Microprocessor (COM 9323)

Lecture 1: Introduction

Ahmed Elnakib, PhD

Assistant Professor, Mansoura University, Egypt

1Feb 17th, 2016

Course Syllabus*

o Introduction to computer architecture

o Basics of microprocessors

o Instruction sets for Intel processors

o Assembly/C++ language programming

o Memory organization and memory interfacing

o I/O organization and interfacing

o Interrupt instruction set drivers interface

2*Subject to 20% variability

What is the Course Objective?

o To give a good overview of the course objectives, we will start list some important microprocessors applications

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Microprocessors Applications: Systems on chip (SoCs)

oAn integrated circuit (IC) that integrates all components of a computer or other electronic system into a single chip

o It may contain all on a single chip substrate:1. Digital functions,2. Analog functions,3. Mixed-signal functions,4. Radio-frequency functions

oSoCs are very common in the mobile electronics market because oftheir low power consumption.

o A typical application is in the area of embedded systems

oUse powerful processors and may need external flash/RAM memory4

SoCs: FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)

A Xilinx Zynq-7000 All Programmable System

on a Chip

SoCs: Software-defined Radio & Cognitive Radio

Software defined radios (SDRs):o These radios typically have a radio frequency (RF) front end with a software-controlled tunero Baseband signals are passed into an analog-to digital convertero The quantized baseband is then demodulated in a reconfigurable device such as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA),

digital signal processor (DSP), or commodity personal computer (PC)o The reconfigurability of the modulation scheme makes it a software-defined radio

Systems on chip (SoCs): General structure

1. A microcontroller, microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) core –multiprocessor SoCs (MPSoC) having more than one processor core

2. Memory blocks including a selection of ROM, RAM, EEPROM and flash memory

3. Timing sources including oscillators and phase-locked loops

4. Peripherals including counter-timers, real-time timers and power-on reset generators

5. External interfaces, including industry standards such as USB, FireWire, Ethernet, USART, SPI

6. Analog interfaces including ADCs and DACs

7. Voltage regulators and power management circuits

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o Microcontrollers is a small computer (SoC) on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals It

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Microprocessors Applications: Microcontrollers

PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller)

oThe first parts of the family were available in 1976

oBy 2013 the company had shipped more than twelve billion individual parts

oCapabilities include discrete I/O pins, ADC and DAC modules, and communications ports

oMicroprocssor instructions vary from about 35 instructions to over 80 instructions

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Microcontrollers: ArduinooAn open-source platform used for building electronics projects, consisting:

1. Physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller)

2. IDE (Integrated Development Environment software) that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer code to the physical board using a USB cable

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Arduino IDE uses asimplified version ofC++ for programming

Microcontroller: Raspberry Pi

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Report 01: Due to Feb. 24th , 1.30 PM

o Form a group of 5 members, each from a single section

o Each individual in the group is responsible to make a 2-page report on:1. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)2. Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC)3. Adruino4. Raspberry Pi5. Soft-ware defined Radio and Cognitive Radio

o Report main points:1. Structure, capabilities, instruction set if it has, prices, programming language, steps on how to

program your first device2. References

o Report will be delivered by hand before the lecture12

General Purpose Microprocessor

o Powerful processor in terms of speed and system buses

o Intel processors have invaded the personal computer (PC) market,and almost all desktop computers/laptops work with an Intelmicroprocessor family

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o What is the structure of a microprocessor?

o How to interface a microprocessor with memory and I/O devices?

o How to program the microprocessor to do a certain job?

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Questions?

Course Focus

o Understand the basic computer architecture

o Understand the main components of microprocessors

o Program and debug in assembly/C++ language

o Understand the memory organization and memory interfacing

o Perform input/output device programming in assembly

o Understand the hardware and software interrupts and their applications

o Understand the properties and interfacing of the parallel and serial ports

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Text Book/References

Textbook:1. The Intel Microprocessors, Architecture, Programming and Interfacing, 8th edition,

Barry B. Brey, Prentice Hall, 2009

2. Assembly Language for x86 processors, 6th edition, K. R. Irvine, Prentice Hall, 2011

References:1. Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 5th edition, J. Hennessy, D. Patterson,

Elsevier, 2012.

2. The 80x86 Family, Design, Programming and Interfacing, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall,

2002

3. The 80x86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers, Assembly Language, Design, and

Interfacing, 4th edition, M.A. Mazidi and J.G. Mazidi, Prentice Hall, 200316

About the instructor

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Current position Assistant Professor, Mansoura University, 2015

Professional Training

Post Doctor University of Louisville, USA 2014PHD University of Louisville, USA 2008-2013

Master University of Mansoura 2004-2007MSc University of Mansoura 1998-2003

Research InterestsMedical image analysis, cancer imaging, brain

disorders, computer aided diagnosis systems

More details Research gate (or) Google scholar: Ahmed Elnakib

Lectures and office hours

Class TimeWednesday: 4th session

Thursday: 1st session

Instructor Ahmed Elnakib

Office ECE Dept. – Second floor, Room B3119

E-Maileng.nakib@gmail.com

Email caption must start with “COM9323”

Office HoursWednesday: 2nd session, Thursday: 2nd session

or by appointment (email)

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Assessment Method Marks Time

Mid Term Examination 20 Week 7

Semester work 20 Every week

Oral Examination 10 Week 12

Final Term Examination 100 Week 14

Total 150

Grading

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How to get benefit from the class?

