Lesson 4:Common Injuries

Submitted By: Robee Calero And

Submitted To: Christine Luterte

Bruises And Minor Wounds

• Bruises And Wounds are injuries of the skin and underlying tissue. Ice Wrapped in a clean cloth may reduce the pain and swelling. If the bruised area is on an arm or leg, keep the limb elevated about heart level. If the pain and swelling continue or if the bruise is the result of a joint injury seek medical help.

Bruises And minor Wounds

Betadine

What Is Betadine and where it use?• Betadine is Antibiotic/Moisturize Topical. This

combination product is used to treat minor wounds (e.g., cuts, scrapes, burns) and to help prevent or treat mild skin infections. Minor skin infections and wounds usually heal without treatment, but some minor skin wounds may heal faster when an antibiotic is applied to the affected area. This product contains antibiotics that work by slowing or stopping the growth of bacteria.

Incision• Is caused by smooth sharp

instrument like kichen knife.• A sharp object, such as a knife,

shard of glass, or razor blade, causes an incision. Incisions bleed a lot and quickly. If the incision is deep, tendons, ligaments, and muscles might be damaged.

Caring for Your Incision After Surgery

• When do I remove the bandage?• Your bandage should be removed the day after surgery. Your doctor may ask you to replace your

bandage each day. Most wounds don't require a bandage after a few days, but you may decide to wear a bandage to protect the incision.

• The incision is red. Is this normal?• The edges of a healing incision may be slightly red. Redness is normal, but call your doctor if the

redness is increasing or if it spreads more than half an inch from the wound. Call your doctor if you see pus in the incision or if the incision is more than mildly tender or painful.

• Your doctor may ask you to put an antibiotic cream on the incision. You can buy some antibiotic creams without a prescription.

• What do I do if the incision bleeds?• If your bandage becomes bloody, replace it with dry gauze or another bandage. Applying pressure

directly to the incision for a few minutes will usually stop the bleeding. If the wound keeps bleeding after you apply pressure, call your doctor.

• Do I need to keep the incision dry?• Keep your incision clean and dry for the first 24 hours. Avoid showering or bathing the first day. Try

taking a sponge bath instead. It's usually okay to wash with soap and water by the second day. Take a shower instead of a bath if you have stitches or skin tape on your incision. Gently towel dry the incision after washing.

• Will the stitches be removed?• Internal stitches are absorbed by your body gradually and don't need to be removed. Your doctor will

remove stitches that don't absorb into the tissues. Stitches are usually removed 3 days to 3 weeks after surgery, depending on where they are and how quickly you heal.

• Your doctor may apply skin tape after the stitches are removed. Skin tape provides additional wound support. The tape can be removed in 3 to 7 days. Healing skin may need months to regain most of its strength.

• Should I limit my activities?• Limiting movement of the area around your incision improves healing. Avoid activities that could cause

your incision to pull apart. Your doctor may ask you to avoid lifting, straining, exercise or sports for the first month or so after surgery. Call your doctor if the incision pulls apart.

• Should I avoid sun exposure?• A healing scar will darken and become more noticeable if it gets sunburned. Limit your sun exposure for

the first 6 months after surgery. When you go outdoors during the day, cover your scar with tape or sunscreen

• Part of good incision care is preventing an injury to your incision. Here are two ways to avoid hurting your surgical wound:

• Avoid lifting heavy objects– You should receive guidelines on how much you are permitted to lift after your surgery, but plan on avoiding lifting any object heavier than 5 pounds for the two weeks immediately following your procedure.

• Avoid sunlight-Sunlight on your incision can increase the appearance of scars once your wound has healed. It is also very painful to have a sunburn on a healing surgical incision

Laceration• Is Caused By Sharp jagged

instrument like broken bottle which leaves an uneven wound

• A laceration is an irregular or jagged break or tearing of the skin. Lacerations are often caused from accidents with tools and machinery, and bleed rapidly and extensively.

How To Take Care it ?

