact of OD on public
health and on the entire
community
Features of CLTS
Focused on igniting a change in sanitationbehaviour
rather than constructing toilets
Involves a no hardware subsidy policy and does not
prescribe latrine models
Uses a hands-off approach by the facilitator through a
process of social awakening that is stimulated by
facilitators from within or outside the community
SHOCK,
DISGUST
AND
SHAME
The CLTS
Triggering
Process
Urgent
collective
action toward
Zero Open
Defecation
(ZOD)
OPEN
DEFECATION
PRACTICES
Vital Elements of CLTS
Social solidarity or “bayanihan”
Spontaneous emergence of Natural Leaders (NLs)
Local innovations of low cost toilet models using locally
available materials
Community-innovated systems of reward, penalty, spread and
scaling-up
“CLTS encourages the community
to take responsibility and ACT”
Includes a range of behaviors such as
– stopping all open defecation
– ensuring that everyone use a hygienic toilet
– washing hands with soap before preparing food and
eating, after using the toilet, and after contact with
babies’ feces or birds and animals
– handling food and water in a hygienic manner
– safe disposal of animal and domestic waste to
create a clean and safe environment
Total Sanitation
CLTS focuses on
Ending open defecation (OD) as a first significant step and
entry point to changing behavior
Enabling people to do their own sanitation profile through
appraisal, observation and analysis of their OD practices and
its effects
Kindling feelings of shock, shame and disgust, and a desire
to stop OD and clean up their neighborhood
Is total – meaning that it affects all in the community and
visitors as well
Is based on collective community decision-making and action by
all
Is driven by sense of collective achievement and motivations
that are internal to communities, not by external subsidies or
pressures
Leads to emergence of new Natural Leaders and/or highly
encourages new commitment of existing leaders who do not
need or follow a blue print but do things their own way
When It occurs well, CLTS
Facilitating
CLTS
As CLTS Facilitators
Work directly with the communities member to
trigger behavior change through CLTS
Provide post-triggering follow-up aimed at
guiding the community towards its goal of
attaining ZOD status
Therefore, attaining enduring behavioral
change in hygiene and sanitation
DO DON’T
Facilitate community’s own appraisal and
analysis of their sanitation profile
Do not educate, lecture or tell people what to do
Let people realize for themselves through their
own analysis
Do not tell people what is good and bad
Facilitate to trigger self-mobilization Do not push for or demand action
Stand back, leave it to local leaders Do not be in charge
Be cool and allow conversation between
insiders – approaching the triggering moment
Do not interrupt when charged up community
members start shaming their own people for OD
practices or other hygiene behavior
Take a neutral stand and allow heated
discussion for and against OD between
them. Remember these are right
indications and symptoms of approaching
ignition moment
Do not discourage members of the
community from arguing amongst themselves or
shaming each other, or quickly conclude that the
“shaming” element between community
members should be avoided as culturally
insensitive
Key Attitudes and Behavior as CLTS Facilitator
DO DON’T
Appreciate those who take a lead and
engage themselves
Do not overlook emerging natural leaders (NLs)
Always encourage women and the poorer
sections of the community to participate
Do not overlook women, children and others
who often get left out
Appreciate community members’ offers to
help poorer members
Do not overlook people who come forward
to help
Let people innovate simple latrines Do not promote particular latrine designs
Trigger local action and encourage self-help Do not offer hardware subsidy
Be bold yet cautious Do not be too humble or too polite
Don’t try to convince too politely
Listen attentively to everything Do not interrupt
Key Attitudes and Behavior as Facilitator
CLTS Triggering Team
Ideally 5 – 6 members for adult groups; 3 – 4 for children (a total of up
to 10 members)
Gender balance
Speak the local language
A mix of different backgrounds (Social/Community Dev’t Worker, Health
and Sanitation Service Provider, Engineer, etc.)
Includes front-line extension staff from government or non-government
organizations that will take responsibility for follow-up with communities
after triggering
Roles of CLTS Facilitating Team
Lead facilitator. Leads the facilitation process and discussion by
asking questions, initiating participatory exercises and steering the
process through different collective activities.
Fluent in the local language
Possesses skills in communication
Has a right attitude to learning from the local communities
Experienced in participatory work
Not a resident of the area
Roles of CLTS Facilitating Team
Co-facilitator. Assists the lead facilitator in managing the entire process of facilitation by ”paraphrasing”, ”summarizing”, helping to manage large community groups, carrying out participatory analysis and helping in eliciting community responses.
Content and process recorder. Documents what happens and monitors how the team is following the agreed strategy. Also helps the lead facilitator as and when required.
Roles of CLTS Facilitating Team
Environment Setter. Ensures conducive environment,
makes sure that children are separated at the right time
in the beginning and are involved in their own
participatory exercises, deals with difficult people, and
monitors for the right timing of the adults’ and children’s
groups for the children’s presentation to the adults.
AKTIBIDAD: TRIGGERING
Ang Triggering ay isang gawain na naglalayong gabayan ang
pamayanan upang
masuri ang kalagayang pangsanitasyon at mamulat sa
masamang epekto ng mga maling gawi sa sanitasyon at
makabuo ng sama-samang kapasyahan na ihinto ito sa lalong
medaling panahon.
Ihanda ang mga Kakailanganin
Malaking flip chart na mga papel
Colored cards o meta cards (150 bawat kulay - puti, asul, pula, berde, atbp.)
Masking tape (4 reels)
Colored markers (2 kahon bawat kulay – asul, pula, berde at itim)
Gunting (5 o batay sa bilang ng team na mabubuo)
Colored chalk (2 kahon)
Saw dust o rice husk o ipa (kalahating sako)
Baso at tubig (for demonstration)
Paper plate at pagkain (for demonstration)
Papel at panulat (for notes and computations)
Megaphone o anumang uri ng public address system
Triggering Process
1. Climate Setting
2. Defecation Area Mapping
3. Calculation of Tae and of Medical expenses
4. Defecation Area Transect or Transect Walk
5. Faecal-Oral Transmission Route
6. Food and Tae Demonstration
7. Glass of Water Demonstration
Triggering Process
Climate Setting
Defecation Area
Mapping
Calculation of Tae and
Medical Expenses
Transect Walk
-Fecal Oral Transmission Route
- Food
- Water
Ignition Moment
ZOD Action Plan
Ignition Moment
The point in the triggering process where the
community collectively realizes the risk of open
defecation and demonstrates disgust over the
practice.
This is established with a verbalization of one or more
members that want to stop the practice of OD and
they are committed to take the necessary action to
become ZOD.
Activity
Triggering
Sample ZOD Community Action Plan Name of LGU:
Name of Barangay:
Name of Purok:
Target Date to become ZOD:
Activity Objective Timeframe Responsible
Person Resource Needed/
Source Budget
Call for a purok meeting Orient all HHs in the purok on the
negative impact of OD and
present the Action Plan including
agreement on rewards and
penalties for noncompliance
3 days after the
triggering session Purok
Leader/Identified
Natural Leader
Drawing of the DAM,
Action Plan prepared
during the triggering
session
Prepare a list of identified
HHs without toilet (or not
using the toilet) and HHs
with unsanitary toilets
Identify no toilet HHs and assess
what support would be needed by
whom
During the purok
meeting
Conduct house-to-house
visits Discuss benefits of having own
toilet and affordable options
available to HHs
After the purok
meeting
Set date for ZOD
Declaration Part of the Action
Plan (Anytime
between 2 weeks to
1 month)