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o Study regularly each week (min. 3 Hrs) and try to be eager in reading external materials, specially which improve the practice

o Be ready with software and try to gain practical skills

o Avoid external courses

Work hard and make it interesting

Rely on yourself and be independent

Invest in yourself

Lecture 1

Introduction

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Lecture Objectives1. Draw the block diagram of a computer system

2. Describe the structure and function of the microprocessor

3. Provide an overview of the various 80X86 and Pentium family members

4. Define the contents of the memory system in the personal computer

5. Convert between binary, decimal, and hexadecimal numbers

6. Differentiate and represent numeric and alphabetic information as integers, floating-point, BCD, and ASCII data

7. Understand basic computer terminology (bit, byte, data, real memory system, protected mode memory system, Windows, DOS, I/O)

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Computer Architecture: Major parts of a Computer System

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1. Central Processing Unit (CPU, Microprocssor): acts as the brain coordinating all activities within a computer

a) data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems,

b) (2) simple arithmetic and logic operations

c) program flow via simple decisions

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2. The Memory: The program instructions and data are primarily stored.

Computer Architecture: Major parts of a Computer System

Computer Architecture

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3. The Input/Output (I/O) Devices:

oAllow the computer to input information for processing and then output the results.

o I/O Devices are also known as computer peripherals.

26Computer Architecture

How to connect/interface the basic parts of the computer?

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• Bus: The CPU is connected to memory and I/O devices through a strip of wires called a bus. The bus inside a computer carries information from place to place.

• In every computer there are three types of busses. What are these types?

Main types of Computer Buses

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Control Bus

1-Address Bus (Unidirectional)

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oThe address bus is used to identify the memory location or I/O device the processor intends to communicate with

oThe width of the Address Bus is determined by the size of the memory addresses it can locate

o20 bits to address 1Mbyte (8086), 36 bits to address 64 GByte (Pentium II)

2- Data Bus (Bidirectional)

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oData bus is used by the CPU to get data from / to send data to the memory or the I/O devices.

o The width of data bus determine the data size it can carry

oThe size of data bus of Intel microprocessors vary [8-bit (8085), 64-bit (Pentium)]

3-Control Bus (Unidirectional)

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oTell if the address on the bus is memory address or an I/O device address

oEach time the processor outputs an address it also activates one of the four control bus signals: Memory Read, Memory Write, I/O Read and I/O Write.

How a program is executed inside the MP?

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o A program stored in the memory provides instructions to the CPU to perform a

specific action. This action can be a simple addition

o It is function of the CPU to fetch the program instructions from the memory to the MP registers and execute them.

Example-1: Memory Read

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The microprocessor reads the contents of a memory location by:

1. Sending the memory the desired memory location through the address bus

2. Sending the memory read control signal (Activate 𝑀𝑅𝐷𝐶; 𝑀𝑅𝐷𝐶=0)

3. Finally, the data read from the memory are passed to the microprocessor through the data bus

Example-2: Input Output Write

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oIf 𝐼𝑂𝑊𝐶 is active (𝐼𝑂𝑊𝐶=0), then, the microprocessor is writing data from the data bus to an I/O device whose address appears on the address bus

Main Memory Types: ROM

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ROM (Read Only Memory, nonvolatile memory) the information in ROM is permanent and not lost when the power is turned off

Main Memory Types: RAM (Primary Storage)

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RAM (Random Access Memory/ Read-Write memory, volatile

memory) is used by the computer for the temporary storage of the

programs that is running. Data is lost when the computer is turned off.

Secondary Storage: I/O devices

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o Refer to magnetic /optical disks (I/O devices)

Example: 8085 Intel Microprocessor

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o 16 bit address bus to select an address between 64Mbyte memoryo 8 bit data bus to fetch 8 bits to its internal registers

Simple Microprocessor Architecture

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Microprocessor Architecture: Registers

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1. The CPU contains a number of registers to store information inside the CPU temporarily. Registers inside the CPU can be 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit or even 64-bit depending on the CPU.

Microprocessor Architecture: ALU

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2. The CPU also contains Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). The ALU performs arithmetic (add, subtract, multiply, divide) and logic (AND, OR, NOT) functions.

Microprocessor Architecture: Instruction Pointer

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3. The CPU contains a program counter also known as theInstruction Pointer to point the address of the next instruction to beexecuted.

Microprocessor Architecture: Instruction Decoder

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4. Instruction Decoder is a kind of dictionary which is used tointerpret the meaning of the instruction fetched into the CPU.Appropriate control signals are generated according to the meaningof the instruction.

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Interaction between MP, memory and I/O devices

Questions

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