• 1. Stop the Bleeding• Apply direct pressure on the area.• 2. Clean and Protect• Clean the area with warm water and gentle soap.• Apply an antibiotic ointment to reduce chance of infection.• Put a sterile bandage on the area. In some people, antibiotic ointments may cause a

rash. If this happens, stop using the ointment.•  • 3. Call a Health Care Provider• Call a health care provider if:• The cut is deep or over a joint• You cannot get the cut or laceration clean• The injury is a deep puncture wound or the person has not had a recent (within the last 5

to 10 years) tetanus shot or booster• The cut is from a human or animal bite• 4. Follow Up• For a minor cut or laceration, remove bandage after a couple of days to promote healing.• See a health care provider if the cut doesn't heal or shows signs of infection, including

redness, swelling, pus, or excessive pain.

How to Treat your Laceration

• In this article• Call 911 if: • 1. Stop the Bleeding• 2. Clean and Protect• 3. Call a Health Care Provider• 4. Follow Up

Puncture Wound

• Is made by sharp pointed instrument like nails and bullets

• A puncture is a small hole caused by a long, pointy object, such as a nail, needle, or ice pick. Sometimes a bullet can also cause a puncture wound. Punctures may not bleed much, but they can be deep enough to damage internal organs. If you have a puncture wound—even a small one—visit your doctor to get a tetanus booster shot and prevent infection.

• 1. Remove the Object if You Can• If the object that caused the puncture is small and you can easily remove it,

do so.• 2. Stop the Bleeding• Apply firm, direct pressure with sterile gauze or clean cloth until bleeding

stops.• 3. Clean and Protect the Wound• Rinse the wound under clean water for several minutes. Then wash the area

with mild soap and water and rinse again.• Apply an antibiotic cream.• Use a sterile bandage to protect the puncture wound from dirt or further injury.• 4. Treat Pain• For pain, give ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or acetaminophen (Tylenol). Check

with the doctor first, though, if you have any medical conditions or take any other medicines.

•  • 5. Follow-up• See a healthcare provider for any signs of infection: redness, increasing pain,

swelling, or pus at the site.• Ask the health care provider if a tetanus shot is needed.• Some wounds may need antibiotics. Ask the health care provider.

How To Treat Your Puncture Wound. 10 Steps.

1st.Treat immediately. Provided a puncture wound is attended to quickly, it will usually not become serious. If left unattended, however, infection introduced through the puncture site can become life-threatening for the patient.

• 2nd .Reassure the patient. This is especially important for children and for people who don't cope very well with pain. Help them to remain calm while you treat the wound.

• 3rd Remove the object if it is not large. Never remove anything larger than 1cm in depth or 1cm in width; this must be done by a doctor.– Make sure that there are no

splinters or other pieces of the object remaining in the wound if you can. If you don't get everything out, infection is more likely.

– Do not remove the object if there is major bleeding. The object may be helping to close off and clot severed vessels. Removing it will remove the clot and cause more extensive bleeding. In this case support the object and minimise movement until medical assistance arrives.

• 4th• Permit the wound

to bleed for a few minutes. Puncture wounds usually do not bleed profusely.[2] If bleeding is not severe, allowing the wound to bleed for about 2 minutes will help to cleanse the wound.

• 5th• Stop the bleeding

. Use direct pressure to the wound -- apply this using a clean cloth bunched up in your hand. The bleeding should stop within a few minutes.

• 6th• Clean the wound. Use

salt and warm water to clean the wound.Make sure that the cleaning has not revealed any other embedded objects. Dirt or other objects can remain embedded in the skin if not removed. If this is the case seek medical assistance.

• 7th.

• Bandage the wound if it requires protection. Because puncture wounds do not tend to be very large in size and are not prone to bleeding, you may not need a bandage for it. However, puncture wounds to the feet or other places that get dirty may require a bandage to prevent the entry of more dirt, etc.Allow the wound to dry thoroughly before covering it with a bandage.

• Use a porous adhesive dressing. Change daily to ensure that the wound stays healthy and dry

• 8th.• Know when to see the

doctor. The following symptoms suggest that you need medical help:– Swelling– Redness– Pus– A concern that debris

remains in the wound– Tetanus vaccination is not

up-to-date (see next step).

• 9th • Note that some

seepage from a puncture wound is normal, this is the body expelling infection along with plasma. So long as the discharge does not smell or become thick, then there is no cause for concern.

• 10th • Get a tetanus shot if needed. Use

the following guidelines to determine if the patient needs a tetanus shot (and contact your doctor for advice):[5]If more than 10 years have passed since the patient last had a tetanus shot.

