Communications in SG?

Bong Jun (David) ChoiBBCR, ECE, University of Water-

loo2012-02-02, 3:00 PM, EIT 4152

BBCR Smart Grid Subgroup Meeting Presentation

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References• Main Reference

– Faycal Bouhafs, Michael Mackagy, and Madjid Merabti, “Com-munication Requirements and Challenges in the Smart Grid,” IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, Jan./Feb. 2012.

• In Brief– M. Shahraeini, M. Hossein Javidi, and M. S. Ghazizadeh, "Com-

parison Between Communication Infrastructures of Centralized and Decentralized Wide Area Measurement Systems," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 2, No. 1, Mar. 2011.

– V. C. Gungor, D. Sahin, T. Kocak, S. Ergut, C. Buccella, C. Cecati, and G. P. Hancke, "Smart Grid Technologies: Communica-tion Technologies and Standards," IEEE Trans. Industrial In-formatics, Vol. 7, No. 4, Nov. 2011

– “Communication Requirements of Smart Grid Technolo-gies," US Department of Energy, Oct. 5, 2010, http://www.-greendmv.org/reports/Smart_Grid_Communications_Requirements_Report.pdf

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In Today’s Talk• Smart Grid Architecture• Where does communication play

role?• What are the challenges?• Available communication technolo-

gies• Communication requirements

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What is SG• Smart Grid–Modernizing the current electricity grid

by introducing a new set of technologies and services

– Reliable, efficient, secure, environmen-tally friendly

• Two-way flow of – Electricity – Information

Distributed generationPHEVs (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehi-cles)AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastruc-ture)HEM (Home Energy Management)

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Why we need communication in SG?

• Where does the communication come into play in the SG?– Deliver real-time information to balance power

supply and demand

• SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Ac-quisition) System– Star topology– Between control center and substations– Aims: fault detection, manage generation and

demand• Voltages, temperature, circuit breaker status

– Limitation: penetration, scalability, performance

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How to Support communication in SG?

• Important to understand requirements of the new communication infra. to sup-port SG– Distributed Generation (DG)

• Integration into SG, communication

– AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure)• Benefits, communication

– HEM (Home Energy Management)• Components, HAN

– PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles)• Communication if to be adopted on a large scale

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1. DG• Energy Waste in the Centralized

Power Grid– In the form of heat during electricity

transmission – due to resistance in the wires– 7% on average– Solution: High voltage reduces transmis-

sion loss

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1. DG• DERs: Distributed Energy Resources– Supply electricity to particular area when they

are isolated due to failures (open B1, close B2)– Energy source closer to the consumer than the

centralized power grid increase reliability, reduce transmission cost

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1. DG• Challenges– Bi-directional electricity flow– Lower voltage from DGs– Need to actively adapt to changes in power flow

Sensors: detect faults, breaker sta-

tus, flow direc-tions, power mag-

nitude, etc..

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1. DG• Centralized Distributed (“Microgrids”)

– Interconnection of DGs– Communication Challenge: collaboration, larger

transmission bandwidth

Autonomous intel-ligent controllers mange microgrids+ collaboration be-tween controllers

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2. AMI

• 2-Way– Collect

• consumption data

– Provide• load profile, de-

mand, price, etc.

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2. AMI• Advantages– System Operator: Eliminate manual jobs

(reading, connection, power outage/restoration management

– Customer: alert customers of electricity price to encourage energy conservation during peak periods

• Controlling appliances via home en-ergy management gateway

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2. AMI

• Hierarchical Struc-ture– Smart Meters --

NAN (Neighborhood Area Network) -- WAN -- Operator

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3. HEM• Centralized management of electricity within a

household– Data collection (Sensors) -- Transport (HAN) – Control

(EMU)

1. Gateway2. EMU (Energy

Management Unit)

3. Sensors

+ HAN for integra-tion (connec-tion)

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4. PHEV

• Current Research– Vehicle charging

behavior

• Future– Interaction with the

power grid to ac-commodate a large number of PHEVs

– Voltage instabilities

Monitored by “Intelligent EMS”

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Communication Challenges: Architec-ture

• Centralized to Distributed Communi-cation– Distributed (electricity, information)–+ Active–+ Flexibility (Adaptive / not hard-wired)–+ Groups

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Communication Challenges: Data

• Data Integration and Network Management– Convert raw data into useful data– Large bandwidth (increase in amount and type

of data)– Transportation of data (optical/wireless)– What is the most cost effective and reliable

method of data exchange

• Provision of Computing Power– To support dynamic analysis of data

• On-demand, large volume

– Data protection and security is important

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Communication Challenges: Technol-ogy

• The Last Mile– Relaxed performance reliability communication require-

ments vs. backbone– Broader range of available technology

• PLC, Wi-Fi, DSL, Cellular

• HANs for Appliance Energy Management– Options: both wireless and wired

• Wi-Fi, PCL, IEEE.802.15.4, etc…

– Challenges: 1. Interworking of the various technologies to provide required

end-to-end performance2. Increasing number of involved devices interference, con-

gestion3. Cross-layer optimization for heterogonous mixture of links

and protocols stacks

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Communication Challenges: Perfor-mance