• If the object causing the injury was dirty or rusty (or you are not sure whether or not it was dirty), and more than 5 years have passed since the patient last had a tetanus shot.

• The patient is not sure when the last shot was.

• The patient has never received a tetanus shot.

Abrasion

• It is a wound caused by scraping or tearing apart the skin due to forcible separation

How to Care for Minor Abrasions and Scratches

10 steps

• 1st • Apply pressure to the

abrasion or scratch. Press a clean cloth firmly against the abrasion or scratch. Maintain pressure on the area for 10 minutes. Any bleeding from the wound should stop after a few minutes of applying pressure.

• 2nd • Wash the abrasion or

scratch. Use soap and water to clean the wound. Wash the area for 5 minutes.

• 3rd • Clean the dirt from the

wound. Use a clean washcloth to rub dirt out of the abrasion or scratch. Rub the wound gently with the washcloth. If dirt remains in the wound after rubbing the area for 15 minutes, call your doctor.

• 4th • Remove loose skin

from the abrasion or scratch.– Clean a pair of small,

sharp scissors with rubbing alcohol. Pour the rubbing alcohol over the scissors. Ensure that you cover the entire surface area of the scissors. Dry the scissors with a clean cloth.

– Use the scissors to trim away any loose, dead skin from the scratch or abrasion.

– Clean and dry the scissors with rubbing alcohol and a clean cloth.

• 5th• Dress the scratch or

abrasion.– Use an antibiotic

ointment and a bandage to cover the scratch or abrasion. Apply antibiotic ointment to the wound. Cover the scratch or abrasion with a bandage. Reapply the ointment and replace the bandage once a day. Replace the ointment and bandage if they become dirty or wet.

• 6th • Use a liquid bandage

instead of an ointment and bandage, if preferred. Spray or swab the liquid bandage onto the wound. Allow the liquid bandage to dry for 1 minute. The liquid bandage should last for 1 week.

• For Minor wounds, the only treatment necessary may be giving first aid to stop the bleeding, cleaning the wound, and preventing infection. Of there is a lot of bleeding, numbness, loss of motion or additional injury, get medical help. Puncture wounds are especially susceptible to infection, including tetanus

Follow These first aid directions: • 1. control the bleeding with direct pressure and

elevation• 2. wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water

to clean it. Vigorous washing may be necessary to remove embedded material from an abrasion

• 3. rinse the wound with clean water pat it dry. Of bleeding recurs, control it.

• 4. cover the wound with sterile Dressing.• 5. watch for any signs of infection, such as pus ,

pain, redness around the wound, or a fever• 6. Check with the person’s doctor to see whether a

tetanus shot is needed.

Blisters • Protect unbroken blisters from pressure by applying a gauze wrap or bandage. Clean a broken blister with soap and water and cover it with a sterile dressing. Seek medical help if the blister is large, infected, or very painful.

How To Treat Blisters

• 1st • Clean the area

with soap and water. The first thing you need to do is clean the skin on and around the blister using warm water and soap. Any soap will do, but antibacterial soap is best. This will help to remove any sweat or dirt from the area before you proceed with the draining.

• 2nd • Disinfect it. After

thoroughly washing the blister (and your hands) with warm, soapy water, disinfect the blister with rubbing alcohol or iodine. Dip a clean cotton ball into the disinfectant and apply it to the blister and the surrounding area.[4]

• 3rd • Drain it. It's better to

drain large blisters instead of letting them pop on their own. Draining your own blister is a sanitary way to help it heal faster and reduce the pain you might feel from the swollen area.[5]

Disinfect a sewing needle by cleaning it with a cotton ball dipped in rubbing alcohol.

• *Insert the needle into the side of the blister. You shouldn't feel pain when you puncture the blister, since the skin bubble doesn't contain nerves.

• *Press the blister. Fluid should begin flowing from the puncture hole. Drain the blister completely by pressing it with your finger. Use a cotton ball to wipe away the fluid.

• 4th • Do not remove

the flap of skin. The deflated blister skin will protect the skin underneath from getting infected. There's no need to tear or cut it off.

• 5th • Apply an ointment. Use a

cotton swab to apply polymyxin B or bacitracin antibiotic ointment to the area. This will prevent the wound from becoming infected and keep the bandage from sticking to your skin.[6]Many people are allergic to antibiotic ointments. If the area becomes red and inflamed or itchy, discontinue use of the ointment.

• If you're allergic to antibiotic ointment, you can use petroleum jelly to prevent the bandage from sticking to your skin. Make sure you use jelly from a new container; containers of jelly that have been used for other purposes might contain bacteria that can infect your wound.

• 6th

• Bandage the area. Use a Band-aid (plaster) or gauze to loosely bandage the area, so it still gets a little air flow. Make sure the tape doesn't touch the deflated blister.[7]

Change the bandage once a day, or every time it gets wet or dirty.

• Check the area when you change the bandage. It should heal within a week or so. If it looks swollen, red, or begins leaking pus, seek medical attention.

Eye Injuries • Causes of eye injury include a loose object in the eye, an

embedded object in the eye, a chemical burn, and a direct blow to the eye.

• With any suspected eye injury, do not rub the eye and do not try to remove contact lenses, chemical burns should be flushed with water for 20 minutes. Then close and cover both eyes and get prompt medical help. An injury caused by a direct blow, such as black eye, should be examined by a doctor. There could be damage inside the eye. An embedded object can be serious emergency. Do not try to remove the object. The injured person should lie down. Place an inverted paper cup over the injured eye and secure with a bandage over the both eyes. Get immediate help.

• A loose object may be a particle or an eyelash. First try to flush it out with warm water. If it doesn’t flush out, cover both eyes and seek medical help.

• 1. to examine the lower lid, have the person to look up. With clean hands, gently pull the lower lid down.

• 2. if you see the particle, flush it out with water

• 3. to examine the inner surface of the upped lid, have the person look downward and gently pull the upper lid up and out.

• 4. flash out the eye with water and let the lid• 5. if irritation, tearing, or blurred vision

continues after the particle is removed, get medical help.

How To Treat Eye injury

• 1st• Treat a blow to the eye as

follows:Place a cold compress over the eye. Do not apply pressure to the eyeball.

• If the victim experiences continued pain, reduced vision, blood or discoloration in the eye, they may have internal eye damage. See a doctor immediately.

• Place crushed ice in a plastic bag and tape it to the forehead to seat comfortably on a black eye

• 2nd • Treat debris in the

eye as follows:– Do not rub the eye.– Use a sterile eyewash

 to clean the eye.– If the debris does not

wash out, or the eye becomes red and painful, see a doctor.

• 3rd • Treat objects stuck in the

eye, cuts, or punctures as follows:Do not wash the eye.

• Do not attempt to remove the object in the eye.

• Maintain stability in the eye without causing pressure to the eyeball. Securing the bottom of a paper cup over the eye is one way to do this.

• Seek medical assistance as soon as possible.

• 4th • Treat chemical burns as

follows:Flush the eye immediately with water or any drinkable fluid.

• Be sure to open the eye as wide as possible and continue flushing for a minimum of 15 minutes. If the chemical is caustic, continue flushing the eye on route to the ER.

• If the victim is wearing contact lenses, flush over the lenses immediately. Doing so may flush the lenses out.

• Seek immediate medical attention.

Splinters

• To treat a splinter wound, follow the first and directions for cleaning wound quickly and gently wash the area to remove any material that is not deeply embedded in the wound. If the splinter. Is large or deeply embedded, do not try to remove it. Get professional medical help.

Follow There first aid directions to remove a splinter

• 1. using a clean pair tweezers, pull out the splinter at the same angle it went in.

• 2. wash the wound and cover it with a sterile dressing.

• 3. if there is an infection of difficulty removing the splinters, get medical help.

How To Treat Splinters

• 2nd • Wash and dry the

spot with soap and water. Be gentle. Pat dry (a paper towel is good for absorbing moisture without having to apply much pressure). You don't want the skin (or the splinter, if it's wood) to get soggy.

• 1st • Avoid applying

pressure. Don't even squeeze it to try and get it out. If it's sharp, you could be embedding it further into your skin by squeezing; if it's brittle, you might break it into smaller pieces.

• 3rd

• Inspect it with a magnifying glass. The size of the splinter and how it's angled in your skin will help you know what's the best way to take it out.

• 4th • Remove the

splinter using one or a combination of the methods below.

• 5th • Clean the area that

you removed the splinter from. Apply antibacterial ointment and a band-aid until it heals. Watch for signs of infection (redness, swelling, pus).

Thank You For Watching