• A Simple, Scalable, and Efficient Sys-tem– Deployment cost, maintenance cost

• Secure, Robust, and Reliable Com-munication– Internet? Strong security measures from

attacks

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Conclusion

• New communication architecture is needed to support SG services and control operations– Recent progresses in communication

technologies should be exploited– Requires reliable, scalable, and extend-

able SG

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Centralized vs. Decentral-ized

• Design communication infrastructure • HSE (Hybrid State Estimation) • Investigate latency and reliability• Design communication networks with

minimum lengths

M. Shahraeini, M. Hossein Javidi, and M. S. Ghazizadeh, "Comparison Between Communication Infrastructures of Centralized and Decent -ralized Wide Area Measurement Systems," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 2, No. 1, Mar. 2011.

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Centralized vs. Decentral-ized

• CCC (Central Control Center) vs. ACC (Area Control Center)– ACC similar to CCC + share information

with other ACCs

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Centralized vs. Decentral-ized

• Find MST (Minimum Spanning Tree) for both cases

• Compare performances (latency, re-liability, and cost)– NoR (number of routers)– NoM (length of media = network hops)

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Centralized vs. Decentral-ized

• Latency

• Reliability

• Cost– Active device, passive components

(wires, etc..)

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Centralized vs. Decentral-ized

• Solution Approach– Step 1: Find the minimum spanning tree

for each device within the area– Step 2: Location of the control center for

the area is determined [1]– For Decentralized: repeat steps viewing

each area as a device

[1] I. Cahit and R. Cahit, "Structural reliability of centralized tree network," IET Electron. Lett., vol. 9, no. 26, pp. 621–622, Dec. 1973

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Centralized vs. Decentral-ized

• Conclusion– Decentralized provides better latency

and reliability– Similar cost (investment) for both Cen-

tralized and Decentralized

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Wired vs. Wireless• Each have their own advantages and disadvantages

V. C. Gungor, D. Sahin, T. Kocak, S. Ergut, C. Buccella, C. Cecati, and G. P. Hancke, "Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technolo -gies and Standards," IEEE Trans. Industrial Informatics, Vol. 7, No. 4, Nov. 2011

De-ploy-ment cost,

flexibil-ity

BW, re-liability,

security

WirelessTechnology

WiredTechnology

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Wired vs. Wireless• Multiple technologies

PLC, Low Cost Wire-less (Zig-

bee, WLAN)

Cellular, Internet

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SG Communication Requirements

1. Security– Grid control, personal info

2. System Reliability, Robustness, Availability– Harness modern information communication

technology– Faster more robust control devices– Embedded intelligent devices– Tradeoff between wired and wireless

3. Scalability– Large number of devices– Different types of devices

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SG Communication Requirements

4. QoS (Quality of Service)• Metric: Delay, jitter, outage probability• Methods:

– Routing mechanisms (geographic)– Forecasting load variations [1]– Multihop routing using PLC [2][3][4]– Smart monitoring using sensors (low power and lossy en-

vironment) .. [5][6] “Show performance in SG scenario, but not so different from existing mechanisms.”

[1] R. Bo and F. Li, “Probabilistic LMP forecasting considering load uncertainty,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, pp. 1279–1289, Aug. 2009.[2] G. Bumiller, "Single frequency network technology for fast ad hoc communication networks over power lines," WiKu-Wissenschaftsver -lag Dr. Stein 2010.[3] G. Bumiller, L. Lampe, and H. Hrasnica, "Power line communications for large-scale control and automation systems," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 106–113, Apr. 2010.[4] M. Biagi and L. Lampe, "Location assisted routing techniques for power line communication in smart grids," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Smart Grid Commun., 2010, pp. 274–278.[5] N. Bressan, L. Bazzaco, N. Bui, P. Casari, L. Vangelista, and M. Zorzi, "The deployment of a smart monitoring system using wireless sensors and actuators networks," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Smart Grid Commun. (SmartGridComm), 2010, pp. 49–54.[6] S. Dawson-Haggerty, A. Tavakoli, and D. Culler, "Hydro: A hybrid routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Smart Grid Commun. (SmartGridComm), 2010, pp. 268–273.

31[1] “Communication Requirements of Smart Grid Technologies," US Department of Energy, Oct. 5, 2010, http://www.greendmv.org/reports/Smart_Grid_Communications_Requirements_Report.pdf (GOOD REFERENCE)

Most stringent

Least stringent

2nd Least stringent

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Conclusion• The SG architecture is gradually becoming

more structured • Research Goal

– Smart Grid: industry and standardization effort– Smarter Grid*

• Research Approach– Application / Theoretical?– Adopting + Testing existing technology on SG

Unique problem to SG– Integration of devices?

• Wireless Communication Technology– Convenient Critical